Radio Frequency Circuit Design.W.AlanDavis,KrishnaAgarwal Copyright  2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Print ISBN 0-471-35052-4 Electronic ISBN 0-471-20068-9 Radio Frequency Circuit Design WILEY SERIES IN MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL ENGINEERING KAI CHANG, Editor Texas A&M University A complete list of the titles in this series appears at the end of this volume. Radio Frequency Circuit Design W. ALAN DAVIS University of Texas at Arlington KRISHNA AGARWAL Raytheon Systems Company A WILEY-INTERSCIENCE PUBLICATION JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. NEW YORK / CHICHESTER / WEINHEIM / BRISBANE / SINGAPORE / TORONTO Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. In all instances where John Wiley & Sons, Inc., is aware of a claim, the product names appear in initial capital or ALL CAPITAL LETTERS. Readers, however, should contact the appropriate companies for more complete information regarding trademarks and registration. Copyright  2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 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This title is also available in print as ISBN 0-471-35052-4. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.Wiley.com. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Davis, W. Alan. Radio frequency circuit design / W. Alan Davis, Krishna Agarwal. p. cm. — (Wiley series in microwave and optical engineering) Includes index. ISBN 0-471-35052-4 1. Radio circuits — Design and construction. I. Agarwal, Krishna K. (Krishna Kumar) II. Title. III. Series. TK6560 .D38 2001 621.381’32 — dc21 00-043690 Printed in the United States of America. 10987654321 Dedicated to our wives, Margaret Davis, Elisabeth Agarwal and our children: Brent, Nathan, Janelle Davis Sareeta, Sandeep, Suneet Agarwal Contents Preface xiii 1 Communication Channel 1 1.1 Basic Transmitter–Receiver Configuration 1 1.2 Information and Capacity 3 1.3 Dependent States 6 Problems 8 References 8 2 Resistors, Capacitors, and Inductors 9 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Resistors 9 2.3 Capacitors 14 2.4 Inductors 20 Problems 31 References 31 3 Impedance Matching 33 3.1 Introduction 33 3.2 The Q Factor 33 3.3 Resonance and Bandwidth 34 3.4 Unloaded Q 36 3.5 L Circuit Impedance Matching 36 3.6  Transformation Circuit 39 3.7 T Transformation Circuit 41 3.8 Tapped Capacitor Transformer 42 3.9 Parallel Double-Tuned Transformer 45 Problems 49 References 50 vii 4 Multiport Circuit Parameters and Transmission Lines 51 4.1 Voltage–Current Two-Port Parameters 51 4.2 ABCD Parameters 53 4.3 Image Impedance 54 4.4 The Telegrapher’s Equations 59 4.5 The Transmission Line Equation 61 4.6 The Smith Chart 63 4.7 Commonly Used Transmission Lines 65 4.8 Scattering Parameters 74 4.9 The Indefinite Admittance Matrix 78 4.10 The Indefinite Scattering Matrix 80 Problems 82 References 82 5 Filter Design and Approximation 84 5.1 Introduction 84 5.2 Ideal and Approximate Filter Types 84 5.3 Transfer Function and Basic Filter Concepts 88 5.4 Ladder Network Filters 89 5.5 The Elliptic Filter 94 5.6 Matching between Unequal Resistances 95 Problems 104 References 104 6 Transmission Line Transformers 105 6.1 Introduction 105 6.2 Ideal Transmission Line Transformers 106 6.3 Transmission Line Transformer Synthesis 110 6.4 Electrically Long Transmission Line Transformers 111 6.5 Baluns 115 6.6 Dividers And Combiners 117 Problems 121 References 121 7 Class A Amplifiers 122 7.1 Introduction 122 7.2 Definition of Gain [2] 122 7.3 Transducer Power Gain of a Two-Port 123 7.4 Power Gain Using S Parameters 124 7.5 Simultaneous Match for Maximum Power Gain 127 7.6 Stability 129 7.7 Class A Power Amplifiers 139 7.8 Power Combining of Power Amplifiers 141 Problems 142 References 143 8 Noise 144 8.1 Sources of Noise 144 8.2 Thermal Noise 145 8.3 Shot Noise 148 8.4 Noise Circuit Analysis 149 8.5 Amplifier Noise Characterization 151 8.6 Noise Measurement 152 8.7 Noisy Two-Ports 153 8.8 Two-Port Noise Figure Derivation 154 8.9 The Fukui Noise Model for Transistors 158 8.10 Properties of Cascaded Amplifiers 161 8.11 Amplifier Design for Optimum Gain and Noise 164 Problems 166 References 166 9 RF Power Amplifiers 168 9.1 Transistor Configurations 168 9.2 The Class B Amplifier 169 9.3 The Class C Amplifier 178 9.4 Class C Input Bias Voltage 183 9.5 The Class D Power Amplifier 184 9.6 The Class F Power Amplifier 185 9.7 Feed-Forward Amplifiers 191 Problems 193 References 193 10 Oscillators and Harmonic Generators 195 10.1 Oscillator Fundamentals 195 10.2 Feedback Theory 197 10.3 Two-Port Oscillators with External Feedback 197 10.4 Practical Oscillator Example 202 10.5 Minimum Requirements of the Reflection Coefficient 204 10.6 Common Gate (Base) Oscillators 206 10.7 Stability of an Oscillator 210 10.8 Injection-Locked Oscillators 214 10.9 Harmonic Generators 216 Problems 221 References 221 11 RF Mixers 222 11.1 Nonlinear Device Characteristics 222 11.2 Figures of Merit for Mixers 226 11.3 Single-Ended Mixers 227 11.4 Single-Balanced Mixers 228 11.5 Double-Balanced Mixers 230 11.6 Double-Balanced Transistor Mixers 235 11.7 Spurious Response 240 11.8 Single-Sideband Noise Figure and Noise Temperature 243 Problems 246 References 246 12 Phase Lock Loops 247 12.1 Introduction 247 12.2 PLL Design Background 247 12.3 PLL Applications 248 12.4 PLL Basics 249 12.5 Loop Design Principles 250 12.6 PLL Components 251 12.7 Linear Analysis of the PLL [1] 255 12.8 Locking a Phase Lock Loop 259 12.9 Loop Types 261 12.10 Negative Feedback in a PLL 263 12.11 PLL Design Equations 264 12.12 PLL Oscillators 270 12.13 Phase Detector Types 271 12.14 Design Examples 274 Problems 277 References 277 13 Emerging Technology 278 13.1 Introduction 278 13.2 Bandwidth 280 13.3 Spectrum Conservation 280 13.4 Mobility 281 13.5 Wireless Internet Access 282 13.6 Key Technologies 283 References 284 Appendixes A. Example of a Solenoid Design 285 B. Analytical Spiral Inductor Model 286 C. Double-Tuned Matching Circuit Example 290 D. Two-Port Parameter Conversion 292 E. Termination of a Transistor Port with a Load 296 F. Transistor and Amplifier Formulas 300 G. Transformed Frequency Domain Measurements Using Spice 305 H. Single-Tone Intermodulation Distortion Suppression for Double-Balanced Mixers 319 Index 323 [...]... Shu-Ang Zhou Radio Frequency Circuit Design W Alan Davis, Krishna Agarwal Copyright  2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc Print ISBN 0-471-35052-4 Electronic ISBN 0-471-20068-9 CHAPTER ONE Communication Channel 1.1 BASIC TRANSMITTER–RECEIVER CONFIGURATION The design of radio frequency (RF) circuits borrows from methods used in lowfrequency audio circuits as well as from methods used in design of microwave circuits... microwave circuits Yet there are also important departures from these techniques, so the design of radio frequency circuits requires some specialized techniques not found in these other frequency ranges The radio frequency range for present purposes will be taken to be somewhere between 300 MHz and 3 GHz It is this frequency range where much of the present day activity in wireless communication occurs... stray coupling, and frequency response of circuit elements that from the point of view of lumped, low -frequency analysis might be expected to be independent of frequency At the same time the use of common microwave circuit elements such as quarter wave transformers is impractical because of the long line lengths required The use of monolithic circuits have enabled many highfrequency designs to be implemented... ed., New York: McGraw-Hill, 1980, Ch 1 Radio Frequency Circuit Design W Alan Davis, Krishna Agarwal Copyright  2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc Print ISBN 0-471-35052-4 Electronic ISBN 0-471-20068-9 CHAPTER TWO Resistors, Capacitors, and Inductors 2.1 INTRODUCTION At radio frequencies passive circuit elements must be considered more carefully than in lower -frequency designs The simple resistor, capacitor,... attached to hybrid circuit boards to provide high available capacitances with relatively low loss Unlike low -frequency circuits, certain parasitic circuit elements must be accommodated in the overall design The parasitic inductance is affected by the packaging, since it is usually associated with the lead attachments to the capacitor and line length effects inside the capacitor In low -frequency circuits the... Mitsuo Fukuda MICROSTRIP CIRCUITS Fred Gardiol HIGH-SPEED VLSI INTERCONNECTIONS: MODELING, ANALYSIS, AND SIMULATION A K Goel FUNDAMENTALS OF WAVELETS: THEORY, ALGORITHMS, AND APPLICATIONS Jaideva C Goswami and Andrew K Chan ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF INTERGRATED CIRCUIT ANTENNA MODULES K C Gupta and Peter S Hall PHASED ARRAY ANTENNAS R C Hansen HIGH -FREQUENCY ANALOG INTEGRATED CIRCUIT DESIGN Ravender Goyal... oscillator frequency Just as the product of two sine waves produces sum and difference frequencies, so the message frequency is added to the local oscillator frequency This produces two effects necessary for practical wireless communications The first is that this enables forming multiple channels, which in the amplitude and frequency modulation (FM) analog systems are separated by different frequency. .. correspond to the modulator in the transmitter The subsequent intermediate frequency (IF) amplifier includes the required filtering to provide the desired selectivity for the received signal The IF frequency is chosen to be sufficiently high to avoid most of the 1/f noise (f D frequency) or flicker noise Since this circuit operates at a fixed frequency, it can be carefully tuned for optimum performance 1.2 INFORMATION... for the rapid change in the communications business Within this plastic container reside the talents of engineers working in the areas of efficient power supplies, digital circuit design, analog circuit design, semiconductor device design, antennas, linear systems, digital signal processing, packaging, and materials science All these talents are carefully coordinated at a cost that allows a wide cross... provide pure resistance, capacitance, or inductance in high -frequency circuits Usually the “lumped” element is best modeled as a combination of these pure elements In addition, when the size of the element becomes larger than 0.1 wavelength in the circuit medium, the equivalent circuit should include the transmission lines 2.2 RESISTORS Integrated circuit resistors can be classified into three groups: (1) . Radio Frequency Circuit Design. W.AlanDavis,KrishnaAgarwal Copyright  2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Print ISBN 0-471-35052-4 Electronic ISBN 0-471-20068-9 Radio Frequency Circuit Design WILEY. TRANSMITTER–RECEIVER CONFIGURATION The design of radio frequency (RF) circuits borrows from methods used in low- frequency audio circuits as well as from methods used in design of microwave circuits. Yet there. Alan. Radio frequency circuit design / W. Alan Davis, Krishna Agarwal. p. cm. — (Wiley series in microwave and optical engineering) Includes index. ISBN 0-471-35052-4 1. Radio circuits — Design