E_English Grammar Course E_English Grammar Course Chapter VIII Coordination, Ellipsis, & Apposition 1. Coordination + Phrasal + Clausal 2. Ellipsis + Ellipsis in coordinated clauses 3. Apposition + Non-restrictive + Restrictive Issues Issues Coordination 1.1 Coordination Coordination = the combination of two or more equal units, namely, phrases or clauses E.g.: My friend and I went there together. We went there and returned immediately. I told him this, but he didn't believe me. 1/1 See more in 9.7 - 9.8 Coordination 1.1 Coordination Coordination = can be referred to by some grammarians as syndetic (with the presence of coordinators) and asyndetic (with the absence of coordinators) E.g.: Slowly and stealthily, he crept towards his victim. (syndetic) Slowly, stealthily, he crept towards his victim. (asyndetic) 2/1 Coordination 1.1 Coordination Coordination Phrasal Phrasal Clausal Clausal = coordination of phrase of equal status = coordination of clause of equal status 3/1 Phrasal Coordination 1.2 Coordination Coordination Phrasal Phrasal Clausal Clausal • including: + coordinated NPs (in different syntactic functions) E.g.: Peter and Tom were here. She is afraid of snakes and cockroaches. Old and young men were invited. He has secretaries from Ireland and auditors from France here. These and those chairs are wooden. 4/1 See more in 9.31 - 9.43 Phrasal Coordination 1.2 Coordination Coordination Phrasal Phrasal Clausal Clausal • including: + coordinated Adverbial phrases (with dependent clauses) E.g.: You can wash it manually or by using a machine. They can call this week or whenever they wish. I want to know by whom and for whom it was ordered. 5/1 Phrasal Coordination 1.2 Coordination Coordination Phrasal Phrasal Clausal Clausal • including: + coordinated Adjective phrases E.g.: She is young and beautiful. His clear and forceful delivery impressed the audience. These jewels were very cheap and gaudy. 6/1 Phrasal Coordination 1.2 Coordination Coordination Phrasal Phrasal Clausal Clausal • including: + coordinated Prepositional phrases E.g.: The attacks in June and in July failed He climbed up the wall and over the wall. John complained to Mary and to Peter. 7/1 Phrasal Coordination 1.2 Coordination Coordination Phrasal Phrasal Clausal Clausal • including: + coordination of identical items E.g.: He felt more and more bored. They talked on and on and on. There are teachers and teachers. 8/1 [...]... paraphrased into coordinated clauses) E.g.: John and Mary make a good couple (no analogous paraphrase) He painted his car black and white (a combined process) 11/1 1.3 Clausal Coordination See more in 9. 9 - 9. 20 Coordination Phrasal Clausal • including: + coordinated independent clauses E.g.: She didn't want their help, but she had to accept it + coordinated subordinate clauses E.g.: I want to know for... Clause coordinators: restricted to clause-initial position Coordinated clauses: sequentially fixed Coordinators: preceded by a conjunction Coordinators: link clause constituents Coordinators: link subordinate clauses Coordinators: link more than two clauses 13/1 1.3 Clausal Coordination Syntactic features of Coordinators Clause coordinators: restricted to clause-initial position E.g.: John plays the... clause-initial position Coordinated clauses: sequentially fixed E.g.: TheyCoordinators: preceded by a conjunction a vacation there are living in England, or they are spending Coordinators: link clause constituents Coordinators: link subordinate clauses Coordinators: link more than two clauses 15/1 1.3 Clausal Coordination Syntactic features of Coordinators Clause coordinators: restricted to clause-initial... coordinators: restricted to clause-initial position Coordinated clauses: sequentially fixed Coordinators: preceded by a conjunction Coordinators: link clause constituents Coordinators: E.g.: The battery may belink clause constituents disconnected, or the connection may be loose, or the bulb may subordinate clauses Coordinators: link be faulty Coordinators: link more than two clauses 19/ 1 1.3 Coordinators AND... she failed 2nd clause being a “pure” addition to the 1st 2nd clause being felt surprising in view of the 1st 29/ 1 1.3 Clausal Coordination Semantic implications of “OR” Exclusive choice Inclusive choice If one of the individual conjoins is true, then the Restatement or correction of previously - mentioned idea Negative condition whole sentence is true 30/1 1.3 Clausal Coordination Semantic implications... gochoiceby car or you can walk there Inclusive there Restatement or correction of previously - mentioned idea Negative condition 31/1 1.3 Clausal Coordination Semantic implications of “OR” Exclusive choice Inclusive choice E.g.: You can boil an egg, Restatement or correction of or you can make some previously - mentioned idea or you can do both cheese sandwiches, Negative condition 32/1 1.3 Clausal Coordination... choice words, he started to attend the local kindergarten Restatement or correction of previously - mentioned idea Negative condition 33/1 1.3 Clausal Coordination Semantic implications of “OR” Exclusive choice Inclusive choice Restatement orsome money or I'll shoot E.g.: Give me correction of previously - mentioned idea Negative condition 34/1 1.3 Clausal Coordination Semantic implications of “BUT”... implications of “AND” Addition of consequence or result Addition of chronological sequence Contrast 2nd clause being a comment on the 1st 1st clause being a condition of the 2nd E.g.: They disliked John - and that's not surprising 2nd clause making a point similar to the 1st 2nd clause being a “pure” addition to the 1st 2nd clause being felt surprising in view of the 1st 25/1 1.3 Clausal Coordination... constituents was told Coordinators: link subordinate clauses Coordinators: link more than two clauses 16/1 1.3 Clausal Coordination Syntactic features of Coordinators Clause coordinators: restricted to clause-initial position Coordinated clauses: sequentially fixed Coordinators: preceded by a conjunction Coordinators: link clause constituents Coordinators: link subordinate E.g.: They love him and believe in... I may see you tomorrow or may phone later in the day Coordinators: link more than two clauses 17/1 1.3 Clausal Coordination Syntactic features of Coordinators Clause coordinators: restricted to clause-initial position Coordinated clauses: sequentially fixed Coordinators: preceded by a conjunction E.g.: I wonder whether you should speak to him personally or whether it is better to write to him Coordinators: . E _English Grammar Course E _English Grammar Course Chapter VIII Coordination, Ellipsis, & Apposition 1. Coordination +. gone. 11/1 See more in 9. 9 - 9. 20 Clausal Coordination 1.3 Syntactic features of Coordinators Syntactic features of Coordinators Clause coordinators: restricted to clause-initial position Clause. this, but he didn't believe me. 1/1 See more in 9. 7 - 9. 8 Coordination 1.1 Coordination Coordination = can be referred to by some grammarians as syndetic (with the presence of coordinators)