Elements and Their Compounds in the Environment Edited by E Merian (†), M Anke, M Ihnat and M Stoeppler Elements and their Compounds in the Environment 2nd Edition Edited by E Merian, M Anke, M Ihnat, M Stoeppler Copyright  2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co KGaA, Weinheim ISBN: 3-527-30459-2 Related Titles Joachim Nölte ICP Emission Spectrometry A Practical Guide ISBN: 3-527-30672-2 2002, 279 pp Bernhard Welz, Michael Sperling Atomic Absorption Spectrometry ISBN: 3-527-28571-7 1998, 943 pp Rita Cornelis, Joe Caruso, Helen Crews, Klaus Heumann (eds) Handbook of Elemental Speciation Techniques and Methodology ISBN: 0-471-49214-0 2003, 670 pp Markus Stoeppler, Wayne R Wolf, Peter J Jenks (eds) Reference Materials for Chemical Analysis Certification, Availability, and Proper Usage ISBN: 3-527-30162-3 200, 322 pp Elements and Their Compounds in the Environment Occurrence, Analysis and Biological Relevance 2nd, completely revised and enlarged edition Edited by E Merian (†), M Anke, M Ihnat and M Stoeppler Editors: Manfred Anke Am Steiger 12 07743 Jena Germany Milan Ihnat Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Summerland, BC V0H IZ0 Canada Markus Stoeppler Mariengartenstrasse 1a, 52428 Jülich Germany This book was carefully produced Nevertheless, editors, authors and publisher not warrant the information contained therein to be free of errors Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data illustrations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate Library of Congress Card No: applied for British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data: A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at  2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co KGaA, Weinheim All rights reserved (including those of translation into other languages) No part of this book may be reproducted in any form – by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means – nor transmitted or translated into machine language without written permission from the publishers Registered names, trademarks, etc used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany Printed on acid-free paper Composition, Printing and Bookbinding: Konrad Triltsch, Print und digitale Medien GmbH Ochsenfurt-Hohestadt ISBN 3-527-30459-2 XXXI Editorial Board Prof Dr Dr Marika Geldmacher von Mallinckrodt Schlehenstraße 29 91056 Erlangen Germany Prof Dr med H W Schlipköter Auf’m Hennekamp 50 40225 Düsseldorf Germany Prof Dr Robert F M Herber Tollenslaan 16 03723 DH Bilthoven The Netherlands Dr Mathias Seifert Hauptverband der gewerbl Berufsgenossenschaft BGAG Kưnigsbrücker Landstre 01109 Dresden Germany B.Sc Peter J Jenks Newhaven House Junction Road Alderbury Wiltshire SP5 3AZ United Kingdom Dr F William Sunderman, Jr 270 Barnes Road Whiting, VT 05778-4411 USA Elements and their Compounds in the Environment 2nd Edition Edited by E Merian, M Anke, M Ihnat, M Stoeppler Copyright  2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co KGaA, Weinheim ISBN: 3-527-30459-2 V Preface This book is the third in an unique line of handbooks, initiated in the early 1980s by Ernest Merian in cooperation with several of his colleagues leading in 1984 to a first book – Metalle in der Umwelt – published by Verlag Chemie The design of the book, which became fondly known as the ’MERIAN’, was from the beginning highly appreciated for its clear organization excellently and interdisciplinary covering the broad range from general information, basic elemental data, industrial uses, environmental distribution to biological and medicinal aspects Since many readers from various scientific branches could benefit from it, an updated and extended English edition titled Metals and Their Compounds in the Environment followed relatively quickly in 1991 It was not unexpected that this edition sold very well over many years until it went out-of-print in 2001 Ernest Merian passed away in 1995 at the age of 75 while traveling to one of his many scientific conferences, but already realized at that time the great success and admiration his work and particularly the voluminous English edition had received worldwide The book is frequently quoted in the literature as it has been accepted as a major multielement source handbook Progress, in the intervening years, in many scientific areas called for an update rather than a simple reprint of the book and the publisher was seeking for someone or some group who that might be willing to produce a new edition Dr Steffen Pauly, in charge of the section of WILEY-VCH responsible for a possible update of the ‘MERIAN’, participated in April 1997 in the 7th International Symposium on Biological and Environmental Reference Materials (BERM-7) in Antwerp, Belgium BERM-7 was co-organized by Dr Markus Stoeppler, who took part as an author in the German Edition of the ‘MERIAN’ and as an author and a member of the scientific advisory board for the English Edition as well Thus it was natural that Dr Pauly asked Dr Stoeppler his opinion about an update Fortunately there were two other colleagues at the symposium, Prof Manfred Anke, Germany, and Dr Milan Ihnat, Canada, both very experienced as authors and editors of scientific publications and also knowledgeable with the subjects treated in the MERIAN All three have in addition a long history of co-operation Thus at Antwerp general agreement was reached for a co-editorship of Anke, Ihnat and Stoeppler, followed by action by the publisher to ask former members of the Editorial Advisory Board and a few new ones for participation and by the editors to discuss a preliminary outline for the con- Elements and their Compounds in the Environment 2nd Edition Edited by E Merian, M Anke, M Ihnat, M Stoeppler Copyright  2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co KGaA, Weinheim ISBN: 3-527-30459-2 VI Preface tent of the book In the course of the preliminary planning phase, including the six members of the Editorial Advisory Board (three former and three new), it was jointly decided that the comprehensive character of the book could be significantly strengthened and the basis of the literature sources increased if not only metals and some metalloids previously covered, but also several other metals and nonmetals that play important roles in industry, environment, medicine, nutrition and biota, namely alkali metals, alkaline earths, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus and the halogens, were to be included as separate chapters This was finally accepted by the publisher with a slightly changed title influencing the length of the whole text, the organization of the introductory and the analytical part as well Subsequently the final working phase started in 2002 This updated and significantly extended 2nd edition of the ’MERIAN’ is a tribute to Ernest Merian and therefore also bears his name in the editorial lineup as the book constitutes a continuation and some broadening of his initial comprehensive concept that was not significantly changed by his successors This book, presented in three volumes, includes 81 chapters written by 83 experts from 20 countries around the world, based on the available international literature on approximately 1700 text pages As the authors came from very different research areas it was thus unavoidable that their main interest often influences the style, content and general focus of individual chapters The first volume is composed of two parts Part I deals with Element Distribution in the Environment and consists of twelve chapters ranging from “Composition of the Earth’s Upper Crust, Natural Cycles of Elements, Natural Resources” to “From the Biological System of the Elements to Bio- monitoring” Part II discusses in ten chapters “Effects of Elements in the Food Chain and on Human Health” and ranges from “Essential and Toxic Effects of Elements on Microorganisms” to “Ecogenetics” Here several chapters are new or newly written due to the somewhat changed general concept with more emphasis on element essentiality The second volume contains Part III covering all metallic elements, with some chapters carefully updated and/or extended and others new (as e.g Mercury and the Platinum-Group Elements) from the Alkali Metals to Zirconium in 44 chapters of varying length due to the elements’ individual essential, eco-chemical and eco-toxicological relevance The chapter following organization, in order to maintain comparability with the 1st edition and among chapters, consists of seven sections with some freedom for the authors to add and organize subsections individually: 1) Introduction, 2) Physical and Chemical Properties and Analytical Methods (the latter mainly as a subsection with more details for elements for which chemical speciation is essential), 3) Sources, Production, Important Compounds, Uses, Waste Products and Recycling, 4) Distribution in the Environment, in Foods and Living Organisms, 5) Uptake, Absorption, Transport and Distribution, Metabolism and Elimination in Plants, Animals and Humans, 6) Effects (beneficial and/or adverse) on Plants, Animals and Humans, 7) Hazard Evaluation and Limiting Concentrations, 8) Complete References using the Harvard (Name and Date) System The reference citation system, regrettably not continuously found in the 1st edition, has been, as far as possible, followed in this edition for the benefit of our readers The third volume contains Part IV with some important metalloids and nonmetals Preface from Boron to Tellurium and all Halogens; Part V deals with three chapters: Standards and Regulations Regarding Metals and Their Compounds, Analytical Chemistry of Element Determination (Non Nuclear and Nuclear) and Analytical Chemistry of Speciation (Principles, Main methods) The latter is a new contribution by an expert in this area in order to emphasize the increasing importance of speciation for clarification of many elemental actions Part VI contains additional information in a Glossary (Acronyms, Abbreviations, Symbols and definitions), some general tabulated information, and an Index The editors wish to thank all contributing authors for their careful work and for compliance with the general editorial concepts, and publisher and their colleagues in the editorial advisory board for their always quick and very helpful discussions and expert advice We thank in particular Prof Dr Marika Geldmacher von Mallinckrodt, Prof Dr Robert F.M Herber and Dr Mathias Seifert for very effective support in the final phase of urgent manuscript control during proof reading, and Dipl.-Ing Karl-Heinz Schaller, for his steady advice when detailed information on actual national and international limit values was required Our thanks go also to Dr Steffen Pauly at WILEY-VCH for his encouragement in the planning and realizing this book and his continuous involvement in all editorial matter concerning the publisher’s part We are highly indebted to Dr Waltraud Wüst at WILEY-VCH for her invaluable help in all technical and organizational matter concerning manuscripts, corrections and daily advice Without her active support, hard work, friendly attitude, and always good ideas, the often critical deadlines would never have been so successfully reached The support of Institutional libraries and staff therein for assistance with literature verification and acquisition is gratefully acknowledged Finally we are indebted to our families for their support and understanding during this time-consuming undertaking Jena, Germany Summerland, British Columbia, Canada Jülich, Germany Manfred Anke Milan Ihnat Markus Stoeppler 2003 December VII IX Contents Preface V Overview XXI List of Contributors Editoral Board XXIV XXXI Part I Element Distribution in the Environment The Composition of Earth’s Upper Crust, Natural Cycles of Elements, Natural Resources Karl Hans Wedepohl 1.1 1.2 1.3 Formation of the Earth’s Crust Alteration of the Earth’s Crust Average Abundance of 25 Elements in Sedimentary, Magmatic and Metamorphic Rock Species Concentration and Transport of 25 Elements in Natural Waters Average Abundance of 25 Metals in Natural Raw Materials 10 Natural Resources 12 Concluding Remarks 14 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Chemical Compounds in the Atmosphere Hans Puxbaum and Andreas Limbeck 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Introduction 17 Sources of Metal Compounds in the Atmosphere 17 Atmospheric Occurrence 20 Size Distributions of Atmospheric Particles and Trace Metals 22 Elements and their Compounds in the Environment 2nd Edition Edited by E Merian, M Anke, M Ihnat, M Stoeppler Copyright  2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co KGaA, Weinheim ISBN: 3-527-30459-2 17 Index salt fertilization 508 – chlorophyll level 509 salt load of eluent 1657 salt reabsorption 514 salt retention 514, 515 salt tax 497 salt tolerance 509 samarskite 1195 sample matrices capable of altering pH 1651 sample preparation (pretreatment) 1534, 1666 sampler – dry-only 48 – high volume 33 – low volume 223 – surrogate surface 28 – wet-deposition 28 – wet-only 48 sample storage 1533 sample treatment 1532, 1536, 1540 sampling 1532, 1666 – concept 1647 – of soil 1533 – step 1646 sand 80 sandstone 5, 1173 sarcoidosis 777 sarcoma 378, 873 satellite technology 1167 saturation – N 55 scandium 867 scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 216, 776 scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) 25 scavenger – free radical 56 scavenging efficiency 28 scavenging process 28 Scheele’s green 734, 1328 scheelite 1142 Schiff base 411 schistosomiasis 660 schizophrenia 397 scorching 537 scrap automobile 189 screening natural environment 441 seafood 884 SEALOSAFE-process 203 sea salt 54 sea spray 18 seawater 731 – boron 1254 – concentration 1142 – potassium 566 – tantalum 1090 seborrhoeic dermatitis 485 secondary aberration 441 secondary hypocalcemia 470 secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) 481, 639 secondary mineral 80 secondary mixed scrap 189 secondary sources 881 – recovery of selenium 1368 secondary structure 283, 404, 405 second messenger 490 sediment 87, 135, 149 – aluminum silicate 486 – assessment 159 – constitute the main reservoir 952 – detrital 10 – heavy metal 149 – interlayered 10 – lead and cadmium 156 – management strategy 153 – metamorphosed – organotin 28 – remediation method 154 – rock 1009 – storage capacity 150 – surface 135 – water interface 152 sedimentation 5, 48 – analysis 406 sediment-bound metal – bioavailability 150 – mobility 150 – solubility 150 seepage 77 selected area electron diffraction (SAED) 25 selective immobilization capacity 174 selenate 1366 selenide 10, 1387 seleniferous area 1373 selenite 1370, 1384 selenium 164, 261, 263, 442, 1365 – accumulation 1376, 1382 – antagonist 1384 – blood 1378 – cancer-preventive agent 1390 – deficiency 317, 351, 1384, 1474 – dioxide 1366 – enzyme system 1383 – essential trace element 1365 – glass industry 1368 – human tissue 1378 Dateiname: Pfad: Setzer: JahresReg.3d L:/daten/Verlage/Wiley/Merian/03-2152/Titelei/ Stindl Status: Datum: Neusatz von Seite 1703 bis 1773 KW., 21 Januar 2004 (Mittwoch) 1759 Pagina: Seite: 57 te von 71 Umfang (Seiten): 71 03-2152 Auftragsnummer: 3B2-Version: 7.51n/W (Jan 20 2003) Zeit: 10:31:39 Uhr 1759 1760 Index – interactions with vitamins E and C 1384, 1392 – major food 1376 – metabolism 1383 – mineral 1365 – physiological function 1365 – plant 122 – production 1368 – requirement is genetically inscripted 1365 – sandstone 1367 – soil 1373 – thermoelement 1368 – toxicity 317, 1387 – trioxide 1366 – uranium deposit 1367 – utilization 1378 – water 1373 selenium concentration – air 1370 – grains and forage crop 1374 – hair 1389 – organ and tissue of livestock 1376 selenium-poor food 351 selenium-release matrix (SRM) 1373 selenocystamine 1662 selenocysteine 296 – GSH-Px 1385 – tRNA 263 selenoenzyme 1385 selenomethionine 296, 1366, 1369, 1374, 1384, 1662 selenoprotein 1385, 1386 selenosis 317 SeMet a,g-lyases in the liver 1383 semiconductor 660, 1196, 1366 – industry 693 – manufacture 801 – property 411 senestrogyric rotation 402 sensitivity 241, 1114, 1548 – bacterial enzyme 437 – k0-INAA 938 – toxic metal 459 sensitization level 1073 sensitizing potency of Pd 377 separation 34, 1107, 1667 – method 203 sequential extraction 157, 217 – leaching technique 184 – procedure 183, 1651 sequestration 156, 266 – of element 140 serious skeletal deformity 1419 serotonin 818 serpentinite 77 serum albumin – nickel-binding site 849 serum concentration 1143 serum iron analysis 812 settling pond 204 seven-element tracer system 37 severe irritation 1225 severe pneumoconiosis 1151 sewage sludge 8, 87, 163, 177, 567, 676, 756, 831, 1210, 1293 – agronomic property 1518 – contamination 1518 sewage treatment 151 SHE cell culture system 445 shellfish 663, 699, 830 shock 420 short-term elutriate test 183 short-term toxicity 1450 shredder 189 sialinization 84 side effect 490 – Pd preparation 1073 siderite 812 siderophore 262, 266, 779, 812 sidestream smoke 228 signal amplification system 870 signal-to-noise ratio 1664 signal transduction 445 signature – respective source 37 silica 1274 – crystalline forms 1277 – exposure 1281 – human carcinogen 1281 silicate 171 – bioglass 374 – clay mineral 69 – magnesium-iron – production 1274 – rock 1116 silicium-free phosphate glass 374 silicomanganese 906 – substitute for ferromanganese 906 silicon 261, 262, 290, 787, 1273, 1278, 1280 – aluminum alloy 1277 – -based oil 1278 – catheters 755 – chips 1277 – compound 1275, 1281 – deposition 1279 – dioxide 1278 – elastomer 1278 Dateiname: Pfad: Setzer: JahresReg.3d L:/daten/Verlage/Wiley/Merian/03-2152/Titelei/ Stindl Status: Datum: Neusatz von Seite 1703 bis 1773 KW., 21 Januar 2004 (Mittwoch) 1760 Pagina: Seite: 58 te von 71 Umfang (Seiten): 71 03-2152 Auftragsnummer: 3B2-Version: 7.51n/W (Jan 20 2003) Zeit: 10:31:39 Uhr Index – exposure 1273 – plant 1279 – preparation 1277 – supplementation 1278, 1281 – tissue 1278 silicosis 1273, 1281 silt 80 silver 164, 269, 881 – absorption 757 – accumulation 139, 759 – allergenicity 755, 757 – alloy 754, 761 – amalgam 754, 758 – analytical method 752 – antibacterial property 751, 755, 759 – application 751, 753 – body fluid 752, 756, 758 – bromide 753 – cadmium 754 – coating 754, 755 – complex 758 – content 756 – fulminate 754 – mechanism 759 – medical device 755 – metabolism 757 – metallic state 758 – nitrate 757, 760 – nylon cloth 760 – pharmaceutical 760 – production 753 – soft tissue 758 – soil 756 – sulfadiazene 755, 757, 758, 760 – tissue 758 – toxicity 757 – uptake 139 – water 756 – zinc 754 silver age 751 silver jewelry – long-term wearing 757 SIMS (secondary ion mass spectroscopy) 35 single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) 435 single cell gel (SCG) assay 441 single-extraction method 1650, 1651 single particle analytical characterization 34 single strand break 435, 442 sintered aluminum oxide 373 sister chromatid exchange (SCE) – modification 1108 – test 441 site investigation 207 site-specific monitoring 208 site-specific remedial objective 205 size distribution – atmospheric particle 22 – mass-density 22 – number-density 22 – surface-density 22 – trace metal 22 size-exclusion chromatography 1654 skeletal fluorosis 1420 skeletal pool functions 887 skeletal variations 782 skin – cancer 465 – contact dermatitis 321 – granulomas 874 – irritation 834 – particle 216 – resorption 419 – sensitization 834 slag 169, 813 – ash 170 – recovery 169 – waste 225 sludge-forming reaction 169 slurry sampling 1542, 1563 smelter 50, 661 – nonferrous 19 – operation 661 smelting 164, 220 – cyclone process 171 – of copper 733 – of GaAs 1329 – process 171 smithsonite 1205, 1208 smoke detector 1167 smoking 228, 442, 1164 snails 736 snow 30 – 32, 48 soap and detergent 1254 sodium 261, 288, 480, 512, 515 – absorption 505 – amide 499 – arsenate 1343 – arsenite 441 – balance 506, 507 – borate 498, 1255 – carbonate 498 – chloride 498, 500, 1425 – chloride toxicosis 515 – cotransport system 290, 488, 505, 506, 1435 – deficiency 491, 509, 511, 512 – diethyldithiocarbamate 852 Dateiname: Pfad: Setzer: JahresReg.3d L:/daten/Verlage/Wiley/Merian/03-2152/Titelei/ Stindl Status: Datum: Neusatz von Seite 1703 bis 1773 KW., 21 Januar 2004 (Mittwoch) 1761 Pagina: Seite: 59 te von 71 Umfang (Seiten): 71 03-2152 Auftragsnummer: 3B2-Version: 7.51n/W (Jan 20 2003) Zeit: 10:31:39 Uhr 1761 1762 Index – excretion 508 – fertilizer 501 – heat-exchange 499 – hypochlorite 1425 – intake 345, 346, 497, 502, 503, 507 – intoxication 498, 511 – iodide 506 – loss 507 – molybdate 1027 – nitrate (Chile saltpeter) 498 – ocean water 498 – perborate tetrahydrate 1254 – selenite 1388 – sulfate (mirabilite) 498 – tungstate 1143 sodium concentration 512 – body fluid 508 – food 502 – infant formula 503 – plant 103, 500, 501, 509 – tissue 502 sodium hypertonia 345 – gene defect 514 – Liddle syndrome 514 sodium ion 236 – concentration 512 sodium level – reduction 513 sodium reaction 499 sodium supply – animal foodstuff 503 soft magnetic steel 813 soft tissue compartment 1150 soil 55, 935 – acidification 53, 295, 1381 – agricultural 67, 76 – aluminum 643 – amendment 92 – analysis 1100, 1529 – arsenic 358 – barium 629 – beryllium 578 – biogeochemical system 79 – bismuth 676 – boron 1254 – calcium 604 – cobalt 825 – colloid 67, 70 – contamination 83, 91, 93 – degradation 300 – dust 886 – fertility reduction 150 – flushing 93, 200 – forest 67 – formation 106 – gallium 778 – iodine 1462 – iron 815 – lake 815 – leaching 93 – lead 882, 886, 890 – manganese 909, 912, 918 – mercury 935, 951 – microorganism 71 – molybdenum 1029 – nickel 844 – paddy 70 – plant transfer 90, 1149 – potassium 76 – process 83 – profile 106 – quality 95 – remediation 93, 204 – rubidium 549 – saline 67, 75 – selenium 1373 – silicon 1279 – sodium 500 – solution 86 – sulfur 1304 – testing 91 – texture 58 – vanadium 1174, 1183 – washing 93, 205 SO2-immissions 51 solar cell 777 solar evaporation 482 solder 228, 660, 881 solganol (aurothioglucose) 766 solid 169 – biological sample 1648 solidification 93 – agent 202 solidification/stabilization 201 – technology 170, 173 solid-phase fractionation 87 solid residue 179 solid sampling CV-AAS 937 solid solution formation 694 solid-state diffusion – laser 548 – metal 81 solid waste 164, 165 – incineration 32 – permanganate production 908 SOLIROC-process 203 Dateiname: Pfad: Setzer: JahresReg.3d L:/daten/Verlage/Wiley/Merian/03-2152/Titelei/ Stindl Status: Datum: Neusatz von Seite 1703 bis 1773 KW., 21 Januar 2004 (Mittwoch) 1762 Pagina: Seite: 60 te von 71 Umfang (Seiten): 71 03-2152 Auftragsnummer: 3B2-Version: 7.51n/W (Jan 20 2003) Zeit: 10:31:39 Uhr Index solochrome azurine 639 solonchak 486 solubility 659 solubilization 30 solution complexation 1197 solvent extraction 1543 – procedures 1326 somatostatin peptide analog 803 sonication of biopsy sample 1650 sorption 85, 1543 – anionic 158 – capacity 81 – organic 158 – process 206 sorption site – solid surface 150 SOSUV-test 183 source 215, 1205, 1253, 1263, 1277, 1287, 1294, 1367, 1408, 1416, 1446 – anthropogenic 18 – heavy metal 21, 22 – natural 18 – trace metal 22 source analysis 35, 36 sources and production 522, 523, 1300 Soviet Union 21 spark source mass spectrometry (SSMS) 796 spatial concentration variability 83 spatiotemporal development 208 speciation 87 – analysis 1644, 1645 – of airborne chromium 712 – of gold 769 – of selenium compound 1367 – of tin 1115 species – alterations 1647 – analysis 1299 – integrity 1658 – oxidation 1666 – transformation 1653 specific – conductivity 75 – density 710 – gravity 419, 787, 801, 1147, 1157, 1194, 1261 – heat 600 – radioactivity 1158, 1165 – target organ 137 – use protocol 1610 spectrophotometry 732, 812, 1253 spectroscopic method 1528, 1529 spectroscopic property 870 sphalerite 1205, 1300 spiegeleisen 901, 906 spindle formation 440 spin electronic resonance 406 spirogermanium 788 – cancer 790 Spittelwasser 160 spodic horizon 70 spodumene 481 spray painting 423, 879 spruce – needle yellowing 56 – twigs 550 square-wave polarography 1205 stability constant 129, 1220 stabilization 93, 175 – collagen fibrils 873 – hydrogen bonding 1252 – membrane structure 291 – of plastic 689 stabilization/solidification (S/S) 201 stable electron configuration 129 stable heavy isotope nitrogen (15N) 1263 stable isotope 619, 1203, 1204, 1274, 1286, 1298, 1415, 1445, 1458 – antimony 659 – barium 627 – cesium 565 – cobalt 826 – gold 765 – strontium 619 – yttrium 1194 stable mineral 83 stable radioisotope – mercury 932 stainless steel 370 STALINON 1122 standardized sampling method 248 standard potential 691 standards – for air quality 1505 – for drinking water quality 1509 – for feedstuff quality 1512 – for food quality 1511 – for human biological monitoring 1502 – for investigation, assessment and remediation 1516 – for soil quality 1513 stannic oxide (SnO2) 1113 stannosis 1122 starvation 261 static test 182 stationary air sampler 222, 223 steel 811 Dateiname: Pfad: Setzer: JahresReg.3d L:/daten/Verlage/Wiley/Merian/03-2152/Titelei/ Stindl Status: Datum: Neusatz von Seite 1703 bis 1773 KW., 21 Januar 2004 (Mittwoch) 1763 Pagina: Seite: 61 te von 71 Umfang (Seiten): 71 03-2152 Auftragsnummer: 3B2-Version: 7.51n/W (Jan 20 2003) Zeit: 10:31:39 Uhr 1763 1764 Index – addition of manganese 907 – lanthanide 869 – nickel 116 steel and nonferrous metal 189 steel needles 1666 steel production – environmental hazard 813 stellite 827 stem density 56 stem flow 49 stereochemistry 1141 steric parameter 402 sterility 754 sterling silver 754 steroid 483 – biosynthesis 818 stibine 661, 665 stibnite 660 stillborn fetuse 448 stills 733 stimulatory effect 1476 stippled erythrocytes 891 stochastic effect 1163 stoichiometric network analysis 237 stomatal function 58 stomatal uptake 48, 59 stomata opening 57 stones in the bladder 479 stopping sound waves 881 storage 419, 1647 – mineral 174 – organ 1244 – quality 179 – soil 1650 – time 1648 strand breaks in DNA 434 stream sediment 1205 strengite 70 stressor 236 stress tolerance 290 stripping voltammetry 1205 strontianite (SrCO3) 118, 619 – 621 strontium 118, 359, 619, 621 – absorption 622, 623 – accumulation 118 – additive to Al – Si alloy 621 – analytical method 620 – application 621 – bioavailability 623 – blood fluid 624, 625 – bone 620, 621, 623, 624 – calcium 623, 624 – carbonate 621 – chloride 621 – chromate 624 – excretion 623 – food 622 – geosphere 619 – medical use 624 – nitrate 118 – phosphate 621 – plant 622, 623 – property 619 – source 620 – titanate 621 – toxicity 623 – uptake 622, 623 – use 619 – water 619, 621, 622 strontium compound – color to a flame 620 – toxic action 624 strontium concentration 621 – drinking water 624 – fruit 622 – legume 622 – tissue 623 strontium salt – LD50 values (oral) 624 structural change 1662 structural modification of bone 375 structure – activity relationship 401 stunting 461 subaqueous depot 157 subchronic feeding study 1226 subchronic toxicity test 311 sub-isoform 391 sublingual application 832 subsoil 76 substance formation 279 subsurface contamination 199 sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) 665 sufficient supply 298 sugar 486 sugar beet 78 suicidal case 1337 sulfamate 72 sulfate 67, 83, 1299, 1304 – determination 1299 – ester 442 – metabolism 265 – oxidation-reduction potential 1304 – reducing bacteria 953 – reduction 10 sulfhydryl group 416, 459 sulfide 10, 83, 1313 Dateiname: Pfad: Setzer: JahresReg.3d L:/daten/Verlage/Wiley/Merian/03-2152/Titelei/ Stindl Status: Datum: Neusatz von Seite 1703 bis 1773 KW., 21 Januar 2004 (Mittwoch) 1764 Pagina: Seite: 62 te von 71 Umfang (Seiten): 71 03-2152 Auftragsnummer: 3B2-Version: 7.51n/W (Jan 20 2003) Zeit: 10:31:40 Uhr Index – bearing sediment 184 – copper ore 164 – deposits 1327 sulfide ore – cobalt 1300 – copper 1300 – lead 1300 – nickel 1300 – zinc 1300 sulfide precipitation process 189 sulfite ion 1312 sulfite oxidase 1020, 1022, 1025, 1313 – genetic deficiency 1022 sulfur 261, 263, 1297, 1298 – acetate 1301 – analysis 1298, 1299 – antagonist 1310, 1311 – bacteria 72 – chlorophyll 1302 – cluster 268 – coastal sediment 1299 – containing amino acid 1301, 1306, 1311 – deficiency symptom 1304 – deposits (solfataras) 1300 – detection 1298 – disinfectant 1297, 1301 – enzyme 1302 – essentiality 1297 – excretion 1311 – flux 52 – foams 1303 – keratoplastic property 1311 – marine bunker fuel 1313 – petroleum catalyst 1301 – pharmaceutical 1301 – pickling agent in steel production 1301 – supplement 1304, 1309 – synthetic resin 1301 – titanium pigment 1301 – toxicity 1311 – treat dermatological condition 1309, 1310 – vapor 1298 – viscose 1301 – vitamin 1302 sulfur cycling – internal 52 sulfur dioxide 62, 1301 – concentration at the workplace 1314 – food conservation 1306 – in beer 1299 – major air pollutant 1303, 1306 sulfuric acid – fertilizer 1301 – toxicity 1312 sulfur level in plant 1304 sulfur load area 58 sulfur oxide inhalation 1312 sulfur reacts commonly exothermically 1298 sulfur recovered at oil refinery 1301 sulphite oxidase 470 “sunflower” cataract 743 sunscreen 869 superalloy 827, 1041, 1090 superconductive property 1041 superconductivity material 734 supercritical fluid extraction 1115 supernutritional level 309 superoxide dismutase (SOD) 266, 267, 740 superoxide radical 267 superphosphate 71, 72 supplementation 512 suppression of the immune defense system 1438 surface contamination 569 surface depletion 695 surface mining 644 surface water – eutrophication 1294 – heavy metal 149 surface wipe technique 221 surfactant 93, 204 surgical implant 1041 – solid silver 761 surgical purpose 1089 survival rate 781 suspended matter 1090 suture 760, 1089 sweating 491, 1433 Swiss ordinance on soil 1518 syenite 1173 sylvite 523 symbiose 288 synergistic effects 442, 738 synthetic ration 307 synthetic rubber 483 synthetic zeolites 1278 system – planetary – solar systemic – change 418 – effect 421 – toxicity 231, 427 SYXEA (synchrotron radiation X-ray emission analysis) 732 Dateiname: Pfad: Setzer: JahresReg.3d L:/daten/Verlage/Wiley/Merian/03-2152/Titelei/ Stindl Status: Datum: Neusatz von Seite 1703 bis 1773 KW., 21 Januar 2004 (Mittwoch) 1765 Pagina: Seite: 63 te von 71 Umfang (Seiten): 71 03-2152 Auftragsnummer: 3B2-Version: 7.51n/W (Jan 20 2003) Zeit: 10:31:40 Uhr 1765 1766 Index T tachypnea 417 tanning 240 tantalum 1087 – accumulation 1091 – bone compartment 1091 – bronchography 1093 – chloride 1092 – hafnium carbide 795 – implant 1089, 1092 – mineral 1088 – ore 1088 – particulate 1092 – production 1088 – wire mesh 1089 target organ 1412 target organism 236 target transformation factor analysis (TTFA) 37 taste 512 tau protein 651 TBD 678 TBT and TPT – bioconcentration by bacteria 1119 – concentration 1122 – degradation 1118 – level in sediment 1119 – marine antifoulant 1118, 1119 – river system 1119 T cells 976 tea 645 ‘tea-caused’ fluorosis 1420 technetium antimony sulfur colloid 660, 661 technical guiding concentration (TRK) 1353 technique for the quantitative determination of element 1545 technological application 1039 technological development 483 teleostean 392 telescope mirror 482 telluride 768 tellurite 263 – nausea 1408 tellurium 164, 263, 1408 – compound 1410 – concentration in food 1410 – content of crustal rock 1410 – dichloride (TeCl2) 1409, 1410 – dioxide (TeO2) 1408 – distribution 1411 – excretion 1412 – hexafluoride 1412 – intake 1411 tellurous acid (H2TeO3) 1408 temperature 136 temperature of transition 406 temporary metal storage protein 736 teratogenic 311, 423 teratogenic action of metal 448 teratogenic effect 113, 407, 702 teratogenicity 417, 424, 433, 448, 1107, 1108, 1388 teratogenic potential 311, 1351 teratogenic property 1351 terrestrial compartment 79 terrestrial ecosystem 73 terrestrial organism 264 terrestrial surface 92 tertiary structure 287, 402 testicular atrophy 782 test procedure 154 tetrahedral bonds 691 tetrahedral SiO4 group 1274 3,5,3’,5’-tetraoidothyronine (T4, thyroxine) 1458 tetraorganotins (R4Sn) 1121 tetrathiomolybdate 744, 1018 thallium 262, 416, 423, 1099 – accumulation 1102 – 1104 – body fluids and tissue 1104 – cement production 1102 – coal-burning power plant 1101 – congenital malformation 1108 – edible organ of cattle 1103 – emission 1099, 1102 – scintigraphy 1101 – toxicity 1104 – trace element 1100 – waste material 1101 thallium concentration 1102, 1103 – special food 1108 Thenard’s Blue 827 The National Research Council Canada 639 therapeutically effective dose 487 therapeutic exposure 1163 therapeutic overdose 771 therapy of mania 485 thermal conductivity 600, 765 thermal expansion 482 thermal neutron – hafnium 796 thermal neutron absorption cross-section 869 “thermal soil treatment” 200 thermal waste treatment 169 thermochemical reduction process 498 thermodynamic/kinetic parameter 86 thermodynamic stability 132 thermometer 228 Dateiname: Pfad: Setzer: JahresReg.3d L:/daten/Verlage/Wiley/Merian/03-2152/Titelei/ Stindl Status: Datum: Neusatz von Seite 1703 bis 1773 KW., 21 Januar 2004 (Mittwoch) 1766 Pagina: Seite: 64 te von 71 Umfang (Seiten): 71 03-2152 Auftragsnummer: 3B2-Version: 7.51n/W (Jan 20 2003) Zeit: 10:31:40 Uhr Index – electronic 777 – high temperature 775 – low temperature 1101 – mercury 971 thermonuclear energy 483 thermoplastic 483 – polymer encapsulation 202 thermoregulation 819 thiobismuthite compound 675 thioglucoside 72 thiol compound 269 thiol oxidation 739 thiomersal 940 thiomolybdate 1026 thiostibnite 666 thiotin 1116 thorium232 1147 – chemotoxic and radiotoxic 1151 – complex 1147 – content of vegetables and cereal 1149 – contrast medium 1148 – Earth’s crust 1149 – foodstuff 1149 – oxide 1147 thorotrast in diagnostic medicine 1151 threshold concentration 91 threshold level 1184, 1345 threshold limit value-ceiling (TLV-C) 426 threshold limit value-short term exposure limit (TLV-STEL) 426 threshold limit values (TLV) 426, 428, 683, 723, 807, 835, 1108, 1152, 1225, 1227, 1507 thrombogenic potential 1093 throughfall 49 – free 49 thulium 867 thymus 396 thymus hypoplasia hemosiderosis 320 thyroglobulin 1472 thyroid – dysfunction 833 – function 1473 – hormone 607 – hormone deiodinase 1385 – insufficiency 1483 – stimulating hormone (TSH) 1473 thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) 1473 thyroxine 264, 1473 tiemannite 1368 tillite tilting 405 time-dependent bioaccumulation 1069 time-dependent sorption 207 time differential perturbed angular correlation (TDPAC-) technique 798 tin 166, 787, 881, 1113, 1116, 1117 – chloride 1113, 1116 – content of food 1123 – hydride (Sn H4) 1115 – in biological matrice 1114, 1115 – metal 1113 – methylation 1118 – oxide fume 1122 – source 1120 tin analysis 1114 tin compound 1113, 1116, 1120 – biota 27 – sediment 27 – stabilizer in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 1116 – water 27 – wood fungicide 1116 tinned vegetable 503, 1123 tin-producing country 1116 tin speciation 1115 tire 484 tissue – accumulation 1043 – barium 629 – cadmium 700 – damage 1245 – high concentration of SH-group 1340 – magnesium 589 – niobium95 1042 – potassium 534 – reaction 375 – rubidium 555 tissue distribution pattern 1043 tissue distribution studies 1103 titanium 359, 360, 437 – alloy 370, 373 – bone-like elasticity 370 – implant 371 – oxide 229 tobacco 699, 1376 tobacco-free setting 223 tobacco smoke 422, 700 (TOF)- mass spectrometer 1662 tolerable absorbed dose 1501 tolerable daily intake 425 tolerable upper intake level (UL) 1029, 1258, 1380 tolerance 241, 295, 462 – level 310 – limits 343 tolerant plant 1257 tomatoe 486 tool and drill manufacturing 1142 Dateiname: Pfad: Setzer: JahresReg.3d L:/daten/Verlage/Wiley/Merian/03-2152/Titelei/ Stindl Status: Datum: Neusatz von Seite 1703 bis 1773 KW., 21 Januar 2004 (Mittwoch) 1767 Pagina: Seite: 65 te von 71 Umfang (Seiten): 71 03-2152 Auftragsnummer: 3B2-Version: 7.51n/W (Jan 20 2003) Zeit: 10:31:40 Uhr 1767 1768 Index toolbox model 248 tooth surface 665 topography 55 torsade de point 594 torsion angle 403 total body burden of arsenic 1337 total element analysis 1667 total output – potash industry 524 total particulate mercury (TPM) 934 total suspended particle (TSP) 22 toxic action 230 toxic bioelement 257 toxic damage 112, 1107 toxic dose level – silver and silver compound 761 toxic effect – arsenic on marine life 1345 – barium 630 – cadmium 372 – copper 741 – hexavalent chromium 205 – mineral element 310 – on aquatic animal 1104 – on human 113, 1314, 1387 – plant 113, 1256, 1476 – strontium 118 – sulfite on the nervous system 1313 – sulfur dioxide 1313 – thallium on heart 1107 – zirconium 1245 toxic ion 55 toxicity 261, 295, 416, 1039, 1087, 1101, 1141, 1167 – animal 113 – arsenical compound 1323, 1340, 1345 – cadmium 459, 460 – chlorination 1438 – drinking water 150 – excessive cobalt 316 – excessive manganese 316 – frequently used metal 371 – mercury 968 – metal 25 – niobium 1043 – PGM and their compounds 1072 – pure metal 371 – selenite 1387 – sodium vanadate 1171 – tellurium 1412 – tin compound 1114, 1121, 1122 – tungsten compound 1144 – zinc 1203, 1218 – 1220 toxicity characterizing leaching procedure 183 toxicity data 1093 toxicity rule 261 toxic metal resistance system 460 toxic metal-sensing protein 415 toxic nervous damage 1106, 1107 toxicodynamic effect 1106 toxicokinetic behavior 311 toxicokinetic factor 1103 toxicological aspects 757, 932 toxicological effect 248, 1121, 1258 toxicological impact 216 toxicological study 425 toxicology 407 toxic reaction 369 toxic relevance 931 toxiguard bacterial toximeter 240 toy safety test 230 traceability 1665 trace analysis 1205 trace element 10, 79, 102, 277, 278, 314, 369, 392, 640, 659, 921 – concentration 21 – content 105, 109 – deficiency 308 – determination 691 – dietary balance 310 – emission factor 18 – herbivorous wild animal 109 – mobility 85 – toxic 14 trace metal 10, 17, 127 – atmosphere 17 – concentration in the leachate 179 – deposition biomonitoring 32, 33 – immobilization 93 – mobility pH dependence 32 – soluble compound 25 track etch detector 1158 traffic emission 20 trajectory analysis 22 transcription 401 – activation 445 – regulator 445 transfer of inorganic component 101 transferrin 396, 636, 718, 779, 812, 817, 915 transferrin receptors (TfR) 817 transformation compartment 79 transform infrared spectrometry 776 transgenic 308 trans-Golgi network 466 transition biometal 406 transition element 257, 1165 transition metal 128, 1048 Dateiname: Pfad: Setzer: JahresReg.3d L:/daten/Verlage/Wiley/Merian/03-2152/Titelei/ Stindl Status: Datum: Neusatz von Seite 1703 bis 1773 KW., 21 Januar 2004 (Mittwoch) 1768 Pagina: Seite: 66 te von 71 Umfang (Seiten): 71 03-2152 Auftragsnummer: 3B2-Version: 7.51n/W (Jan 20 2003) Zeit: 10:31:40 Uhr Index translation 401 transpiration 50 – rate 291 – residue 293 – stream 293 transplacental exposure 445 transplacental passage 888 transplacental transfer 424 transport – dust 18 – polluted air 22 transport and distribution 487, 757, 1042, 1090, 1103, 1120, 1142, 1143, 1149, 1160, 1167, 1244 transporter 286 transporter family 463 transport protein 459 transuranium element 1165 travertine 601 treatise on analytical chemistry 1528 treatment – bronchial disease 1089 – burn wounds 755, 759 – contaminated industrial site 199 – flotation sludge 202 – interstitial cystitis 1310 – syphilis and various skin disorders 931 – wastes 204, 1209 treatment process 170 treatment technique (TT) 1510 trialkyltin 1117 triaryltin compound 1116, 1117, 1121, 1122 trichloroacetic acid test 702 trientine 744 triethyllead 28 triiodothyronine 1458 trimethyl bismuth 681 trimethylbismuth application 682 trimethyllead 28 trimodal – mass-size distribution 24 trinitrotoluene (TNT) 1268 triostam 660 tripanosomiasis 660 trophic level 140, 142 trypanosome 666 tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase 740 tschernozem 77 tubular atrophy 891 tumor 758 – growth 396 – induction 447 – necrosis factor 397 – suppressor gene 445 – vessel 779 tumorigenesis model 445 tuna 789 tungsten 264, 419, 1141 – accumulation 1143 – carbide 441, 1142 – 1144 – deposition 1143 – high-speed steel 1142 – least toxic metal 1143 – molybdenum antagonist 1022 – oxide catalyst 1142 – removal 1142 – transportion 1143 turbulence 136 turbulent zone 48 turgor 290 TWA 612 twisting 405 type II pneumocyte hyperplasia 780 type metal 660 typical application of GC in speciation 1660 tyrosinase 740 U ultra-filtration 1653 ultrasonic nebulizer 1656 ultrasonic velocity measurement 131 ultrastructure of organism 240 ultratrace determination 660 ultratrace element 277, 357, 480, 549, 787 ultratrace element intake 361 umbilical cord serum 471 umu-test 437 uncontrolled industrialization 149 unleaded gasoline 879 unstable isotope 1172 upper absorption limit 1042 uptake 1212, 1255, 1265, 1266, 1279, 1381, 1410, 1417, 1448 – by roots 622, 623 – from soil by crop 1149, 1160 – metal by plant 102 – precious metal 1068, 1070 – zirconium 1244 uranium 359, 1157 – decay chain 1161 uranium isotope – chemotoxic 1163 uranium ore 1158, 1166 uranium retention model 1161 uranyl compound 1163 urban environment 219, 883 urea 69 Dateiname: Pfad: Setzer: JahresReg.3d L:/daten/Verlage/Wiley/Merian/03-2152/Titelei/ Stindl Status: Datum: Neusatz von Seite 1703 bis 1773 KW., 21 Januar 2004 (Mittwoch) 1769 Pagina: Seite: 67 te von 71 Umfang (Seiten): 71 03-2152 Auftragsnummer: 3B2-Version: 7.51n/W (Jan 20 2003) Zeit: 10:31:40 Uhr 1769 1770 Index urease 317 urease metallochaperone 846 uric acid diathesis 479 urinary excretion 738, 830, 1043, 1120, 1161, 1217, 1485 urinary silicon 322 urinary tract infection (UTIs) 759, 760 US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) 880 usefulness rule 260, 261 U.S Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 201, 205, 642, 880, 1044 US FDA total diet study 1335 US National Institute of Standards and Technology 639 US National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWRs) 1510 U.S National Research Council (NRC) 211 utilization of element 310 UTP 281, 282 UV photolytic decay 1118 UV/VIS (visible) spectrometry 1600 V vaccine – Al-containing 647 – aluminum salt 641, 642 vacuole 284 vacuum dust sample 217, 218 vacuum sampler 219 valence 565, 575, 587, 671, 801, 841, 1008, 1113, 1141, 1203, 1407, 1408 – electron 128 – electron orbital 1048 – state 1298, 1366, 1446 – transitions 842 valentinite 660 valerite 601 validation of the analytical data 1667 value mineral carrier 186, 187 vanadate 264, 296, 1178, 1183 vanadinite 1172 vanadium 264, 360, 423, 1173, 1183 – absorption 1178 – alloy 1173 – balance 1180 – deficiency 1178, 1181 – dependent nitrogenase 1181 – depletion 1177 – Earth’s crust 1172 – elimination 1179 – emission 1174, 1176 – essentiality 327, 1180 – 1182 – fossil fuel 1172 – increase of glucose transport activity 1183 – intake 1177, 1178, 1184 – mineral reserve 1172 – nutrition 1181, 1182, 1185 – pentoxide catalyst 1173 – phytotoxicity 1183 – plant 1175 – porphyrin 1175 – requirement 1177 – sea water 1174 – soil 1173 – steel production 1173 – supply 1176, 1181 – tissue and organ 1179 vanadium concentration 1183 – air 1174 – drinking water 1174 – organism 1176 – organ of mammal 1177 – plant species 1175 – tissues 1176, 1179 vanadium-containing commodity 1173 vanadium content – fauna 1176 – food 357 – tissue 1177 vanadyl sulfates 1183 vanadyl-transferrin 1178 vancomycin 1427 vaporization model 24 vapor-phase organic chemical reactions 754 vapor pressure 752, 932 variscite 70 vascular ligature 1089 VDI-guideline 1508 vegetable 351, 486 vegetal structure 48 vegetarian 347, 350, 353, 356, 914 vegetation – damage 1102 – sodium concentration 500 vehicular influence 224 vehicular pollution 216, 661 vein 81 ventilation 227 verdigris 734 vermiculite 69, 76 vertebrate 138, 970 veterinary medicine 788, 1117 villemite 1415 viral infection 485 viral transformation 665 Dateiname: Pfad: Setzer: JahresReg.3d L:/daten/Verlage/Wiley/Merian/03-2152/Titelei/ Stindl Status: Datum: Neusatz von Seite 1703 bis 1773 KW., 21 Januar 2004 (Mittwoch) 1770 Pagina: Seite: 68 te von 71 Umfang (Seiten): 71 03-2152 Auftragsnummer: 3B2-Version: 7.51n/W (Jan 20 2003) Zeit: 10:31:41 Uhr Index virus 216 virus transformation 443 viscosity 482 vitamin 393, 483 vitamin B12 316, 825, 828, 829 – allergic response 832 – bacterial biosynthesis 830 – deficiency 812 – deficiency symptom 831 – deficiency syndrome 825 – deprivation symptom 832 – spray 832 – synthesis 831 vitamin D 610, 612 – endocrine system 607 – receptor (VDR) gene 469 vitreous amorphous form 1366 vitreous product 1254 vitrification 93, 170, 202 volatile metal 167 volatilization 297, 1264, 1373 volcanic activity 30, 695 – dust 92 – subaerial volcanoe 18, 38, 482, 661 Volhard method 1459 voltammetry 1652 volume/surface ratio 1666 vomiting 418, 420, 491, 1163 vulcanization 661 W Walker carcinoma 777 wall effect 1647 washing agent 204 washout 47 – process 50 waste – accumulation 1149 – avoidance 186 – compaction and gas collection 180 – composition 164 – compost 177 – disposal 167, 199 – disposal method 524 – incineration 165, 167, 1209 – incineration facility (WIF) 172 – intensive production 186 – material 163, 184 – nitrogen 1265 – product 714, 734, 1243 wastewater 170, 172 – cesium 567 – container 169 – mercaptan 205 – pretreatment standard 1044 – removing chromium 715 – treatment 695 water – balance of plant 290 – coastal seawater 30 – consumption 489, 490 – drinking 14, 1510 – eutrophication 1294 – groundwater 4, 63 – interstitial – natural – permeability 174 – physico-chemical parameter 136 – piping 733 – pollution 1158 – rainwater 50 – regimen 90 – river 8, 135 – rubidium content 549 – sample 1040 – seawater 135 – seepage 52 – surface 63, 70 water-soluble fraction 1644 – PGM 1064 – silicate 322 – tellurites and tellurates 1410 Watson – Crick model 401, 402, 404 wavelength-dispersive X-ray microanalysis 639 wax layer 57 WD – diagnosis 744 – gene 743 – treatment 744 weapon reactors for atomic bomb 1166 wear particle 372, 385 wear-resistant steel grade 813 weathering 3, 4, 80, 83, 106 – barium 628 – rate 61 weathering soil – gneiss 112 – granite 112 – Rotliegende 112 weatherproofing 881 welding flux 483 Wernicke – Korsakoff syndrome 397 wet decomposition method 1262 wet deposition 28, 48, 1209 Dateiname: Pfad: Setzer: JahresReg.3d L:/daten/Verlage/Wiley/Merian/03-2152/Titelei/ Stindl Status: Datum: Neusatz von Seite 1703 bis 1773 KW., 21 Januar 2004 (Mittwoch) 1771 Pagina: Seite: 69 te von 71 Umfang (Seiten): 71 03-2152 Auftragsnummer: 3B2-Version: 7.51n/W (Jan 20 2003) Zeit: 10:31:41 Uhr 1771 1772 Index – flux 28 wet oxidation 1263 wet precipitation 47 wet scrubber 23 wettability 204 WHO air quality guideline for Europe 1508 whole-body positron emission tomography (PET) 870 whole-body retention 1042, 1218 whole-genome transcription 461 WIF wastewater 173 willemite 1208 Wilson’s disease 397, 464, 466, 467, 737, 741 wilting 295, 297 wind – erosion 167 – velocity 55 winding 405 wine 879, 884, 1176 Wolff – Chaikoff effect 1473 wolframite 1142 wool growth in sheeps 511, 1481 working environment 424 workplace air 427 World Health Organization (WHO) 1313, 1471 world production – aluminum 641 – antimony 660 – barite 628 – bismuth 675, 1101 – bromine 1447 – calcium chloride 602 – chromite ore 713 – hafnium 796 – iodine 1461 – iron ore 812 – lead 881 – manganese 905 – mercury 943 – molybdenum 1009 – new gold 768 – nickel 843 – niobium 1040, 1041 – potash 524 – rare earth oxides (REO) 1195 – sulfur 1301 – tellurium 1408 – tin 1116 – zinc 1206 worldwide consumption – phosphate fertilizers 603 wound dressing 374 wulfenite 1009 X xanthate 697 xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) 470, 1020 xanthine oxidase 1007, 1020 xanthinuria 1022 xenobiotic 236 – metabolism 818 X-linked sideroblastic anemia 468 X-ray absorption spectroscopy 1326 X-ray contrast medium 628 X-ray diffraction 404, 776 – analysis 411 X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) 732, 776, 889, 903, 938, 1040, 1050, 1088, 1205, 1299, 1367, 1589 X-ray fluoroscopy 1446 X-ray scanning analytical microscopy (XSAM) 1092 X-ray tube 1142 Y yeast 267 yellow arsenic 1322 yttria 1193 yttrialite 1195 yttriocarasite 1195 yttrium 734, 867, 1195 – absorption coefficient 1198 – affinity to phosphor-containing ligand 1199 – alloy 1193 – boride 1196 – compound 1193, 1195, 1199 – content in animal 1198 – deposition 1198 – production 1195 – reduction immunological ability 1199 – sewage sludge ash 1198 – suspended dust 1197 – water 1197 yttrium oxide 1195 yttrium radioisotope 1194 Z Zeeman-correction 1661 Zeeman effect 1559 Zeeman system 1114 zeolite 94 zinc 90, 164, 166, 179, 269, 396, 881, 1203, 1212, 1220, 1646 – absorption 1212 – accumulator 1212 – adsorption 151, 1216 Dateiname: Pfad: Setzer: JahresReg.3d L:/daten/Verlage/Wiley/Merian/03-2152/Titelei/ Stindl Status: Datum: Neusatz von Seite 1703 bis 1773 KW., 21 Januar 2004 (Mittwoch) 1772 Pagina: Seite: 70 te von 71 Umfang (Seiten): 71 03-2152 Auftragsnummer: 3B2-Version: 7.51n/W (Jan 20 2003) Zeit: 10:31:41 Uhr Index – antagonists to selenium 1384 – antioxidant system 1221 – atmosphere 1209 – blende 187 – borate 229 – catalyst 1213 – chromate 1226 – contaminated water 1204, 1205 – electrolysis 188, 1203 – intake 350, 1214 – intoxication 1207 – metalloenzyme 1203 – metallurgy 1206 – mutagenic effect 1226 – ore 689 – oxide 229 – phosphide 1207 – phytotoxicity 1211, 1219 – preparation 1224 – protein 1220 – recycling 1207 – reducing agent 1204 – requirements 1215 – retinol dehydrogenase 1223 – smelter 188, 788 – soap 1207 – soil 1208 – supplementation 1224 – toxicity 1219, 1220 – usability 310 – water 1211 zinc concentration 1208 – animal 1211 – blood serum or plasma 1222 – noncontaminated soil 1207 – plant 1212 – tissue 1211 – urban and industrial area 1209 – water 1208, 1209 zinc-copper-titanium alloy 1206 zinc deficiency 316, 1210, 1212 – 1214, 1223 – acrodermatitis enteropathica 1223 – diagnosis 1224 – growth retardation 1221, 1222, 1226 – in animal 1222 – in human 470, 1223 – metabolic disorder 1214 zinc dust 1204, 1206 zincite 1208 zinc-lead concentrate 171 zinc mobility 177, 1218 – ph level 1208 zinkosite 1208 ZIP family 463 ZIP transporter function 463 zirconium 795, 1241 – accumulation 1244 – low toxicity 1245 – oxide 373, 1245 – powder 1241 – production 1242 – reject neutron 1242 – resistance 1242 – silicate 796, 1242 zirconium compound 1242 zirconium concentration 1244 – body fluid 1242, 1243 – Earth’s crust 1243 – freshwater 1243 – lungs of miners 1244 – organism 1243 zirconyl chloride octahydrate 1243, 1245 zooplankton 142, 830 – trimethylated arsenic compound 1339 ZRT, IRT-like protein 463 Dateiname: Pfad: Setzer: JahresReg.3d L:/daten/Verlage/Wiley/Merian/03-2152/Titelei/ Stindl Status: Datum: Neusatz von Seite 1703 bis 1773 KW., 21 Januar 2004 (Mittwoch) 1773 Pagina: Seite: 71 te von 71 Umfang (Seiten): 71 03-2152 Auftragsnummer: 3B2-Version: 7.51n/W (Jan 20 2003) Zeit: 10:31:42 Uhr 1773 .. .Elements and Their Compounds in the Environment Edited by E Merian (†), M Anke, M Ihnat and M Stoeppler Elements and their Compounds in the Environment 2nd Edition Edited... Recycling 945 Distribution in the Environment, in Foods, and in Living Organisms 946 Distribution in the Environment 946 Mercury Emissions to the Environment 946 Mercury Species in the Environment. .. former members of the Editorial Advisory Board and a few new ones for participation and by the editors to discuss a preliminary outline for the con- Elements and their Compounds in the Environment