sample program, 350, 352 subtracting, 355 typeless, 351 use of, instead of indices, 359 Pointers to pointers, 682, 683 Pointer types, 231 Pointer variables, 231, 235, 683 addressing with, 353 and arrays, 351 Polymorphic interfaces, 571 Polymorphic objects persistence of, 648, 650 storing, 649 Polymorphism, 3, 543-564 concept of, 544, 545 destroying dynamically allocated objects, 548, 549 dynamic casts, 552, 553 virtual methods, 546, 547 virtual method table, 550, 551 pop_back() method for deleting objects in container classes, 765 popFront() method, 465, 467 pop() method, 765 Positioning flags, 641 Positioning methods, 643 Positive numbers converting to, 142 Postfix increment, 430 Postfix notation, 85 effects of, 84 Precedence of arithmetic operators, 84 and arithmetic type conversions, 707 of Boolean operators, 91 for cast operator (type), 147 for comma operator, 101 for indirection operator, 233 operator, 85 for operators with pointer variables, 355 of relational operators, 88, 89 precision() method, 65 Prefixes, 31 Prefix increment, 430 Prefix notation, 85 effects of, 84 Preprocessor, 9 Preprocessor directives, 11 Primary file, within index file, 653, 655 printf() function, 685 Priority queues, 753 testing, 764 priority_queue template, 753 Private data members accessing, 275 Private members, 245, 247, 249, 503, 507 Procedures, 5 Program scope object defined with, 199 Projects, 249 Properties, 5 protected constructors, 569 Protected declarations, 515 Protected members, 515 Prototype, 175, 177 public base classes is relationship established by, 589 Public interface, of class, 247 Public members, 245, 247 access to, in base class, 503 Public methods, 51 Pure virtual methods, 566, 567 pushBack() method, 465, 467 push_back() method, 759 push_front() method, 759 push() method, 759 put() method, 75, 391 Q qsort() function, 689, 696, 697 QuadMatrix template, 734, 735 Quadratic matrices class template representing, 734, 735 Queues as sequential containers, 751 Quick sort algorithm, 187, 689 Quotient of Fibonacci number, 325 R rand(), 45 INDEX ■ 819 Random access iterators, 755 Random file access, 381, 639 positioning for, 640, 641, 642, 643 Random number generator initializing, 44, 45 Random positioning statements, 643 Random read and write access, 639 Range checking, 427 Range operator, 305 base class method accessed by, 509 range_error class, 620 Raster images representing with bitmaps, 774, 775 rdstate() method, 645 Readability and complex expressions, 109 and empty statements, 99 and loop body, 97 and macros, 121 and typedef, 693 Read access open mode for, 638 read_at() method, 642 Reading blocks of records, 390 characters, 75 records, 381 read() method of classes DepAcc and SavAcc, 648, 649 implementing, 392, 393 Read-only methods, 277 Read-only pointers, 360 for non-constant objects, 361 Read-only references, 223, 225 Records, 257 inserting and retrieving, 655 position of, in files, 643 reading, 381 reading/writing blocks, 390 Recursive data structures, 465 Recursive functions, 186, 187 Redefined methods calling, 513 Redefinition, 509 References, 3, 729 to abstract classes, 570, 571 conversions in, to base classes, 535 defining, 222 as parameters, 224 and pointers, 231 read-only, 223, 225 returning, 285 as return value, 226, 227 sample program, 222 Reference type function calling, 227 register keyword, 205 Registers CPU, 205 Register variables, 205 sample function with, 204 Relational operators, 50, 412 precedence of, 88, 89 remove() method, 481, 485 replace() method, 163 reset() method and manipulating bits, 777 Resistant mistakes program with, 76 resize() method and container classes, 763 Result class, 303, 424, 425 constructors for, 298, 299 new version of, 302 with static members, 304 with static methods, 306 retrieve() method, 651 of IndexFileSystem class, 654, 655 Return address, 181 return statement, 9, 177 Return values, 41, 285 Reusability, 5, 501 reverse() function, 357 reverse() method, 767 rfind() method, 163 Right shift operators, 708, 709 Round brackets, 33 Routers, 779 820 ■ INDEX Row class defining, 694, 695 RTTI. See Run Time Type Information Runtime behavior of container classes, 759 runtime_error, 621 Run time errors, 621 avoiding, 43, 267 exception classes derived from, 620, 621 Run Time Type Information, 552 R-values, 233 S Safe class, 514, 515 SavAcc class defining, 648, 649 scientific manipulator, 65 Scope, 199 Scope resolution operator, 209, 211, 249 Screen control macros, 123, 125 Scrolling string output, 334 search() method, 655 seekg() method, 641 seekp() method, 641 SelectionSort() function, 697 Semicolon, 9, 103 Sequences and header files, 752 operations for, 752 representing, 753 Sequential containers (or sequences), 750, 751 Sequential file access, 381 set container class, 771 setfill() manipulator, 66 setfill() method, 67 setf() method, 60, 61, 69 set() method, 777 setprecision() manipulator, 65 Sets associative containers within, 751 declaring, 771 representing, 769 sample, 770 setTime() method, 282 setw() manipulator, 66 Shape type, 309 Sheltered members access to, 515 Shift operators, 708 short type, 19 showpos manipulator calling, 60 Side effects avoiding, 87 of macros, 125 Sieve of Eratosthenes, 334 signal.h header file, 48 Signatures constructor, 267, 269 function, 185 signed char type, 19, 142 Signed integers converting, 142 signed keyword, 19 Signed type conversion of, to larger integral type, 143 Sign extension, 143 Sign operators, 85 Simple assignments, 87 Single characters meaning of, 26 Single quotes character constants within, 25 size() method and length of container, 763 and maps/multimaps, 773 and number of objects in container, 771 sizeof operator, 21 sort() method list container sorted by call to, 767 SortVec container class merge() method of, 762 search() method of, 760 using, 756 Source code, 7 Source files, 7, 249 layout of, 11 name, 7 INDEX ■ 821 Spaces, 11 Special characters, 28 Special objects, of base class, 531 splice() function, 466, 467 Splice operations, 767 sqrt() function, 40, 53 srand() function, 45 sstream class, 48 Stack class template, 724 explicit instantiation for, 737 with two template parameters, 728 Stack content after calling function, 178 Stacks, 179 fixed/varying arguments on, 684 and recursive functions, 187 as sequential containers, 751 testing, 726 Standard copy constructor, 487 Standard exception classes hierarchy of, 621 using, 620 Standard exception handling for streams, 647 Standard input, 59 Standard methods, 279 sample program, 278 Standard output, 59 Standard settings, 65 Star character, 233 State flags, 645, 647 Statements, 9 Static arrays, 325 Static binding, 551 Static data members, 304, 305 accessing, 306 declaring, 305 definition and initialization, 305 and encapsulation, 307 Static data structures, 463 Static functions, 207 static keyword, 305 static_cast, 537 Static lifetime, 199, 203 Static member functions, 307 Static objects, 203 static storage class, 202, 203, 207 std standard namespace, 9, 209 Storage classes, 199 of functions, 206 Storage class specifiers, 198 strcat() function and return pointers, 363 strcmp() function, 327 index version of, 368 strcpy() function, 327 pointer versions of, 358 and return pointers, 363 Stream access errors, 651 Stream class shift operators, 229 streambuf class, 48 Streams, 9 discovering/changing status of, 645 standard, 59 standard exception handling for, 647 String assignments, 155, 157 string class, 153, 251, 413 C strings and, 327 defining, 155 objects of, 51 sample assignments of, 228 sample program, 50, 154 String constants, 23, 25 String literal internal representation of, 24 Strings characters accessed in, 164 comparing, 158 concatenating, 156, 157 escape sequences used in, 29 initializing, 154, 155 inserting and erasing in, 160, 161 numbers converted to, 288 output of, 68, 69 searching and replacing in, 162, 163 stringstream class, 288 strlen() function, 327, 359 Stroustrup, Bjarne, 3 strstr() function sample program, 362, 363 struct keyword, 257 structs sample program, 256 822 ■ INDEX Style, 11 Sub-object lattice, 595 Subroutines, 5, 181 Subscript, 323 Subscript operators, 165, 427 and access via indices, 761 bits referenced by, 777 in Matrix class, 695 overloading, 426, 427 read and write access using, 485 Substrings erasing, 160 replacing, 162 Subtraction, 355, 417 swap() implementing as method, 282 swap() function, 235 Swapping, 455 switch statement, 111 else-if chains contrasted with, 111 structogram for, 110 Symbolic constants, 121 sync() method, 70 Syntax, 249 brackets in descriptions, 612 for defining variables, 33 errors, 7 T Tabs, 11 tan() function, 40 tellg() method, 641 TelList class, 332, 333 methods implemented for, 336, 337 tellp() method, 641 Template arguments restrictions on, 731 Template function definition, 733 Template functions motivation for, 733 Template parameters multiple, 729 restrictions on, 729 Templates, 3, 721-748 advantages of, 723 arguments, 730, 731 in C++ standard library, 723 default arguments of, 734, 735 defining, 724, 725 defining with multiple parameters, 729 function and class, 723 instantiating, 726, 727, 736, 737 parameters, 728, 729 specialization, 732-733 terminate() function, 613 Testing characters, 129 Text mode, 386 and nesting loops, 103 Text editor, 7 this pointer sample class DayTime, 280 using, 281 Throwing exceptions, 614 throw statement, 611 using, 610 timediff() function, 207 time() function, 167 time_t type, 261 tm struct, 260 Tokens, 11 Tone and nesting loops, 103 top() method, 761 toupper() macro, 129 Traditional procedural programming, 4, 5 Translation unit, 199 true keyword, 23 trunc open mode, 386 Truth table for logical operators, 90 try block, 615 nested, 616, 617 syntax of, 612, 613 Two-dimensional arrays initialization list of, 331 parameter declaration for, 359 Type casting, 351 Type conversion for classes, 441-452 ambiguities of type conversions, 446-447 conversion constructors, 442-443 conversion functions, 444-445 INDEX ■ 823 Type conversions, 43, 146 ambiguities of, 446, 447 in assignments, 145, 532, 533 explicit, 147, 536, 537 failure, 447 implicit, 140, 144, 147, 531 standard, 445 usual arithmetic, 141, 142 typedef keyword, 693 Type hierarchy, 140 Typeless pointers, 351 Typenames defining, 692 Types, 611 platform dependent, 693 pointer, 231 U Unary arithmetic operators, 84, 85 Unary operators, 83, 233 underflow_error class, 620 #undef directive, 127 Underscores and internal names, 31 Unicode, 17 Union, 258, 259 defined, 259 Unique keys, 769 usetf() method, 60, 61 unsigned char type, 19 unsigned keyword, 19 unsigned short, 19 Unsigned types, 143 Unsigned value, 45 Unwinding the stack, 615 Upcasting, 536, 537, 553 User Network Interface, 715 using declaration, 211 using directive, 211 using keyword, 9, 49, 210 Usual arithmetic type conversions, 141, 145 performing, 142 V va_arg() macro arguments of, 687 valarray class, 48 Variables defining, 33 defining in if statements, 105 names of, 31 pointer, 683 sample program, 32 Variable type, 77 Vector, 323 vector container class, 755 constructors of, 757 methods for deleting objects in, 765 Vectors iterating, 754 Virtual assignments using, 573 Virtual base classes, 592, 593 constructor calls in, 597 initializing, 596, 597 Virtual destructors declaring, 549 virtual keyword, 593 Virtual methods, 546, 547 calling, 544, 545 declaring, 547 pure, 566, 567 redefining, 547 Virtual method tables, 550, 551 Virtual operator functions, 573 VMT. See Virtual method tables void type, 21 for functions, 44, 45 void* type pointer, 351 volatile keyword, 34, 36 W Warnings, 7 wchar_t type, 17, 19 what() method, 621 824 ■ INDEX what() virtual method, 647 while statement structogram for, 96 structogram for break within, 112 syntax for, 97 Whitespace characters, 11 Width bit-fields, 715 width() method, 67, 491 Wordbyte union defining/using, 258 Write access open mode for, 638 write_at() method, 642 WriteError type exception, 651 write() method, 391, 392, 393 of classes DepAcc and SavAcc, 648, 649 Write operation, 381 Writing blocks of records, 390 characters, 75 X XOR operator, 707 Z Zero extension, 143 INDEX ■ 825 . 707 of Boolean operators, 91 for cast operator (type), 147 for comma operator, 101 for indirection operator, 233 operator, 85 for operators with pointer variables, 355 of relational operators, 88,. 59 Standard methods, 279 sample program, 278 Standard output, 59 Standard settings, 65 Star character, 233 State flags, 645, 647 Statements, 9 Static arrays, 325 Static binding, 551 Static data. 164 comparing, 158 concatenating, 156, 157 escape sequences used in, 29 initializing, 154, 155 inserting and erasing in, 160, 161 numbers converted to, 288 output of, 68, 69 searching and replacing in,