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INTRODUCTION 1. The urgency of the theme The development of human history has demonstrated the important role of women in producing materials, spirits, especially human reproduction. However, in most places of the world, compared with men, women still suffer disadvantages and their role and position in family and society has been undervalued. In recent years, on a global scale, many countries have achieved female human resource achievements in all aspects: On the social level, women participate more in social activities of society. In the family, women also have help from men to develop and find their identity. However, injuctice discrimination against women still exists to various extent around the world, expecially in the poor and backward countries, which affects the possibility of women to affirm the position, role and contribution of women in the sustainable development of the countries in the world. Based on Marxism Leninism, the Communist Party of Vietnam has always appreciated the women’s role, position and status, regarding women as an important driving force of Vietnams revolution. For more than 25 years of implementing the reform of the country, the Communist Party and State have adopted lines and policies to use and develop female human resource in the cause of building and defending the country. However, at the present time, highquality human resource development for women still faces many difficulties: obsolete starting conditions of the country and Confucianism ideological influence of sex discrimination. That is the reason why special attention should be paid to highquality human resource for women. To meet the opportunities and challenges, all national potentials, including female human resource and more importantly highquality female human resources, must be properly exploited. Women, accounting for half the world’s population with abundant laborand rich creativity, are a great important resource to be exploited and developed to help accelerate socioeconomic development. In recent decades, it should be noted that in many countries and different regions of the world, the number of women holding senior government positions, including top level and highquality female human resource has increased remarkably. Sweden is a typical country, “Swedish women are all as absolutely equal as men, from education for inheritance rights. We have half of the participation of women leaders in parliament, the government and local authorities”30, p..107. Though, highquality female human resource is still untapped and developed in accordance with its capabilities. It is proven that women are not inferior to men in terms of intellectual, ability and other qualities. Thus, the development of female human resource, especially NNLNCLC is one of the important issues today, because if not we will lose half the power of the country for socioeconomic development. Furthermore, the liberation and development of intellectual potential of NNLNCLC is an urgent objective requirement of social development. As the social development has created the objective conditions for the exploitation and development of that potential at higher level. In order to exploit the maximum power of NNLNCLC, we have to combine an effective manner the impact of objective conditions and subjective factors in the process of NNLNCLC development. Therefore, NNLNCLC development in our countries should be considered as an important part of NNLCLC during the development of the country.
HO CHI MINH NATIONAL ACADEMY OF POLITICS AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION NGUYEN THI GIANG HUONG HIGH-QUALITY HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT FOR WOMEN IN VIETNAM AT PRESENT TIME Major: The Dialectical Materialism &Historical Materialism Code : 62 22 80 05 THE DOCTORAL THESIS IN PHYLOSOPHY Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Thi Nga HANOI - 2013 I DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY I hereby declare that the research paper titled “High-Quality Human Resource Development for Women in Vietnam at Present Time”is my own work and to the best of my knowledge Data and materials used in the thesis are real with obvious origins; findings in this thesis are studied results of the writer AUTHOR OF THE THESIS Nguyen Thi Giang Huong II TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Pag e Chapter 1: OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH RELATED TO THE THESIS 1.1 The research works related to the thesis 1.2 The value of the referenced works and further study 6 22 Chapter 2: HIGH-QUALITY HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT FOR WOMEN AT PRESENT IN VIETNAM – VIEWED FROM THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS AND SUBJECTIVE ACTORS 2.1 Some basic concepts 2.2 The importance of high-quality human resource development for women in Vietnam today 2.3 The objective conditions and subjective factors affecting high-quality human resource development for women in Vietnam today Chapter 3: HIGH-QUALITY HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT FOR WOMEN AT PRESENT IN VIETNAM - CURRENT SITUATION AND EMERGING ISSUES 3.1 High-quality human resource development for women in Vietnam at the present- situation and causes 3.2 Some issues raised in the development of high quality human resource for women in Vietnam today Chapter 4: KEY SOLUTIONS TO HIGH-QUALITY HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT FOR WOMEN IN VIETNAM AT PRESENT TIME 4.1 Solutions related to the objective conditions for the development of high quality human resource for women 4.2 Solutions related to the subjective factor in the development of high-quality human resource for women CONCLUSION LIST OF AUTHOR’S PUBLISHED SCIENTIFIC WORKS LIST OF REFERENCES APPENDIX 25 25 45 57 70 70 100 114 114 124 146 149 150 161 III LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BCH : Committee BTV : Standing Committee CĐ, ĐH sau ĐH : Undergraduate and Graduate CNH, HĐH : Industrialization and Modernization HĐND : People’s Council NNLNCLC : High-Quality Female Human Resource NNLCLC : High-Quality Human Resource NNLN : Female Human Resource NNL : Human Resource QH : National Assembly TCCN TC nghề : Vocational Training TW : Central level IV LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1: Distribution of labor force by qualification in 2010 70 Table 3.2: Distribution of workforce by urban - rural level in 2010 72 Table 3.3: NNLN Distribution by region and by level in 2010 73 Table 3.4: Percentage distribution NLNCLC by qualification engaged in socioeconomic activities 84 Table 3.5: Percentage NNLNCLC having academic titles in the 2007 – 2011 76 Table 3.6: Percentage of women in the Executive Board (EB) of the Party from 1991 to 2015 80 Table 3.7: Rate of female workforce positions in the Party Committees 81 Table 8: Rate of female workforce holding positions in Parliament 83 Table 3.9: Percentage of women in the People’s Council 1989 – 2016 84 Table 3.10: Percentage female human holding the titles of People's Councils 85 Table 3.11: Percentage of female labor leaders, management of the Central State Table 3.12: 86 Percentage of female workforce participation level People's Committees 89 Table 3.13: Some basic indicators related to maternity care, 2001 – 2009 96 Table 3.14: Number of hours worked by the average per person/per day ational level Table 3.15: 97 Average income/month NNLCLC 109 INTRODUCTION The urgency of the theme The development of human history has demonstrated the important role of women in producing materials, spirits, especially human reproduction However, in most places of the world, compared with men, women still suffer disadvantages and their role and position in family and society has been undervalued In recent years, on a global scale, many countries have achieved female human resource achievements in all aspects: On the social level, women participate more in social activities of society In the family, women also have help from men to develop and find their identity However, injuctice discrimination against women still exists to various extent around the world, expecially in the poor and backward countries, which affects the possibility of women to affirm the position, role and contribution of women in the sustainable development of the countries in the world Based on Marxism - Leninism, the Communist Party of Vietnam has always appreciated the women’s role, position and status, regarding women as an important driving force of Vietnam's revolution For more than 25 years of implementing the reform of the country, the Communist Party and State have adopted lines and policies to use and develop female human resource in the cause of building and defending the country However, at the present time, high-quality human resource development for women still faces many difficulties: obsolete starting conditions of the country and Confucianism ideological influence of sex discrimination That is the reason why special attention should be paid to high-quality human resource for women To meet the opportunities and challenges, all national potentials, including female human resource and more importantly high-quality female human resources, must be properly exploited Women, accounting for half the world’s population with abundant laborand rich creativity, are a great important resource to be exploited and developed to help accelerate socio-economic development In recent decades, it should be noted that in many countries and different regions of the world, the number of women holding senior government positions, including top level and high-quality female human resource has increased remarkably Sweden is a typical country, “Swedish women are all as absolutely equal as men, from education for inheritance rights We have half of the participation of women leaders in parliament, the government and local authorities”[30, p 107] Though, high-quality female human resource is still untapped and developed in accordance with its capabilities It is proven that women are not inferior to men in terms of intellectual, ability and other qualities Thus, the development of female human resource, especially NNLNCLC is one of the important issues today, because if not we will lose half the power of the country for socio-economic development Furthermore, the liberation and development of intellectual potential of NNLNCLC is an urgent objective requirement of social development As the social development has created the objective conditions for the exploitation and development of that potential at higher level In order to exploit the maximum power of NNLNCLC, we have to combine an effective manner the impact of objective conditions and subjective factors in the process of NNLNCLC development Therefore, NNLNCLC development in our countries should be considered as an important part of NNLCLC during the development of the country As part of Vietnam’s women and human resource of our country, NNLNCLC work creatively with enthusiasm and their inherent ability to contribute to the construction and protection of the country and the struggle for women's liberation At the same time, the earnest desire of NNLNCLC is that social and family give them the favorable objective conditions to improve their ability to contribute to development of a rich and strong Vietnam For this purpose, the study of NNLNCLC development viewed from the interaction between the objective conditions and subjective factors seeks their contribution to socio- economic development in our country in recent years Based on the results, finding feasible solutions to develop NNLNCLC to meet the requirements of the reform of the country's is an urgent significant theoretical and practical issue Deriving from the above reasons, the postgraduate student chooses the topic “High-Quality Human Resource Development for Women in Vietnam at Present Time” for the doctoral thesis in philosophy Objectives and tasks of the thesis 2.1 The objective of the thesis On the basis of clarifying the need and the objective conditions and subjective factors influencing the development of NNLNCLC in Vietnam today, the thesis assesses the situation of NNLNCLC in Vietnam nowadays, from which it proposes a number of key measures to develop NNLNCLC to meet the requirements of the renovation in Vietnam 2.2 The tasks of the thesis First, an overview of research issues related to the thesis On that basis, the positive value of previous research has been inherited and further issues should be studied Second, systematize and interpret the basic concepts related to the topic, analyse the importance and the objective conditions and subjective factors affecting the development NNLNCLC in Vietnam today Third, analyze the situation and causes and various issues in the development of NNLNCLC in Vietnam today Fourth, propose some key solutions to develop NNLNCLC in Vietnam today The Object and scope of research 3.1 Subjects of research: Philosophically, the thesis approaches the relationship between objective conditions and subjective factors of development of Vietnam NNLNCLC in the current period 3.2 Scope of Research Research on NNLNCLC (academic and labor age) involved in the process of socio-economic development since the renovation of the country Research on NNLNCLC situation and the emerging isssues of development NNLNCLC in Vietnam through statistics on NNLNCLC participation in leadership and management in the political and science, and technology systems with the assumption that the other areas have similar developing conditions Rationale and Research Methods 4.1 Rationale: research thesis is based on the perspective of Marxism Leninism and Ho Chi Minh Ideology, the Communist Party's views on Vietnam human, human resource, high quality human resource, women's roles, women's liberation and the previous studies of working women 4.2 Research Methodology: The thesis uses points of dialectical materialism and historical materialism ideology of Marxist-Leninist philosophy- as a basic methodology for interpretation and analysis The thesis uses the history and logic, analysis and synthesis, abstraction and generalization, comparison, statistical data processing methods The thesis is also in conjunction with the interdisciplinary approach of the sociology of gender and science Scientific contributions of the thesis The thesis clarifies NNLNCLC, NNLNCLC development and the importance of developing NNLNCLC in Vietnam today The thesis contributes further analyses some basic contradictions of gender perspective in the development of Vietnam NNLNCLC today On that basis, the thesis offers a number of solutions related to objective conditions and subjective factors primarily aimed at NNLNCLC development in Vietnam today Initially, the thesis has new approaches to gender issues in strategic NNLNCLC in particular and NNLCLC of Vietnam in general The theoretical and practical meaning of the thesis - The thesis contributes to the study of the theoretical and practical NNLNCLC, adding scientific basis referenced in making strategy and policies related to NNLNCLC development in Vietnam today - The thesis may make reference application in research, teaching and learning about NNLNCLC, gender and development in universities and colleges in Vietnam today Structure of the thesis In addition to the introduction, conclusion and a list of references, the thesis is structured into four (04) chapters, nine (09) sections 161 82 Phan Thi Thanh (2001), Progress on gender equality in Vietnam, Labor - Social Publishing House, Hanoi 83 Do Thi Thach (2005), Promoting resource of Female Vietnam Intellecture in the industrialization and modernization, Estimated Politics Publishing House, Hanoi 84 Do Thi Thach (2011), "Strategic human resource development in the documents of the Party Congress XI", Journal of the Party History, (7) 85 Pham Minh Thao, Forecast the trend of the twenty-first century woman, Labour Publishing House, Hanoi 86 Le Thi (2004), "The study of women, gender issues and the involvement of the social sciences humanities Vietnam", Journal of Human Studies, (5/14), tr 52 -58 87 Hoang Ba Thinh (2002), The role of rural women in agricultural and rural industrialization, National Political Publishing House, Hanoi 88 Hoang Ba Thinh (2005), Family Gender Violence in Vietnam and the role of mass media in women's career development, World Publishers, Hanoi 89 Tran Thi Thu (2003), Creating jobs for women in the industrialization and modernization (Analysis in Hanoi), Publishing House of Labor - Social, Hanoi 90 Van Tat Thu (2011), "Human resources and the basics of using, Organization State Journal, (No 1) 91 GSO (2010), World stats in Gender in Vietnam 2000-2010 , Hanoi 92 Pham Hong Tung (ed., 2008), Brief study on detection of experience, training and use of talent in the history of Vietnam, National Political Publishing House, Hanoi 162 93 Tran Van Tung - Le Ai Lam (1996), Human Resource Development The world and our country experience, the National Political Publishing House, Hanoi 94 Tran Van Tung (2005), Training and retraining of human resources and using their talents, World Publishers, Hanoi 95 National Committee for Social Affairs of the National Assembly (1995), The role of human resources in strategic socio-economic development, Conference Proceedings, Hanoi 96 Institute for Development Strategy of the Ministry of Planning and Investment (2006), High-quality Workforce: current status of development, use and enhanced solutions, Ministry- level scientific research 97 Institute of Educational Sciences of Vietnam (2010), The experience of some countries to develop education and training, science and technology associated with the construction of the intelligentsia, National Political Publishing House, Hanoi 98 Dam Duc Vuong (2008), Scientific Report at the III Vietnam Studies International Conference with the theme: Vietnam, integration and development, situation and develop solutions for human resources in Vietnam 163 164 APPENDIX Appendix College students and college students by sex, 2001 - 2010 Unit:% No Year 10 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Male Female The number Proportion The number Proportion 542 796 55.72 431 323 44.28 533 953 55.58 426 739 44.42 559 935 54.23 472 505 45.77 689 109 52.21 630 645 47.79 690 610 50.66 672 557 49.34 688 120 44.68 852 081 55.32 732 792 45.70 870 692 54.30 872 623 50.75 846 876 49.25 970 006 50.11 965 733 49.89 1094800 50.64 1067306 49.36 Source: Statistical Yearbook 2011, the GSO Appendix Rate of female workforce participationin Party Central Committee Unit:% No List X Congress Female XI Congress Male Female Male 165 The number Member of the Politburo Secretary of the Central Party Official Member of the Central Rate The Rate number The number Rate The number Rate 0 14 100 7.15 13th 92.85 12.5 87.5 20.0 80.0 13th 8.13 147 91.87 15th 8.57 160 91.43 14.29 18th 85.71 12.0 22 88.0 Party Committee Alternate member of the Party's Central Committee Source: Evaluation Report for the period 2007 - 2012, term plan for 2012 - 2017 of the Central Committee of the Vietnam Women's Union (at the Eleventh National Congress of VWU)) Appendix The female number and percentage of the National Assembly 1946 - 2016 Unit:% Courses Course I (1946 - 1960) Course II (1960 - 1964) Course III (1964 - 1971) Women delegates 10 49 62 Total number of Female ratio members 333 362 366 (%) 3.00 13.54 16.94 166 Course IV (1971 - 1975) 125 Course V (1975 - 1976) 137 Course VI (1976 - 1981) 132 Course VII (1981 - 1987) 108 Course VIII (1987 - 1992) 88 Course IX (1992 - 1997) 73 Course X (1997 - 2002) 118 Course XI (2002 - 2007) 136 Course XII (2007 - 2011) 127 Course XIII (2011 - 2016) 122 Source: The Vietnam Women's Union 420 424 492 496 496 395 450 498 493 500 29.76 32.31 26.83 21.77 17.74 18.48 26.22 27.31 25.76 24.40 Appendix Structure of key leaders in the ministries, ministerial-level agencies, agencies of government in 2012 Women key leaders Total Organs number of key leaders The number of Percentag e (%) Male key leaders Agencies Percentag are key number e (%) leaders of The TT Ministry of Public Security Ministry of Industry and Trade Ministry of Education and Training Ministry of Transport 10 1 0.00 10.00 20.00 0.00 100.00 90.00 80.00 100.00 x x 167 Women key leaders Total Organs number of key leaders The number of Percentag e (%) Male key leaders The number of Agencies Percentag are key e (%) leaders TT Ministry of Planning and Investment Ministry of Science and Technology Ministry of Labour - Invalids and Social 10 Affairs Ministry of Foreign Affairs Ministry of Home Affairs Ministry of Agriculture and Rural 11 12 13 Development Ministry of Defense Ministry of Finance Ministry of Natural Resources and 14 15 Environment Ministry of Justice Ministry of Information and 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Communications Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism Ministry of Construction Ministry of Health Government Office The State Bank of Vietnam The Government Inspector Ethnic Minority Committee Management Committee of Ho Chi 24 25 26 27 Minh Mausoleum Vietnam Social Insurance Voice of Vietnam Radio Vietnam Television Ho Chi Minh Academy of Politics and 28 29 Public Administration Vietnam News Agency Institute of Science and Technology of 30 Vietnam Social Sciences and the Institute of Vietnam Total Total body's key female leaders The proportion of agencies is key 0 0.00 0.00 100.00 100.00 14.29 85.71 x 1 12.50 16.67 87.50 83.33 x x 11 9.09 10 90.91 x 10 0.00 20.00 100.00 80.00 x 0.00 100.00 16.67 83.33 0.00 100.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 40.00 0.00 0.00 14.20 0.00 100.00 100.00 60.00 100.00 100.00 85.71 100.00 0.00 100.00 4 0 20.00 0.00 0.00 4 80.00 100.00 100.00 25.00 75.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 100.00 177 14 7.91 163 92.09 x x x x 12 40% 168 Women key leaders Total Organs number of key leaders The number of Percentag e (%) Male key leaders The number of Agencies Percentag are key e (%) leaders TT female leaders Source: Government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in 2012 Appendix Structure of key leaders of the People's Committees of provinces and centrally-run cities in 2012 Provinces / Cities Total number of key leaders 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Hanoi Ho Chi Minh City Hai Phong City Da Nang Can Tho Cao Bang Lang Son Lai Chau Dien Bien Ha Giang Son La Tuyen Quang Yen Bai Lao Cai Bac Kan Thai Nguyen Phu Tho Vinh Phuc Bac Giang 5 4 5 4 4 4 Women key leaders Men key leaders The Percentag The Percentag number 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 e (%) 14.29 16.67 0.00 0.00 20.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.00 0.00 20.00 33.33 25.00 25.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 25.00 25.00 number 5 4 4 4 3 4 3 e (%) 85.71 83.33 100.00 100.00 80.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 80.00 100.00 80.00 66.67 75.00 75.00 100.00 75.00 100.00 75.00 75.00 x x x x x x x x x x x 169 Provinces / Cities Total number of key leaders 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 Bac Ninh Hoa Binh Quang Ninh Hai Duong Hung Yen Thai binh Ha Nam Nam Dinh Ninh Binh Thanh Hoa Nghe An Ha Tinh Quang Binh Quang Tri Thua Thien Hue Quang Nam Quang Ngai Binh Dinh Phu Yen Khanh Hoa Ninh Thuan Binh Thuan Gia Lai Kon Tum Dak Lak Dak Nong Lam Dong Dong Nai Ba Ria - Vung Tau Long An Tay Ninh Binh Duong Binh Phuoc Tien Giang Ben Tre Hau Giang Soc Trang Dong Thap Vinh Long Tra Vinh An Giang Kien Giang Bac Lieu Ca Mau Total General provinces / cities 4 4 4 6 5 5 4 4 5 4 5 4 4 4 4 5 280 Pro / Women key leaders Men key leaders The Percentag The Percentag City key number 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 24 e (%) 0.00 0.00 20.00 25.00 0.00 25.00 25.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.00 25.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 20.00 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.00 0.00 8.57 number 4 4 3 6 5 5 4 4 5 5 5 4 5 256 e (%) 100.00 100.00 80.00 75.00 100.00 75.00 75.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 80.00 75.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 80.00 100.00 75.00 100.00 80.00 100.00 100.00 75.00 100.00 100.00 75.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 75.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 80.00 100.00 91.43 x x x x x x x x x x x x x under central key female 24 leaders Proportion (%) of the 38.10 170 Total number of Provinces / Cities Pro / Women key leaders Men key leaders The Percentag The Percentag City key key leaders number e (%) number e (%) provinces / cities under central key female leaders Source: Government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in 2012 Appendix Structure of key leaders of the Party, National Assembly, a number of state agencies, socio- political organizations, - 2012 No Total Organ Women key leaders number of key leaders The number Central Party Office Central Board External Relations Central Organizing Propaganda Department Overseas Party Percentage The Percentage The female lead is the key of (%) number of (%) 11 of Advocacy Central Commission for Committee Central Male key leaders 18.18 81.82 X 28.57 71.43 X 0.00 100.00 0.00 100.00 11.11 88.89 0.00 100.00 X 171 No Total Organ Women key leaders number of key leaders The number of Central Inspection Committee ONA Ethnic Council of the National on Percentage (%) number of key (%) 22.22 77.78 X 0.00 100.00 28.57 71.43 X 40.00 60.00 X 0.00 100.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 100.00 20.00 80.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 100.00 16.67 83.33 X 20.00 80.00 X 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 16.67 83.33 X 22.22 77.78 X Affairs 11 Committee of the National Assembly Economic Committee of Congress Committee on Science Technology and Environment of the National Assembly Law Committee of the National Assembly Defense Security 15 Committee Social Assembly Foreign 14 The lead is the 10 Affairs of the National 13 Percentage The female Minorities Assembly Committee 12 Male key leaders - of the X National Assembly Finance Budget 16 Committee 17 18 - Congressional Justice Committee of the National Assembly Committee for Culture, Education, Youth, and Children's Youth Parliament 19 State Audit 20 Office of the President 21 Supreme People's Court People's Procuracy 22 Supreme 23 Central Committee of 172 No Total Organ Women key leaders number of The key leaders number of Vietnam 24 Male key leaders Percentage The number of lead is the Percentage (%) The female key (%) Fatherland Front General Confederation of Labour of Vietnam 25 HCM Youth Union 26 Central VWU Central Vietnam Farmers 27 Association Total Total body's key female leaders The proportion 16.67 83.33 X 8 33.33 100.00 66.67 0.00 X X 0.00 100.00 163 27 16.56 136 83.34 14 of agencies is key female 51.85 leaders Source: Government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in 2012 Appendix Number of important scientific and technological awards given to highquality women's human resources No Award Name International Awards for Individuals Collective Total Planning Excellence (awarded by WIPO, UN) Ho Chi Minh Award State Awards 2 10 13th 13th Kovalevskaya Award 34 15th 49 Vifotec Awards 48 34 82 Vietnam Women's Awards 42 23 65 Environmental Award 2 173 National Journalism Award 58 58 Golden Rose Award 131 131 10 Creative Talent Award women 25 31 Land Awards Honoring Vietnam (for 11 women overseas Vietnamese 4 intellectuals) Total 342 105 447 Source: The Vietnam Women's Union Appendix Factors affecting training opportunities / training of male and female Factors Regulations are Male - No impact because there is - Female Significant sent for training no pressure on the appropriate because after 3-5 years of age for marriage impact women are expected to marry earlier work (26-28 years than men old) - Pressure is especially large when considered - No effect - Easy to learn and get - Going to school or marry married without choice Marriage stable job - Not easy to combine is the right choice The attitude of the - Often support, - Often want to worry her wife / husband encouragement family home, baby - The wife did not want to - The husband can stop 174 interfere the husband's learning The small children - Does not affect much wife’s learning if he likes - Focus on child - Difficult to participate in training for a long time, Family and - Encourage continue to far from home - No incentive to continue community improve their higher education - Do not put a limit on - Set specific limits, a learning university degree is Affordability for considered sufficient - Investment in education is a - Investments in sequence learning priority learning in last stand, after - A reasonable investment her husband, son - The investments are not In cases where the - Dedicating longer after fully justified - Short-time dedication, limit target school (60) - is more there is no benefit in beneficial to appoint sending men compared with women - Can work with families - Do not work with affected affected families - No impact - Can not bring them No nursery or child's kindergarten - Significant impact on for students at women to participate with training institutions small children Source: Institute for Family and Gender, results of qualitative research on women leaders in the public sector in Vietnam, in 2009 175 ... 3: HIGH- QUALITY HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT FOR WOMEN AT PRESENT IN VIETNAM - CURRENT SITUATION AND EMERGING ISSUES 3.1 High- quality human resource development for women in Vietnam at the present- ... importance of high- quality human resource development for women in Vietnam today 2.3 The objective conditions and subjective factors affecting high- quality human resource development for women in Vietnam. .. situation and causes 3.2 Some issues raised in the development of high quality human resource for women in Vietnam today Chapter 4: KEY SOLUTIONS TO HIGH- QUALITY HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT FOR WOMEN