E_English Grammar Course E_English Grammar Course Chapter VI The Complex Sentence 1. Subordination 2. Classifications of subordinate clauses 3. Subordinators 4. Nominal clauses 5. Adverbial clauses 6. Comparative and Comment clauses Issues Issues Subordination Subordination 1 1/1 Subordination Subordination - Non-symmetrical relation held between two clauses: one clause is a constituent/ part of the other Subordination Subordination 1 1/2 Subordination Subordination i.e. one clause is - Non-symmetrical relation, a constituent/ part of the other 1 2 21 [I like John [because John likes me] ] 1 1 [superordinate/ independent/ main clause ] 2 2 [subordinate/ dependent clause] - Non-symmetrical relation held between two clauses: one clause is a constituent/ part of the other Subordination Subordination 1 1/3 Subordination Subordination Hierarchy of clauses X- Y- Z- ( I think [ that you can do it { if you try} ] ) S V O A Z = subordinate to Y Y = subordinate to X Y & Z = dependent clauses X = independent clause Let's check Let's check  Do Exercise 11.1 (handout Week 9) Classifications of subordinate clauses Classifications of subordinate clauses 2 2/1 Classifications of subordinate clauses By structural type By functional type Classifications of subordinate clauses Classifications of subordinate clauses 2 2/2 By structural type Finite clause Nonfinite clause Verbless clause See more in 11.2 - 11.5 Classifications of subordinate clauses Classifications of subordinate clauses 2 2/3 By structural type Finite clause Nonfinite clause Verbless clause - contains a subject and a predicate - verb phrase having tense, person & number concord, & mood Classifications of subordinate clauses Classifications of subordinate clauses 2 2/4 By structural type Finite clause Nonfinite clause Infinitive with to Infinitive without to -ed participle -ing participle [...]... Nonfinite clause Infinitive with to -ing participle Infinitive without to -ed participle Without S: With S: All I did was hit him on the head Rather than John do it, I’d prefer to give the job to Mary 2 /8 2 Classifications of subordinate clauses By structural type Finite clause Nonfinite clause Infinitive with to Infinitive without to Without S: With S: -ing participle -ed participle Covered in snow, he... relative clause See more in 11.13 - 11.19 4/2 4 Nominal clauses Finite Nominal Clauses that clause wh-interrogative clause Yes - No interrogative clause Nominal relative clause - S: That you were wrong is undeniable - Od: I knew that I was wrong - Cs: The problem is that he refuses to speak in court - Appositive: The fact that he hates English makes it hard for him to study it - Cadj: I’m sure that things... yet? 4/5 4 Nominal clauses Finite Nominal Clauses - S: What he is pursuing is fame - Od: I want to see whoever in charge of this department - Oi: She gave whoever came into the store wh-interrogative clause a handful of sweets - Cs: University is where you train for your Yes - No interrogative clause future career - Co: You can call me whatever you like - Ap: Tell me your nickname, that is, the Nominal... 4 Nominal clauses Non-finite nominal clauses to-infinitive nominal clause - Function as S, Od, Cs, Ap, Cprep, nominal –ing clause bare infinitive & Cadj - Genitive case in formal style e.g I’m surprised at his making that mistake - Objective or common case: e.g I’m surprised at him making that mistake 4 /8 4 Nominal clauses Non-finite nominal clauses to-infinitive nominal clause - ‘to’ is optional in... friends often call you - Cprep: Vote for whichever candidate you like that clause 4/6 4 Nominal clauses Non-finite nominal clauses to-infinitive nominal clause nominal –ing clause bare infinitive - S: To become an MC has always been my dream - Od: John wanted her to open the door - Cs: My wish is to stay here one more week - Ap: His ambition to be a famous writer was fulfilled - Cadj: I’m glad to help... Infinitive with to Without S: With S: -ing participle Infinitive without to -ed participle The best thing would be to tell everybody The best thing would be for you to tell everybody 2/6 2 Classifications of subordinate clauses By structural type Finite clause Nonfinite clause Infinitive with to Without S: With S: -ing participle Infinitive the room, he tripped over the mat -ed participle Leaving without to... Finite Nominal Clauses that clause wh-interrogative clause Yes - No interrogative clause Nominal relative clause - Function as S, Od, Cs, Ap, Cadj, & Cprep (They haven’t decided on who wins the cup.) - Leave a gap of unknown information 4/4 4 Nominal clauses Finite Nominal Clauses that clause wh-interrogative clause Yes - No interrogative clause Nominal relative clause - Is formed with if/ whether e.g... Wh-element initial markers Subject-operator inversion No marker 3/6 3 Subordinators Other indicators of subordination Wh-element initial markers Subject-operator inversion I don’t know who knocked at the door last night No marker 3/7 3 Subordinators Other indicators of subordination Wh-element initial markers Subject-operator inversion No marker Had it not been for your help, I would have died 3 /8. .. indicators of subordination Wh-element initial markers Subject-operator inversion No marker 1 nominal clause e.g I suppose (that) you’re right 2 comment clause e.g You’re right, I suppose  Do exercise 11.4 (handout Week 9) 4/1 4 Nominal clauses Nominal Clauses Finite Non-finite that clause to-infinitive nominal clause wh-interrogative clause nominal –ing clause Yes - No interrogative clause bare... Adverbial clauses Time Purpose Place Result - after, before, until, since, when + finite clause Condition & concession when(ever), while + V-ing Comparison Manner & - after, before, since, until, - once, until, when(ever), while + V-ed Reason or cause Proportion - as soon as, once, when(ever), while + Verbless clause& Preference Circumstance . E _English Grammar Course E _English Grammar Course Chapter VI The Complex Sentence 1. Subordination 2. Classifications. Non-symmetrical relation held between two clauses: one clause is a constituent/ part of the other Subordination Subordination 1 1/3 Subordination Subordination Hierarchy of clauses X- Y- Z- (. clauses Classifications of subordinate clauses 2 2 /8 By structural type Finite clause Nonfinite clause Infinitive with to Infinitive without to -ed participle -ing participle Without S: Covered in snow,