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X    ! = − +   = − −   =  )$*+,%-./%P*9%- α %-%-':7 ? '7  R%-T$*[ ':Q #W!%H3$*1Q' α    !!"#$%&'()*+, +0 ''  !!" !$! ()&*+1234567 ,-$  "#\ $%&'( ]5>^  L A ^A    =  ⇔  = −   ]!-:2%2'G"       @ @  ?      →−∞ →− ∞ = + − = −∞       @ @  ?      →+∞ →+ ∞ = + − = +∞  ]M %-#$%&%  −∞ A +∞ _AA A +∞   −∞ K  ]`%-#$%.&%!F %-  L −∞ − ' AL +∞ `%-#$%.&%F %-KLA ]".> `2"22L a A `2"02AL 5 A #)*5 !-1':.<I@LA'?LA B1':.<I@bAL a%C%b?L@=D%- aU0L  2 -2 -4 -2 x y O 1 -1 -3 +,)* / #52>? _   !!"#$%&'()*+, )C*+,%-./%$*0$%@>? ` N"'Y78%6/%*9%-V%/@>  ?      $    − = − − ∫   ?    Z       −   = − − =  ÷    ,-  b ?  ? %@%      π ∫  aP@%5>    =  acC%>? ⇒ A     π π = ⇒ =  > ? A A %  0   π π = = − = ∫  #5>        A A A A ? ? b    ?              π π π π    ÷ + = +  ÷   ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫  ]     A A     π π π = = ∫   ]Wd  A 1   π = ∫  aP  2  3  =   =   ? %   2  3  =    =    >     A A A ? ? ? %  %     ? X X 1     π π π π π     = − = + =  ÷  ÷    −  ∫  )C    ? ?  X   X   0 π π π π + −   = + − =  ÷    ()1/34567  ,-.>5>     EK? E ?A E?E KE?A  E KE?A ]  ⇔ ⇔      !!"#$%&'()*+, Wd]R> ?   ∆ = − = − ⇒ ∆ =   Q0.*+,%-./%]%-8> ?R ?    ! ± =  )C*+,%-./%e%-8@ ?R ?    ! ± = LE  K? ,-/ 5> L  L L L ?L ?45 46= − = − − uuur uuur  fP*9%-JM?'g,*!*0$%@> ZL?OL? 45 46= ∧ = r uuur uuur  Q0.*+,%-./%c%-U0!1JM@> Z??O?EKAA ⇔ Z?O?EZA  ]NhYN ∉ JMR%&%JRMRRN@S%1?D78% #7a+T%-9%-7'0G%--':JM%&%7?'g,S*+,%-@>  ZL?OL?2 = = r r  Q0.*+,%-./%17>  ? Z O ?O  ?    !  = − +   = − +   = +   i+,%-./%PV072%->        A !  & /! + + + + + + = Q .%-R#RR7@!"je%>    A & / + + − >  )/QU0JRMRRN%&%8*+,%-./%>  O   A  X   ? k  ?  A X   ?  ?k    A O ? O  ?A  A O   A k  &   & /   & /   & / &  & /  & / /  & /   &   − − + = − + − = = −       + − + + = − + + = =    ⇔ ⇔    + − − + = − = = −       − − + + = − − + = =     )CPV0Q*+,%-./%@     X  k A !  !+ + − + − + =  fPV0Q=@b?LKL?'#!%F6%\   ,-. 5> ( ) X  ? ? X X      O   O O              + + + = − ⇔ = ⇔ =   − −      f ( )   X  X     OA      O O         + + + + = = = = − −  Q0. ? X X X X       O        + = = = − *   !!"#$%&'()*+, # ? ?    @- @-  ? @-  A + − + ≤ ? al0F8%>mA ):l0F8%.&%>  [ ]      ? @- @-  ? @-  A @-  ? @-    ⇔ − − − + ≤ ⇔ − ≥      ?   A        ≤ −  ⇔ − ≥ ⇔ − − ≥ ⇔  ≥  $n*':l0F8%0.%-81#Y*+,%-./%e@  ≥  ,-/ Q=@bLK?L'#!%F6%@\ 7 ? ?'g,S*+,%-@ ? L L2 = − ur  7  ?'g,S*+,%-@  ?L ?LA2 = − uur  )/ α %-%-':7 ? '7  %&% α ?'g,*!*0$%@>  ?  LL? 2 2= ∧ = r ur uur  N*+,%-./% α 72%-EA  α $*[':QF'SF>         L   O k ?   ? / /  0 8 / / α = − + +  = ⇔ = ⇔ + = ⇔  = − + +   )CP*9%-je%&0V0@>  ? α >EAL  α >E?A #BH ∆ @+T%-9%-U0b''0G%--': α $*1 Q' α 6%@-1 ∆ ': α   ∆ '0G%--': α %&%?'g,S*+,%-@> LL?2 = = r r  N ∆ *+,%-./%@>    ?      !  = +   = − +   = +   5D%-':-1Q' ? α @%-81*+,%-./% K?A ⇔ kkA ?⇔ = −  Q0.$*1Q' ? α @>JALKL 5+,%-"$*1Q'  α @ML?L 9/ :;</=>?/@/@/'23A/B/C/D2EF   !!"#$%&'()*+, . !!"#$%&'()*+, +0 ''  !!" !$! ()&*+ 12 34567 ,-$  "# $%&'( ]5>^  L A ^A    =  ⇔  =