ptg Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. ptg Test-Driven JavaScript Development Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. ptg Test-Driven JavaScript Development Christian Johansen Upper Saddle River, NJ • Boston • Indianapolis • San Francisco New York • Toronto • Montreal • London • Munich • Paris • Madrid Capetown • Sydney • Tokyo • Singapore • Mexico City Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. ptg Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals. The author and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this book, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. The publisher offers excellent discounts on this book when ordered in quantity for bulk purchases or special sales, which may include electronic versions and/or custom covers and content particular to your business, training goals, marketing focus, and branding interests. For more information, please contact: U.S. Corporate and Government Sales (800) 382-3419 corpsales@pearsontechgroup.com For sales outside the United States please contact: International Sales international@pearson.com Visit us on the Web: informit.com/aw Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Johansen, Christian, 1982- Test-driven JavaScript development / Christian Johansen. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-321-68391-5 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-321-68391-9 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. JavaScript (Computer program language) I. Title. QA76.73.J39J64 2011 005.13’3–dc22 2010027298 Copyright c  2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission must be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permissions, write to: Pearson Education, Inc. Rights and Contracts Department 501 Boylston Street, Suite 900 Boston, MA 02116 Fax: (617) 671-3447 ISBN-13: 978-0-321-68391-5 ISBN-10: 0-321-68391-9 Text printed in the United States on recycled paper at RR Donnelley in Crawfordsville, Indiana. First printing, September 2010 Acquisitions Editor Trina MacDonald Development Editor Songlin Qiu Managing Editor John Fuller Project Editor Madhu Bhardwaj, Glyph International Project Coordinator Elizabeth Ryan Copy Editor Mike Read Indexer Robert Swanson Proofreader David Daniels Technical Reviewers Andrea Giammarchi Joshua Gross Jacob Seidelin Cover Designer Gary Adair Compositor Glyph International From the Library of WoweBook.Com Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. ptg To Frøydis and Kristin, my special ladies. From the Library of WoweBook.Com Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. ptg This page intentionally left blank From the Library of WoweBook.Com Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. ptg Contents Preface xix Acknowledgments xxv About the Author xxvii Part I Test-Driven Development 1 1. Automated Testing 3 1.1 The Unit Test 4 1.1.1 Unit Testing Frameworks 5 1.1.2 strftime for JavaScript Dates 5 1.2 Assertions 9 1.2.1 Red and Green 10 1.3 Test Functions, Cases, and Suites 11 1.3.1 Setup and Teardown 13 1.4 Integration Tests 14 1.5 Benefits of Unit Tests 16 1.5.1 Regression Testing 16 1.5.2 Refactoring 17 1.5.3 Cross-Browser Testing 17 1.5.4 Other Benefits 17 1.6 Pitfalls of Unit Testing 18 1.7 Summary 18 2. The Test-Driven Development Process 21 2.1 Goal and Purpose of Test-Driven Development 21 2.1.1 Turning Development Upside-Down 22 2.1.2 Design in Test-Driven Development 22 vii From the Library of WoweBook.Com Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. ptg viii Contents 2.2 The Process 23 2.2.1 Step 1: Write a Test 24 2.2.2 Step 2: Watch the Test Fail 25 2.2.3 Step 3: Make the Test Pass 26 2.2.3.1 You Ain’t Gonna Need It 26 2.2.3.2 Passing the Test for String.prototype.trim 27 2.2.3.3 The Simplest Solution that Could Possibly Work 27 2.2.4 Step 4: Refactor to Remove Duplication 28 2.2.5 Lather, Rinse, Repeat 29 2.3 Facilitating Test-Driven Development 29 2.4 Benefits of Test-Driven Development 30 2.4.1 Code that Works 30 2.4.2 Honoring the Single Responsibility Principle 30 2.4.3 Forcing Conscious Development 31 2.4.4 Productivity Boost 31 2.5 Summary 31 3. Tools of the Trade 33 3.1 xUnit Test Frameworks 33 3.1.1 Behavior-Driven Development 34 3.1.2 Continuous Integration 34 3.1.3 Asynchronous Tests 35 3.1.4 Features of xUnit Test Frameworks 35 3.1.4.1 The Test Runner 35 3.1.5 Assertions 36 3.1.6 Dependencies 37 3.2 In-Browser Test Frameworks 37 3.2.1 YUI Test 38 3.2.1.1 Setup 38 3.2.1.2 Running Tests 40 3.2.2 Other In-Browser Testing Frameworks 40 3.3 Headless Testing Frameworks 41 3.3.1 Crosscheck 42 3.3.2 Rhino and env.js 42 3.3.3 The Issue with Headless Test Runners 42 3.4 One Test Runner to Rule Them All 42 3.4.1 How JsTestDriver Works 43 3.4.2 JsTestDriver Disadvantages 44 3.4.3 Setup 44 3.4.3.1 Download the Jar File 44 3.4.3.2 Windows Users 45 3.4.3.3 Start the Server 45 3.4.3.4 Capturing Browsers 46 From the Library of WoweBook.Com Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. ptg Contents ix 3.4.3.5 Running Tests 46 3.4.3.6 JsTestDriver and TDD 48 3.4.4 Using JsTestDriver From an IDE 49 3.4.4.1 Installing JsTestDriver in Eclipse 49 3.4.4.2 Running JsTestDriver in Eclipse 50 3.4.5 Improved Command Line Productivity 51 3.4.6 Assertions 51 3.5 Summary 52 4. Test to Learn 55 4.1 Exploring JavaScript with Unit Tests 55 4.1.1 Pitfalls of Programming by Observation 58 4.1.2 The Sweet Spot for Learning Tests 59 4.1.2.1 Capturing Wisdom Found in the Wild 59 4.1.2.2 Exploring Weird Behavior 59 4.1.2.3 Exploring New Browsers 59 4.1.2.4 Exploring Frameworks 60 4.2 Performance Tests 60 4.2.1 Benchmarks and Relative Performance 60 4.2.2 Profiling and Locating Bottlenecks 68 4.3 Summary 69 Part II JavaScript for Programmers 71 5. Functions 73 5.1 Defining Functions 73 5.1.1 Function Declaration 73 5.1.2 Function Expression 74 5.1.3 The Function Constructor 75 5.2 Calling Functions 77 5.2.1 The arguments Object 77 5.2.2 Formal Parameters and arguments 79 5.3 Scope and Execution Context 80 5.3.1 Execution Contexts 81 5.3.2 The Variable Object 81 5.3.3 The Activation Object 82 5.3.4 The Global Object 82 5.3.5 The Scope Chain 83 5.3.6 Function Expressions Revisited 84 5.4 The this Keyword 87 5.4.1 Implicitly Setting this 88 5.4.2 Explicitly Setting this 89 5.4.3 Using Primitives As this 89 5.5 Summary 91 From the Library of WoweBook.Com Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. ptg x Contents 6. Applied Functions and Closures 93 6.1 Binding Functions 93 6.1.1 Losing this: A Lightbox Example 93 6.1.2 Fixing this via an Anonymous Function 95 6.1.3 Function.prototype.bind 95 6.1.4 Binding with Arguments 97 6.1.5 Currying 99 6.2 Immediately Called Anonymous Functions 101 6.2.1 Ad Hoc Scopes 101 6.2.1.1 Avoiding the Global Scope 101 6.2.1.2 Simulating Block Scope 102 6.2.2 Namespaces 103 6.2.2.1 Implementing Namespaces 104 6.2.2.2 Importing Namespaces 106 6.3 Stateful Functions 107 6.3.1 Generating Unique Ids 107 6.3.2 Iterators 109 6.4 Memoization 112 6.5 Summary 115 7. Objects and Prototypal Inheritance 117 7.1 Objects and Properties 117 7.1.1 Property Access 118 7.1.2 The Prototype Chain 119 7.1.3 Extending Objects through the Prototype Chain 121 7.1.4 Enumerable Properties 122 7.1.4.1 Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty 124 7.1.5 Property Attributes 126 7.1.5.1 ReadOnly 126 7.1.5.2 DontDelete 126 7.1.5.3 DontEnum 126 7.2 Creating Objects with Constructors 130 7.2.1 prototype and [[Prototype]] 130 7.2.2 Creating Objects with new 131 7.2.3 Constructor Prototypes 132 7.2.3.1 Adding Properties to the Prototype 132 7.2.4 The Problem with Constructors 135 7.3 Pseudo-classical Inheritance 136 7.3.1 The Inherit Function 137 7.3.2 Accessing [[Prototype]] 138 7.3.3 Implementing super 139 7.3.3.1 The _ super Method 140 From the Library of WoweBook.Com Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. [...]... understanding of programming JavaScript, including topics such as unobtrusive JavaScript and feature detection Part I: Test- Driven Development In the first part I’ll introduce you to the concept of automated tests and test- driven development We’ll start by looking at what a unit test is, what it does, and what it’s good for Then we’ll build our workflow around them as I introduce the testdriven development process... 10.2.4 Sample Use Testing 204 10.2.5 When to Test 206 10.3 Feature Testing DOM Events 207 10.4 Feature Testing CSS Properties 208 10.5 Cross-Browser Event Handlers 210 10.6 Using Feature Detection 213 10.6.1 Moving Forward 213 10.6.2 Undetectable Features 214 10.7 Summary 214 Part III Real-World Test- Driven Development in JavaScript 11 The Observer Pattern 219 11.1 The Observer in JavaScript 220 11.1.1... Not Clarity 467 17.2 Tests as Behavior Specification 468 17.2.1 Test One Behavior at a Time 468 17.2.2 Test Each Behavior Only Once 469 17.2.3 Isolate Behavior in Tests 470 17.2.3.1 Isolation by Mocking and Stubbing 470 17.2.3.2 Risks Introduced by Mocks and Stubs 471 17.2.3.3 Isolation by Trust 472 17.3 Fighting Bugs in Tests 473 17.3.1 Run Tests Before Passing Them 473 17.3.2 Write Tests First 473 17.3.3... and love from other languages to help give JavaScript a “real” development environment in which they can use the workflows and knowledge gained from working in other environments and focus on building quality applications Still, the JavaScript community at large is not particularly focused on automated testing, and test- driven development is still rare among JavaScript developers—in spite of working... available unit testing frameworks for JavaScript, discuss their pros and cons, and take a closer look at the one we’ll be using the most throughout the book Part II: JavaScript for Programmers In Part II we’re going to get a deeper look at programming in JavaScript This part is by no means a complete introduction to the JavaScript language You should already either have some experience with JavaScript perhaps... 12.7 12.8 12.4.3 Handling State Changes 263 12.4.4 Handling the State Changes 265 12.4.4.1 Testing for Success 265 Using the Ajax API 269 12.5.1 The Integration Test 269 12.5.2 Test Results 270 12.5.3 Subtle Trouble Ahead 271 12.5.4 Local Requests 273 12.5.5 Testing Statuses 274 12.5.5.1 Further Status Code Tests 276 Making POST Requests 277 12.6.1 Making Room for Posts 277 12.6.1.1 Extracting ajax.request... lacking tool support, but new unit testing frameworks are popping up all the time, offering a myriad of ways to test your code in a manner that suits you Even so, most web application developers skimp on testing their JavaScript I rarely meet a web developer who has the kind of confidence to rip core functionality right out of his application and rearrange it, that a strong test suite gives you This confidence... hope to show you that unit testing and test- driven development in JavaScript have come a long way, and that embracing them will help you write better code and become a more productive programmer xix Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark From the Library of WoweBook.Com xx Preface What This Book is About This book is about programming JavaScript for the real world,... programming JavaScript for the real world, using the techniques and workflow suggested by Test- Driven Development It is about gaining confidence in your code through test coverage, and gaining the ability to fearlessly refactor and organically evolve your code base It is about writing modular and testable code It is about writing JavaScript that works in a wide variety of environments and that doesn’t get in... Writing Good Unit Tests 461 17.1 Improving Readability 462 17.1.1 Name Tests Clearly to Reveal Intent 462 17.1.1.1 Focus on Scannability 462 17.1.1.2 Breaking Free of Technical Limitations 463 17.1.2 Structure Tests in Setup, Exercise, and Verify Blocks 464 17.1.3 Use Higher-Level Abstractions to Keep Tests Simple 465 17.1.3.1 Custom Assertions: Behavior Verification 465 17.1.3.2 Domain Specific Test Helpers . xxvii Part I Test- Driven Development 1 1. Automated Testing 3 1.1 The Unit Test 4 1.1.1 Unit Testing Frameworks 5 1.1.2 strftime for JavaScript Dates 5 1.2 Assertions 9 1.2.1 Red and Green 10 1.3 Test. www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. ptg Test- Driven JavaScript Development Please purchase PDF Split-Merge on www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark. ptg Test- Driven JavaScript Development Christian. 18 1.7 Summary 18 2. The Test- Driven Development Process 21 2.1 Goal and Purpose of Test- Driven Development 21 2.1.1 Turning Development Upside-Down 22 2.1.2 Design in Test- Driven Development 22 vii