Michiko: Mary, I haven't seen you for a long time. How was your vacation? Mary: It was really fun. I went shopping, ate Korean dishes, and things like that in Korea. Michiko: Sounds good. I want to travel, too. Mary: Did you have a fun vacation, Michiko? Michiko: It was okay. I went for a drive just for one day, but I was working part-time every day. Maw: Michiko, I want to introduce you to a friend of mine. This is John. He came to Japan Iast month. John: How do you do? Michiko: How do you do? Nice to meet you. Michiko: John, where are you from? John: I am from Cairns, Australia. Michiko: Is that so. John: Have you been to Cairns? Michiko: No, I haven't. John: It has mountains and the ocean and is a beautiful place. It's famous for the Great Barrier Reef. Where are you from, Michiko? Michiko: I am from Nagano. Please come to visit me sometime. The food is good, too. John: By all means, I would love to. Australia gz? snack; sweets %&El Mew Year's % c3-3- boy toy ftQ1-T girl 9b@ foreign country FFk* singer camp this person (polite) this semester president of a company class future drive beer art museum host farniIy lake mountain dream roommate to tell a lie to become hungry to own (a pet) to cut dasses to take (a class); to get (a grade) to learn toclimb bket-) to work * Words that appear in the dialogue Irregular ~SLW a * t 1 j 21~~1-p & Adverbs & z * L@9LX, * .fz"{ ;iLQ * -?St+ TA * V3 tli:3 * 3253% %7Y Verbs to get tired to quit to have a fight; to quarrel to introduce herson I: perm & ) to go on a diet to be late (for an appointment) to study abroad (place 11) and Ofher Expressions $5 after (an event) (eomt a) *% - coming from (place Ql) vew and then just . . . ; only . . . . . . points it has been a long time okay; so-so more You can use a verb stem (the verb form that goes before 3 + ;f: b \cl-9 to describe your hope or aspiration. +Eas*b2, && -2 ftfib\T-jf, or &BIh2EJi c\.'C"T, Z/Y C L~pj3-3 jrr b: I*- i%x $: .& - I want to see a film thzs weekend. L\-=>rS'+rn tcB 3 k L\TTo be?:< 1 want to go to Chim someday. verb stem + fiL\T$ 1 want to do . As you can see in the first example above, having fi L\ attached to a verb slightly affects the composition of the sentence. A verb that takes the particle & can have either the particle 2 or 5.' when it is followed by ?: t l. Particles other than Q remain the same. The combination of a verb and f: L\ conjugates as an b\-adjective. Here are examples of negative and past tense \ sentences. &cr>Atc&a t i 4~~5 ( & 3 &*XI, VK A I don't want to see that person azy more. +-~-v~~~)t;~~~f~+~, ye>+- t~ci=$3 a L~z,, *- L I I went to a department store, because 1 wanfed to buy a sweater. If your wish is one you have entertained for some time, that is, if you "have wanted to," you can use t=b\Z,g-=,T~\2-if instead of fz'=\TT. L; b 2 L\T? sentences are not usually used to describe wishes held by others. Somebody else's wishes are usually reported in Japanese either as quotations, observations, or guesses. To quote somebody, saying that she wants to do something, you can use Z Z-;, T \ 5 L f= L * with 1": L\. %7'J -3htd b4 Pitfiitz~lZZ9T~h3 L-tz, I I L I Mary said she wamted to go to the bathrom. To describe your observation to the effect that somebody wants to do something, you must use a special verb f= 6% T -i:~ \ B instead of f; I \. If a verb takes the particle & , the derived verb f: P7 T C:L \& will retain the 2, unlike \, with which we had. a choice between the particles 75< and & . $7'1 3h/~33-t-~R&f-z15'7T~~aT, rr) (It seem) Mau waxh to drink coiXe@- The verb I?= V-7 -I L S , which comes from the dictionary fonn i3< 6, indicates "I think that she wants to, because of the way she is behaving." We will have more to say about this type of sentence in Lesson 14. You already know that you can connect two daum with the te-form of predicates, as in: % kRTFkl%% LX. %ERsT2&~3To gh?d. ri. 60 +,4,:<71i 7 C hz Osaka, 1 will do sme shopping ad eat Korea% food. ? 1 want to . . . /Do you w~nt to . . . . They want to . verb stem + f=LlTT verb stem + TC~~TTL\~~ f=t\ conjugates as an t\-adjective fchl& conjugates as an u-verb = fix or Z only This sentence, however, tends to suggest that shopping and dining are the only activities you plan to perform in Osaka. If you want to avoid such implications and want to mention activities or events just as exemplars, thus leaving room for other things which are left unsaid, you can use a special predicate form -2 3 -15 3 -if 4. APZTRL\*~ tkq, s~a~332+tq;t3 L~T, SJ%?fJ. * tO S./Y: (923 1 fz In Osaka, 1 will do szcch fhz~gs us shopping ad eating Korealz dkhes. 1 (activity A) ft 9 (activity 8) k do such things as A and B I To get the f: 3 form of a predicate, you just add 9 to the past tense sho?t form of a predicate. (Thus we have L t= 9 for the verb rf- 6, whose past tense is t ', and &x.f= 9 for $€% 6, past tense h-tk .) Note that the helping verb -5. .3 at the end of the Lktentence t: i': indicates the tense of the sentence. You can change a f= 9 f: '1 T4 sentence into the past tense, or incorporate it in a bigger sentence, by working on the helping verb part. sssa. &~~t=tl, ~~~YSL~=~ t3 LE, Lq3 2 9 <L>li r t 1: 'd I sfudied ad talked wzth my fnmds, among other things, ooer the weekelad. G-z~tz 9, +%&M~hf7't 3 T6@h2'S3TT0 fir C;LA:( 3. -f I like danckg, Zisteni?rg to music, and so forth. The past tense short form of a verb + t Z 5'& & describes that you did something, or something happened, in earlier times. Have you mer been to Europe? - E&L\, ?T~kLZ&~dk,33-j-~ I r Yes, I haue. t SA/E~+~Z~~~X/~Z 9 1aktt, L'nSii c7 Takgshd has never been abswt from classes (in his life). verb (past, short) + Z&&t&& bane the experience of . . . 9 connects two nouns, as dues Z . 9 suggests that the things referred to are proposed as '< examples, and that you are not citing an exhaustive list. M in negative sentences) In negative sentences, you often find the particle t$ where you expect 752 or %. Observe the reply sentences in the following dialogues: Q Ti 7 t' GR 3 To DO yoit watch TK Prof: Yamashitla? + PL fitl~%r. + A : LltlL, 7vk+t~H3-eAo -A No, I don't. Q : ~-t-fi~B&f?~~TT73~~ Do you want to have a cup of coffee? 03 A : blbl2, x-t t$E&4.7~ - < & 9 &*Ao No, I don't. m 8 and fir, respectiveIy, would not be ungrammatical in the above examples. Many Japanese speakers, however, find the tk versions more natural. The rule of thumb is that negative Japanese sentences tend to contain at least one tA phrase. If you add $Lik to the sentences above, therefore, the htt need for is already fulfilled, and Japanese speakers feel much less 3EZTi$SLk < & 9 3@Lo I don't want to speak in English. ir. Z lbta' E f E 2 9 5 Lo 1 have never been to Hiroshima. L'5L f c, e(f b You can add Etrf to numbers to talk about having just that many items. E tf implies that you have something up to the amount needed, but not more than that. $Li2*9Atz-!ElI-2tf23fzZ )5755:&'3 23, b2L 3k ~r,abr,- Si I have met that person just once. f2 tf suggests that you can live with that few, though the number admittedly could have been higher. We wiII learn another word in Lesson 14, namely, L75>, which means "only" in the sense that you do.not have enough of. fLb You can use the particle tL to indicate the occasion on which you do something. @zst&kgY5 Ye$E42 IdX 2 I ate salad at dinner. tz can also indicate the role you want something to play. &&+t?+t~&3iZS%Et>& tk, I bought a postcard gs a sozlvsnir. i. IZ lss 3 fi. 3) F .7 4 7 is used when you go somewhere by car for pleasure. To' say "to have a drive" or "to go for a drive," use F 7 4 YtZfi 5 r < or F 9 4 7 3-&* iaa-rww7'fimg L~Z/I."Y,WLB tfz0 aT% * I went fur a drive to the kake. When you simply want to say "to drive a car" (not necessarily for pleasure), use B$Gf 5 instead. 3,' T/b H$T@~S%L?Z z k&%9 &TAho E MA 3LTL Have you ever driuen a car i~ Japan? = 9 b S, like the English word "dream," has two meanings. One is the dream w you have while sleeping; the others the dream that you wish would come true. To say "I have a dream," in Japanese, you use the verb W8 for & sleeping dreams, and l$F 9 T L1& or h .5 for your visions. WJ~Z~~.GFB!Z~! LLz. I had a scary dream Iest night. ~W%77br?~?@rlr& 9 &To I have a dream- An bafzcn~~cnls~.i%~~~~~ ~7tat is your future dream? L.€i4b. @Q tc& Efab The particle hi often follows the particle 4: in sentences describing a place in terms of the things that are found there. BBIZ~&A~~~~~~-~&V < SL&9 &To 53 s29-ss There are lots of big departmsnt stores & Tokyo. %a,%~tsh~rf.t~t~B$=q,%*&~t~& f ., i-YkL etlN- E anA? +=A+&> We have a good Japanese feather & my college. These sentences would be okay without iA, but there is a subtle difference between the versions with and without I&. The idr sentences are about the places; they answer questions (either explicitly asked, or implicit) like "What is Tokyo like?" The sentences without b& after E, an the other hand, are answers to a question like "Where do you find good teachers of Japanese?'? See the grammar note discussing the difference between 21s and ki in Lesson 8. In the case of the particle E, the contrast is between the simple 4Z and the combination iz 43. (See also the grammar note on counting people I in Lesson 7.) kjfi# Practice ;fzh L@5 Ic A. Change the following phrases into f;l\ sentences. Example: >I <- ~- 2 &< 6 (ia~k) + 7h ~~i-~-~~~~~~ ,TTo (2) ~\>~<-fl-&:&<f= { $j 9 $+-Ao B. Pair Work-Ask if your partner wants to do the things above. When you answer, give reasons as in the example. C. Change the following phrases into kt+\ sentences in the past tense. @ Example: D. Pair Work-Ask if your partner wanted to do the things above during their child hood. E. Pair Work-Ask your partner the following questions and report the answers as in the example. Example: A : i7h$X,dAN13z&xf=~\T?y5x, tac fz B : k0tf-*$'&<fZ~\~-fO f: A : if~/3~/iak~:o&~e<f=~\zg~ -il~\a L~C. f: I h ijX,;X/l2tz"~*&&^=i'%%$'7 TL\~-$-, A t: I. &z*i2hb:@$~*<f=~~T$$~~ u. 6 t*tI t: 2. fih2~\% tdhE~~?=~\\~$~~ 241 3. Additional VocabulawH 9 (Occupations) M si5 3 921% (*%I writer YJ~-?-~]Z b l-f L \ S 9 &+XI (%ST) police officer L @ -;a (Z*> td~\@?~ (#HZ) actor/actress L*kLg? (*@I 75* A ZL. (SS*) nurse L 1 9 tai L (i'iP$*) <AZ"L ($FZ&) lawyer 9 3 @ @ (3 baseball player 5 9 1 (9&%%) president of a country journalist housewife actress firefighter [...]... offered as an explanation 'for anything lf you want to mentian the b u m fail'= to m on time as an excuse for being late., YOU will need to lrse the explamfi~a mock af speech, and say: (As it h i z ~ ~ e ,fj la B d&'t come~ h l w An explanation has two components, one that is explicitly described in the sentence (the bus not corning), and another, which is implied, or explained, by it (you being late... predicate can be either in the affirmative or in the negative, either in the present tense or in the past tense tLTT itself 1 is invariant and does not usually appear in the negative or the past tense forms In writing, it is more common to find P TT instead of LT-3- I 1 < 3 b Pt T?, (in response to the question, "Why do you look so upset?") (As a matter of fact) My grade z not good k @@;Jr Qi>Q3 'In casual... in Tokyo/around 2°C weather city Ex snow Tokyo Sydney 1 Ex around 2°C (1) sunny Hong Kong I temperature 1 (4) Rome 1 (2) hot rain I (6) around 18 °C (5) cool ( 71 cloudy (8) warm (3) around 30°C 1 (9) around 20°C 6 Pair Work-Play the role of a meteorologist Predict the weather for your favorite city The other person fills in the blanks Switch roles and do the same thing city weather temperature A Using... in the present tense You can change 3 { G + 6 \13 3 to 2 { %s 3 *AT L 7L= (past tense) to say you had to, and to 2 { t;+ k\C?Qb\ (the short form, present tense) in casual speech and before elements like t TT L L 'In writing and in very format speech, td < a k \ l f 3 ++A, is more common than Q ( - \ r \ d f 3 +?A 13 3 t i , fiett%33 4< U % 2 { - 1 ; + ~ \ t - f 3 t S - k T L f(long form, past) =~ 1. .. predicates in the past tense We will, however, concentrate on t h e present tense exampIes in this lesson T L d; 9 sentences can be turned into questions ( T* J 5 51 which can be used to L , invite another person's opinion or guess ~ h k w u ~ l d ' say i more difficulty h you s ~apanese Korean? or The short form of T L a j is f."S 3 You can use it to cautiously phrase a prediction or an analysis t=cjLShtAR%7S%4f:5... 3 Z , B C \ ~ - ~ , 311 k i4k I think Takeshz would be intermfed i if n In casual exchanges, you can use T L L 5 (with the question intonation, and most often pronounced as somewhat shorter T L a ) when you want to check if your partner agrees that you have the correct understanding about what you have just said 5 h > , +ElSrSrb75*bTLa ? Z h , t l &T L, I Johzy you uwderstand Chinese, rzght? Caa you... + ~ ~ I & ~ B Pair Work-Invite the partner to do the following things together Turn down the invitation and give an explanation using 5~ LUf &L\ a< Example: play tennis 1 do homework 2 eat lunch 4 study in the library 5 go to karaoke 3 drink coffee Q { ~ C Answer the following questions A Here is tomorrow's weather forecast (XZfsE) Play the role of a meteorologist 5kd lEJ and tell the weather forecasts... Useful Expressions YG6 T% Both are fine ElCTT, Same thing 6V f : ~ ~ f = ~ q q j y - More or less the same ~ ~ &k &l 7 A little different Ygk'2To 3 h; $224 * A , ~ G& 1 T L~ 3 To 4 S~ 3 Can't use it 11 11 It's wrong - 3-% 513 "T < ft"%\, 2 7 ( I E L* . it for today. 51 =I f; Useful Vocabulary %% homework L , t fz -1. L&3 1 deadline ~ RF kXb1 exercise &% meaning 1 k pronunciation question 8 answer 33 #!I example. can be either in the affirmative or in the negative, either in the present tense or in the past tense. tLTT itself 1 is invariant and does not usually appear in. Can't use it. 11 11. ~41S~ T L~ 3 To It's wrong. same - 3 G& 3-% 2 513 "T < ft"%, Raise your hand. 7 ( 7":3 bho Read it before coming