CHAPTER 19: OBJECT PRONOUNS DIRECT AND INDIRECT OBJECTS Subject Pronoun Object Pronoun I me You you He him She her It it We us You you They them DIRECT OBJECT + TO/FOR + INDIRECT OBJECT Subject Verb Direct Object To / For Indirect Object People send cards and gifts to their roommates My parents make special food for their friends INDIRECT OBJECT + DIRECT OBJECT Subject Verb Indirect Object Direct Object People send their roommates cards and gifts My parents make their friends special food TO + INDIRECT OBJECT FOR + INDIRECT OBJECT bring offer send bake fix describe owe show build get explain repeat teach buy leave give say tell cook make mail sell write do prepare MEANING AND USE NOTES DIRECT OBJECTS: + A direct object can be a person, place, or thing that a verb affects or changes in some way. It answers the question WHO/WHOM/WHAT? A: Who/Whom did he see? B: He saw his sister. A: What is she explaining? B: She is explaining her ideas. + Some verbs always have a direct object. Without an object their meaning is not complete. (bring, buy, get, have, like, make, need, say, take, turn on/off, want) For example: I need a car. (I need. – incorrect) INDIRECT OBJECTS: + An indirect object is a person or a group. It is the person that receives the direct object. It answers the questions TO WHOM? / FOR WHOM? An indirect object can be an institution such as a library or a bank. For example: A: To whom did he send the check? A: For whom did you buy a book? B: Corey sent the check to the bank. B: I bought a book for Marta. + There is no difference in meaning between direct object + to/for + indirect object and indirect object + direct object For example: 1. He is writing a letter to us. = He is writing us a letter. 2. She bought a dress for me. = She bought me a dress. + SAY and TELL have similar meanings, but only TELL can have an indirect oject before a direct object. For example: Direct Object + TO/FOR + Indirect Object Indirect Object + Direct Object He told his name to the teacher. He told the teacher his name. He said his name to the teacher. * He said the teacher his name. (INCORRECT) CHAPTER 20: INFINITIVES AND GERUNDS AFTER VERBS VERB + INFINITIVE VERB + GERUND (V-ing) Decide need avoid finish Expect plan discuss keep Hope want dislike practice Learn agree enjoy VERB + INFINITIVE / GERUND begin prefer like start love try hate MEANING AND USES:  Referring to Activities and States: + We use infinitives and gerunds to refer to activities or states. For example: Activities States He loves to play tennis. They hate to be cold. He loves playing tennis. They hate being cold. + After the verbs LIKE, HATE, LOVE, PREFER, BEGIN, START, we can use an infinitive or a gerund with little or no difference in meaning. For example: I like to travel alone. = I like traveling alone. They prefer to walk. = They prefer walking. She started to leave. = She started leaving. It began to rain. = It began raining.  Expressing Likes and Dislikes: We often use verbs with infinitives and gerunds to discuss our like or dislike of an activity or state. I enjoy cooking, but I dislike cleaning. We love to ski. Marta loves being healthy and hates being sick. They hate to be late. CHAPTER 21 + 22: COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES FORMULA: Equal comparation: S1 + Verb + AS + (short or long) Adj/adv + AS + S2 + (the auxiliary) S1 + Verb + AS MANY + plural count nouns + AS + S2 + (the auxiliary) S1 + Verb + AS MUCH + noncount nouns + AS + S2 + (the auxiliary) Unequal comparation: S1 + Verb + not + AS + (short or long) Adj/adv + AS + S2 + (the auxiliary) S1 + Verb + not + AS MANY + plural count nouns + AS + S2 + (the auxiliary) S1 + Verb + not + AS MUCH + noncount nouns + AS + S2 + (the auxiliary) Comparatives:  Short adj/adv: S1 + V + Adj / Adv – ER + THAN + S2 + (the auxiliary)  Long adj/adv: S1 + V + MORE + Adj / Adv + THAN + S2 + (the auxiliary)  Use LESS / MORE / FEWER + NOUN in comparatives: S1 + VERB + MORE + count or noncount nouns + THAN + S2 + (the auxiliary) S1 + VERB + FEWER + count nouns + THAN + S2 + (the auxiliary) S1 + VERB + LESS + noncount nouns + THAN + S2 + (the auxiliary) Superlatives: in + singular noun  Short adj/adv : S1 + V + THE + adj / adv – EST + of + plural noun in + singular noun  Long adj/adv : S1 + V + THE MOST + adj / adv + of + plural noun  Use THE LEAST / MOST / FEWEST + NOUN in superlatives: S1 + VERB + THE MOST + count or noncount noun S1 + VERB + THE FEWEST + count noun S1 + VERB + THE LEAST + noncount noun Irregular Comparative and Superlative Forms: Adjective / Adverb Comparative Superlative Bad/badly worse the worst Far farther / further the farthest / the furthest Good/well better the best (a) little less the least Much / many more the most . object. For example: Direct Object + TO/ FOR + Indirect Object Indirect Object + Direct Object He told his name to the teacher. He told the teacher his name. He said his name to the teacher. * He said the. USES:  Referring to Activities and States: + We use infinitives and gerunds to refer to activities or states. For example: Activities States He loves to play tennis. They hate to be cold. He loves. CHAPTER 19 : OBJECT PRONOUNS DIRECT AND INDIRECT OBJECTS Subject Pronoun Object Pronoun I me You you He him She her It it We us You you They them DIRECT OBJECT + TO/ FOR + INDIRECT