– disease 1062 – perforation 1103 bracing 689 – adolescent idiopathic scoliosis 640 – infantile and juvenile idiopathic scoliosis 639 – neuromuscular scoliosis 678 bradycardia 384 brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) 136 broadband ultrasonic attenuation (BUA) 242 Brodie abscess 29 bronchodilating agent 380 bronchogenic cyst 809 Brooks fusion 854 Brown-S´equard syndrome 304, 1005 BTR, see biceps tendon reflex BUA, see broadband ultrasonic attenuation Buck’s fusion 748 bulbocavernosus reflex 303 bupivacaine 495 burst fracture 831, 871, 885, 888, 904, 909 buttress plate 78 C type fiber 130 cage –designs 451 –filling 452 – fusion 462, 466 –insertion 563 – materials 451 calcitonin 525 calcium phosphate 557 calmodulin 626 Calv´e-Perthes disease 767 Canadian C-spine rule 837 cancer cell 953 carbolization 8 cardiac dysfunction 397 carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) 293, 323, 332, 333, 444 cartilage endplate 101, 107 – age-related changes 114 cast syndrome 1113 cauda equina – lesion 323, 482, 491 – syndrome 18, 165, 203, 221, 222, 249, 486, 493, 496, 505, 1071, 1105, 1108 caudal – block 283 – – indications 267 –epiduralblock – – complications 268 – – technique 268 – regression 798, 800, 809, 811 cavernous angioma 1005, 1008, 1016 Cavitron ultrasound aspirator (CUSA) 1009 cefazolin 394 cellular senescence 92 central – cord syndrome 304 – nervous system (CNS) tumor 997 – sensitization 136 – spinal stenosis 515 – venous pressure (CVP) 397 – verticalsacralline(CVSL) 632 CEP, see cortical evoked potential cerebral palsy 383 cerebrospinal fluid fistula 1112 cervical – closing wedge osteotomy 1075 – collar 446 – disc herniation – – spontaneous resorption 445 – disc rupture 831 – discography 273, 275 –disorder – – non-specific 435 ––specific 435 –epiduralblock ––therapeuticefficacy 270 – facet dislocation injury 848 – facet joint block 278 – – complications 277 –injury ––history 834 – – treatment 844 – instability 838 – lordosis 213, 445 – myelopathy 331, 332, 438 – – neurological deficit 291 – nerve root block 263 – – complications 265 – radiculopathy 431 – – differential diagnoses 444 ––surgery 448 – spine 294 – – degenerative alterations 430 – – functional testing 216 – – hyperextension 833 ––normalanatomy 828 ––physicalriskfactors 163 – – radiographs 229 – – surgery 418, 1087 ––trauma 839 – spine injury 825 – – imaging studies 836 ––neurologicalexamination 894 ––physicalfindings 835 – spondylosis 430, 833 – spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) 430, 432, 464 ––dynamiccompression 434 – spondylotic radiculopathy (CSR) 430, 449 – tumor 1006 cervicothoracic –block – – complications 268 ––technique 268 – kyphotic deformity 1075 CHA, see controlled hypotensive anesthesia Chance fracture 909, 914 Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease 666, 670, 673 chemonucleolysis 20, 497, 505 Chiari malformation 699, 803, 804 chin-brow to vertical angle (CBVA) 1071 chloroform 6 chondrosarcoma 970 chordoma 957 chronic – back pain, see there – obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 1092 – pain, see there chylothorax 1099 chymopapain 20, 497 circumferential fusion 563, 564 claudication 718, 724, 749, 931 clonus/clonal 463 – expansion theory 956 closing wedge osteotomy 1072 – cervical 1075 Cloward technique 449, 461 CMAP, see compound muscle action potential coagulopathy 405 Subject Index 1145 Cobb – angle 9, 632, 635, 649, 679, 680, 682, 698, 709, 782, 788 – measurement 634 – raspatory 344 cocaine 6 Cock-Robin position 835 collagen 96 – fiber 95, 107 – gene polymorphisms 435 color Doppler sonography 247 compartment syndrome 1102 complications, postoperative – anterior spinal surgery 1089 – approach-related 1095, 1115 – arterial laceration 1100 – bowel perforation 1103 – cardiovascular risk factors 1091 – cerebrospinal fluid leaks 1105 – disc herniation 1089 – embolization 1094 – epidural vein bleeding 1104 – homeostasis-related 1109 – idiopathic scoliosis 1089 – insufficient postoperative respiration 1099 – liver lesion 1100 – lumbar spinal fusion 1090 – malnutrition 1092 – medication 1092 – nerve root injuries 1104, 1110 – neural injuries 1108 – neurological complications 1110 – paraplegia 1095, 1110 – patient positioning 1094 – postoperative bleeding 1109 – postoperative kyphosis 1103 – postoperative venous thrombosis 1112 – preoperative planning 1093 – preventive measures 1090, 1115 – procedure-related complications 1115 – pulmonary embolism 1113 – pulmonary risk factors 1092 – spinal cord compromise 1110 – spinal cord injury 1106 – spinal stenosis 1089 – splenic injury 1100 – unintended durotomy 1105 – ureteral injury 1103 – urinary bladder injury 1103 – urogenital complications 1114 – vascular complications 1112 – vascular risk factors 1091 – vertebral artery injury 1103 – vessel laceration 1096 – wound infection 1110 compound muscle action potential (CMAP) 323 compression –forces 69 – fracture 831, 905 – maneuver 704 – syndrome 496 – – cervical 295 – – of the spinal cord 295 computed tomography (CT) 8, 256 – artifacts 244 – contraindications 244 – fluoroscopy 241 – imaging protocol 242 –indications 243 – myelography 255, 443 – peripheral quantitative 242 – side effects 244 – spiral CT 241 concomitant non-spinal injury 893 conduction 130 congenital –myopathy 671 – scoliosis 693 controlled hypotensive anesthesia (CHA) 398, 401 conus medullaris 808 – lesion 323, 482 – syndrome 305 convergent screw trajectory 71 coronal – balance 630, 632 – imbalance 647 –planecurvature 693 coronary heart disease 378 corpectomy 71, 78, 85, 342, 355, 452, 462, 466, 681, 993 – blood loss 1108 –cervicalregion 78 – single level 78, 79 – three-level 79 cortical evoked potential (CEP) 406 costotransversectomy 964, 1010, 1035 Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation system 562 Cotugno syndrome 16 cranial neuropathy 851 craniocervical junction 345 craniotomy 1112 crankshaft phenomenon 642, 644, 685, 702 Cronbach’s alpha 1135 cross-over sign 220 cryoprecipitate 404 CSM, see cervical spondylotic myelopathy C-spine rule 844 CSR, see cervical spondylotic radiculopathy CSVL, see sacral vertical line CT, see computed tomography CTS, see carpal tunnel syndrome curve – flexibility 685 –progression 638 CVP, see central venous pressure CVSL, see central vertical sacral line cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition 142, 421 cytokine 105 – proinflammatory 433, 485, 570 Dallas – discogram description 272 – pain index 188 data assessment 1134 DCT,seedeepveinthrombosis DEBIT 248 decompression – laminectomy 527, 987 – – reoperation 530 – of the subaxial spine 1051 – of the upper cervical spine 1051 – sickness 312 deep vein thrombosis (DVT) 420, 981 deformity surgery 346 degenerating spondylosis 93 degeneration/degenerative 293 –disorder 293 – lumbar spondylosis 539 – motion segment 433 –oftheadjacentsegment 80 – scoliosis 113, 521, 713 – spondylolisthesis 514, 515, 520, 521, 1043 1146 Subject Index degenerin 129 delayed decompression 905 demineralized bone matrix 557 Denis classification 888 dens fracture 830, 854, 860, 871 densitometry 934 dermal sinus 808 dermatomal sensory loss 520 dermatome 18, 218, 332, 420 dermoid tumor 808 desmopressin 403 desoxypyridinoline 935 detrusor sphincter dyssynergia 303 DEXA, see dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry dexamethasone 985, 1009 diabetes mellitus 418 diabetic peripheral neuropathy 333 diagnostic triage 156 diaphragmatic breathing 609 diastematomyelia 806, 809, 1107 diathermy knife 343, 347 DIC, see disseminated intravascular coagulopathy diclofenac 591 DICOM 227 diffusion imaging 239 diplomyelia 809 disability 158, 191, 210 – in daily activities 1128 disc – arthroplasty 80, 85 – bulging 45, 432, 492 – degeneration 161, 162 – – etiology 106 – – genetic predisposition 137 – – grading 232 – extrusion 233 – herniation 17, 83, 107, 162, 184, 208, 252, 293, 449, 481 – – asymptomatic 489 – – cardinal symptoms 486 – – cervical radiculopathy 432 – – classification 491 – – complications 1089 – – computed tomography 490 ––contained 491 – – CT diagnosis 243 – – injection studies 490 ––lateral 491 – – lumbar intervertebral 483 – – magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 488 – – natural history 494 – – neurophysiologic studies 490 – – non-contained 491 – – non-operative treatment 493 – – recurrence 500, 504 – – risk factors 483 – – thoracic 487, 502 – – traumatic 483 –intervertebral 44 – microscopic alterations during aging 99 –migration 445 – neovascularization 542 –prolapse 20 – prosthesis 566 – – displacement-controlled protocol 81 – – histocompatibility 81 – – stability 81 – protrusion 17, 18, 233, 330, 431, 483, 489, 515 – space curettement 502 –surgery 18 discectomy 18, 70, 77, 185, 190, 342, 399, 459, 495, 498, 502, 753, 1105 – automated percutaneous 498 – complications 504, 1087 – depression 188 –microscopic 501 – sciatic pain 504 – without fusion 452 discitis 273, 1060, 1066, 1112 discogenic – back pain, see there – pain syndrome 546, 548 discography 283, 443, 461 – cervical 273, 275 –lumbar 272 – provocative 271, 551 – thoracic 273, 274 discoligamentous injury 846 discovertebral kyphosis 1059 disinhibition of dorsal horn neurons 137 disorder of the autonomic system 303 displacement 856 disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC) 404 dissociated sensory deficit 299 distraction – compression 77 – injury 869 – segmental 77 distress and risk assessment method (DRAM) 188 DMD, see Duchenne muscular dystrophy dobutamine stress echocardiography 378 dorsal – horn cytoarchitecture 130 – pain 125 double major curve 650 Down’s syndrome 376 DRAM, see distress and risk assessment method drop metastasis 997 dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) 241, 928, 935 – scan 942 Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) 376–378, 397, 383, 664, 666, 667, 679, 1092, 1099 Dunn-McCarthy rod 688 duodenojejunostomy 1114 duplex sonography 247 durotomy, unintended 1105 dynamic – fixation 571 –loading 60 – neutralization system 83 –stabilization 568 Dynesys 83 –stabilization 558 –system 568 dysesthesia 333 dysfunction of the bowel 303 dysphagia 342, 463, 466 dysplasia 737 dysrhythmias 383 early decompression 905 Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus 2, 27 Effendi’s classification 861 eggshell procedure 1072 elastin 111 – fiber 95, 515 electrocoagulation for skin dissection 1111 electromyography (EMG) 319 –indications 321 –technique 321 Subject Index 1147 electrotherapy 448 embolization 1094 EMG, see electromyography enchondroma 18 endotracheal tube 342 endplate – calcification 108 – change 236 – – MR imaging 251 –fractures 109 – ossification 108 English swing 12 entrapment syndrome 293, 333 ependymoma 1005, 1007, 1008, 1014 – myxopapillary 1002 – of the filum terminale 997, 1000 epidemiology 153, 167 epidermoid tumor 808 epidural – bleeding 235 – block 283 –indications 267 – fibrosis 505 – hematoma 897, 1075 – lipomatosis 235 –steroidblock – – therapeutic efficacy 268 – steroid injection 270, 495 – vein bleeding 1104 epinephrine 626 erector spinae 53 erythropoietin 402 esthesia 304 European myelopathy score 439 EuroQol 5D 1132 Ewing’s sarcoma 966 excisional biopsy 964 excitatory mechanism 133 exhibitory mechanism 124 expansive open-door laminoplasty 459 external oblique muscle 353 extracellular matrix, molecular changes during aging 103 extrapedicular screw trajectory 73 extravasation 955 facet – arthropathy 80, 280 – asymmetry 46 – block 721 – hypertrophy 742 – infiltration 1048 – joint, see also zygapophyseal joint 41, 46, 73, 109 – – age-related changes 109, 114 – – block 275, 283, 284, 461, 637 – – cervical block 277, 279 – – dislocation 869 – – indications 275 – – injections 247, 552 – – lumbar block 276, 278 ––malorientation 109 – – MR imaging 251 – – osteoarthritis (OA) 109, 262, 275, 278, 437, 542, 543, 549, 552, 567, 570 – – spontaneous fusion 544 – – syndrome 275, 544, 546, 570 – – synovial cyst 298 ––unloading 84 – osteoarthritis 521 – syndrome 21, 548 facetectomy 56, 527 facioscapulohumeral dystrophy 666 failed back syndrome 504, 812 fear avoidance belief 188 Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ) 1134 femoral stretch test 221 FFP, see fresh frozen plasma fibrolipoma 808 fibula strut allograft 452 filar lipoma 808 filum terminale – ependymoma 997, 1000, 1010 – fibrolipomatous 809 – hypertrophic 809 –lipoma 807 finger-floor distance 213 finger-to-nose test 302 fistula, epithelium-lined 808 fixateur interne 67, 71, 941 fixation system 30 flaccid paralysis/paresis 306, 833 flag system 588, 589 flat back syndrome 647, 650, 769 flavetomy 499 flexibility 55 flexion-distraction injury 886 fluid doctrine 16, 123 Foley catheter 399 folic acid antagonist 801 foramen magnum tumor 1006 foraminal stenosis 516, 522, 527, 729, 746, 1108 foraminotomy 455, 498 – Frykholm 458 fracture type 913 Frankel score 904, 909 free-body diagram 58 French open-door laminoplasty 459 fresh – frozen plasma (FFP) 403 – pars defect 742 Friedrich’s ataxia 378 Froin’s syndrome 1008 FSU, see functional spinal unit functional – impairment 210 – pain 128 – spinal unit (FSU) 541 fusion surgery 186 – cages 450 F-wave recording 324 GABA, see gamma-aminobutyric acid gabapentin 390 GAD, see glutamic acid decarboxylase Gaines procedure 754, 1108 gait disorder 301, 438 Gallie fusion 854 gamma irradiation 556 gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) 132, 137 Gardner-Wells –extension 339 – tong 846 gastric distension 385 gastrulation 800 gene polymorphism 465 giant cell tumor of bone 966 gibbus 23 Gill’s procedure 748 Glasgow – coma scale (GCS) score 827 – Illness Model 158 1148 Subject Index glioblastoma multiforme 1003 glioma – intramedullary 1009 – malignant 1003 Glisson swing 12 glutamate 136, 435 glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 137 glycine 132, 137 Gordon sign 300 Gower test 673 Graf ligamentoplasty 83, 558, 568 granuloma 997 graphic rating scale (GRS) 1126 gray matter 294 Grisel syndrome 853 growth factor 105 GTP cyclohydrolase gene 137 HA, see hydroxyapatite halo – fixator 74, 847 – traction 707 – vest 848, 853, 856, 866 halo-femoral traction 787 hamstring tightness 783, 784, 791 handicap 210 hangman’s fracture 860, 861, 872 Hannover Functional Ability Questionnaire (HFAQ) 1129 hard herniation 433 Harrington – compression rod 784 – distraction rod 647 –instrumentation 13 –operation 642 – principle 680 HDS, see histological degeneration score health – behavior 187 – condition 605 Health Insurance Experiment (HIE) 1131 heart failure 1091 heel-to-knee test 302 Heister’s cross 12 helical axis of motion 81 hemangioblastoma 998, 1003, 1007, 1008, 1016 hemangioma 962, 965, 967 – benign cavernous 959 hemangiosarcoma 963 hematoma –epidural 1075 – – with neurological deterioration 1110 – postoperative 1110 – retroperitoneal 1110 –retropharyngeal 851 hematothorax 1099 hemiarthrodesis 703 hemicord syndrome 1005 hemiepiphysiodesis 702, 703 hemilaminectomy 724, 1010, 1012 hemivertebra 695, 701, 703, 708 – cervical 699 – resection 705, 706 hemoglobin concentration 1109 hemorrhage 419 hemorrhagic shock 384 hemothorax 419 Hensen’s node 809 heparin treatment 1102 hereditary motor sensory neuropathy (HMSN) 666 herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP) 481 herpes zoster infection 312 hidrosis 303 high-energy trauma 893 hip – contracture 672 –pathology 220 Hippocratic bench 11 histological degeneration score (HDS) 99 HLA-B27 gene 1060, 1063 HMSN, see hereditary motor sensory neuropathy HNP, see herniated nucleus pulposus Hodgson approach 1099 Hoffman’s sign 300, 673 Hohman retractor 347 Horner’s syndrome 341, 342, 1006, 1087, 1098, 1115 host-graft interface 452 H-reflex recording 325 human spine 61 hyaluronan 103 hydrocephalus 804 hydromyelia 803, 818, 999 hydroxyapatite (HA) 557 hyperalgesia 127, 135, 486 hypercapnia 382 hyperextension – casting 914 – injury 869, 886 hyperglycemia 418 hyperkalemia 405 hyperkyphosis 774 – hamstring tightness 783 – thoracic 765, 783 –thoracolumbar 765 hyperlordosis 670, 677, 751 hypocalcemia 405 hypoglossal nerve 341 – lesion 1097 hypokyphosis 645 hyponatremia 1099 hypotension 894 hypothermia 399 hypovolemia 894 ibuprofen 591 ICF classification 605 idiopathic roundback 774 idiopathic scoliosis, see scoliosis, idiopathic iliolumbar ligament 735 imaging 8 –acutetrauma 249 – bone scintigraphy 244 – claustrophobia 240 – computed radiology (CR) systems 227 – computed tomography (CT) 241 – contraindications 239 – digital radiography (DR) systems 227 – fat-suppressed 239 – indications 247, 256 – MR protocol 230 – myelography 245 – positron emission tomography 245 –postoperative 251 – short tau inversion-recovery (STIR) sequences 239 – spinal cord lesions 251 – standard radiographs 227 – susceptibility artifacts 240 – ultrasonography 247 – contrast enhanced MR 237 immunodeficiency syndrome 1021 Subject Index 1149 implant –stability 68 –safetyzone 68 incisional biopsy 964 infantile scoliosis, see scoliosis, infantile infection of the spine 22, 238, 687, 1021, 1111, 1021 – antituberculous chemotherapy 1031 – biopsy 1028 – debridement 1032 – drainage 1032 – history 1024 – imaging studies 1026 – inflammation markers 1025 – non-operative treatment 1029 – non-specific 1023 – operative treatment 1031 – radionuclide studies 1028 – specific 1023 – spinal instrumentation 1033 inferior laryngeal nerve 341 inflammatory –disorder 312 – pain 126 – pannus 1043 infrared laser 448 inhibitory mechanism 124, 132 innervation, age-related changes 102 in-situ bone grafting 74 instability syndrome 546, 546, 570 instantaneous axis of rotation 81 instrumentation –anterior 74 –bisegmenal 71 – posterior 71 instrumented fusion 569 insufficient postoperative respiration 1099 insulin resistance 418 intent-to-treat analysis 503 interbody –cage 77 – fusion 530, 559, 908, 914 – – adjacent segment degeneration 566 – – anterior lumbar 560 – – cage augmented 562 ––device 82 ––laparoscopictechniques 565 – – mini-open anterior approach 565 – – patient selection 565 – – posterior lumbar 560 – – revision surgery 565 – – technique 75, 84 interleukin – -1 (IL-1) 105 –-1 (IL-1 )137 intermittent pneumatic compression (IPS) 381 interspinous – implant 568 – process distraction technique 83 intervertebral – disc 5, 44, 61, 95, 101 – – age-related changes 102, 114, 432 ––burned-out 102 – – preserve 455 – foramina 21 – ligament 41 intradiscal pressure 79 intradural-extramedullary tumor 999 intradural-intramedullary tumor 1002 intramedullary glioma 1009 intraneural edema 484 intraocular pressure (IOP) 396 intraoperative neuromonitoring 329 intraspinal tumor 234 intravasation 955 in-vivo telemetry 69 ion channel 129 IOP, see intraocular pressure IPS, see intermittent pneumatic compression ischemic optic neuropathy 396 iscias nervosa – antica 16 – postica 16 isthmic spondylolisthesis 516, 521 Jackson table 395 Jefferson fracture 830, 852 Jendrassik maneuver 326 JOA score 439 job – heaviness 189 – satisfaction 1134 job-related resignation 1134 juvenile kyphosis 13, 765, 776 – classification 771 – complications 790 –correction 788 – definition 771 – genetic predisposition 773 – history 773 – imaging studies 775 – lung function 777 – non-operative treatment 779 – operative treatment 782 Kaneda device 910 Karnofsky performance status 984 Kerrison rongeur 500 ketamine 406, 407, 422, 423 kinesiophobia 617 King classification 627 Klippel-Feil syndrome 699, 809 kyphectomy 686, 687 kyphoplasty 941 kyphoscoliosis 666, 689, 693 – collapsing 667 – neurogenic 676 – neuromuscular 682, 687 kyphosis/kyphotic 3, 12, 79, 184, 397, 434, 452, 670, 675, 688, 899, 912, 1057 – congenital 693, 777 –correction 784 – deformity 681, 688, 896, 914 – discovertebral 1059 –fracture ––functionalbracing 902 ––functionaltreatment 902 – laminoplasty 459 – partial correction 916 – postoperative 1103 – post-traumatic 68 – segmental 84 – thoracic 768 – vertebral 1059 laceration –arterial 1100 – of the lung 1098 – of the thoracic vessels 1098 – venous 1102 lacunae 95 1150 Subject Index laminectomy 14, 20, 29, 185, 382, 457, 459, 502, 526, 531, 724, 748, 1009, 1010, 1075 – compression 457 – decompressive 29, 987 laminoplasty 466, 1103 – expansive open-door 459 – French open-door 459, 464 – techniques 460 laminotomy 499, 526, 528, 531, 724 – osteoplastic 1009 Langerhans cell histiocytosis 967 laryngoscopy 391, 464 Las`egue sign 184, 220, 487, 488 –reversed 221 laser disectomy 498 late whiplash syndrome 828, 834, 871 lateral – recess stenosis 515 – swimmer’s view 229 laughing gas 6 LBP, see (lower) back pain LDUH, see low dose unfractioned heparin leg – length discrepancy 629, 698 – pain 266 Lehrlingskyphose 765 Lenke classification 627 leukotaxis 485 leukotriene 135 Lhermitte sign 220, 1045 lidocaine 265, 278, 447 lifting –forces 59 – technique 59 ligament – age-related changes 114 –capsular 47 –interspinous 47 –ofthespine 47 ligamentoplasty 82 ligamentotaxis 899, 907 ligamentous injury 830 ligamentum flavum 47, 111, 515, 735 light touch 218 limb asymmetry 629 lipid peroxidation 435 lipoma 806 lipomyelomeningocele 806, 809, 812 lipomyeloschisis 806 liver lesion 1100 LMWH, see low molecular weight heparin load –duringlifting 59 – sharing 69, 84 loading 84 –disorder 613 lobar collapse 377 locked-in syndrome 836 lordoplasty 941 lordoscoliosis, congenital 693 lordosis 3, 82 – congenital 693 loss of muscle mass 113 low – back pain, see back pain – dose unfractioned heparin (LDUH) 381 – molecular weight heparin (LMWH) 381 lumbar – arthrodesis – – posterolateral fusion 559 –block – – complications 268 ––technique 268 –catch 548 – disc herniation – – conservative and surgical treatment 503 – discectomy 190, 504 –discography 272 – – complications 273 – – diagnostic efficacy 273 –epiduralblock ––therapeuticefficacy 270 – facet joint block 276, 278 –fusion 569 – – mini-open anterior approach 565 – – patient selection 565 – lordosis 519, 645, 716, 735, 768, 769, 776, 791 –multifidus 53 – nerve root block 263 – – complications 265 – postdiscectomy syndrome 505 – puncture 1008 – spinal canal stenosis 331 – – neurological deficit 291 –spinalfusion 24 – – adjacent segment degeneration 566 ––complicationrate 1090 – spinal stenosis 513, 942 ––surgery 526 –spine ––motion 213 – – standard radiographs 228 ––thoracicspine 228 – spondylosis 539 – – complications 569 – – computed tomography 550 ––discography 551 – – indications for surgery 554 – – magnetic resonance imaging 549 ––painmanagement 553 ––physicalexercises 553 – – psychological intervention 553 ––spinalfusion 554 – – standard radiographs 549 –stabilization 561 –stenosis 22 – – classification 517 – – congenital 517 – surgery 505 lumberjack fracture-dislocation 886 lumbosacral fusion 726 lumbotomy 643 lung – cancer 978 – laceration 1098 Luque-Galveston fixation 682, 683 lymphocytopenia 1099 macroscopicdiscalteration 98 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 8, 229, 255 – contrast agents 237 – fat-suppressed images 237 –metastaticlesions 982 – open MR systems 230 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) 1060 malignant – disease – – of the vertebral column 384 ––spinalcord 384 –glioma 1003 Subject Index 1151 malnutrition 1092 Mantoux test 1025 MAP, see mean arterial pressure Marchetti classification 736 Marfan syndrome 378, 383, 625 mastoidectomy 853 matrix – degradation 542 – metalloproteinase (MMP) 98, 104 – – tissue inhibitors 104 Mayfield head clamp 342 McNab’s test 216 mean arterial pressure (MAP) 396, 401 mechanical compression 485 median nerve palsy 219 Medical Outcome Study (MOS) – SF-8 1131 – SF-12 1131 – SF-36 1131 melatonin 626 meningioma 999, 1008 meningocele 804 – anterior sacral 807 – repair 812 Mennel test 215, 220, 1062 metabolic bone disease 927 metamizol 410 metastasis 956, 967, 977 – arteriography 983 –biopsy 983 – classification 984 – history 980 – imaging studies 981 – in the vertebral body 979 – Karnofsky performance status 984 – neurologic examination 980 – non-operative treatment 985 – operative treatment 986 – pain 980 – radiation therapy 985 – radionucleotide bone scan 983 – Tokuhashi scoring system 984 methotrexate 380 methylprednisolone 278, 447, 485, 849, 872 microdiscectomy 20, 373, 498, 500, 502, 506 microglia 137 midazolam 240, 407 Milwaukee brace 12, 781 Minerva – cast 853, 856, 866 – cervical brace 845 –jacket 74 mini-thoracotomy 649 Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI) 187 MMD, see myotonic muscular dystrophy MMP, see matrix metalloproteinase MMPI, see Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory modic change 549, 570 modulation 130 – nociceptive impulses 132 monitoring – depth of anesthesia 400 – intraoperative 397 – nerve root 408 – spinal cord 405 monoaminoxidase 380 mononeuropathy 333 monoparesis 299 monosegmental instability 71 morbus Bechterew 27, 1069 morcellized rib 787 motion segment 42, 61, 93 – degeneration 433 – stiffness 48 motion-preserving surgery 566 motor – deficit 299 – nerve fiber 329 motor-evoked potential (MEP) 319, 328, 391, 444, 523, 722, 842, 1095 – anesthetic effects 407 movement disorder 613 MRC spine stabilization trial 569 MRI, see magnetic resonance imaging multidimensional short core measure 182 multimodal analgesia 409 multiple myeloma 967, 998 multireceptorial neuron 131 multisegmental – posterior wedge osteotomy (MPWO) 1073 –stabilization 909 muscle/muscular 62 –activity 52 ––extension 54 – – flexion 54 ––rotation 54 – age-related changes 114 – atrophy 113, 213, 305, 320 ––painless 299 – dystrophy 333 –fiber ––atrophy 113 – – distribution 625 ––fasttwitch 112 – – motor unit 112 ––slowtwitch 112 –forces 69 –ofthetrunk 48 – relaxant 143, 391 – spasm 211, 220, 383 – spatial distribution 48 – splitting approach 358 –tendonreflex 299 musculoskeletal –disorder ––psychosocialriskfactors 163 – – total costs 160 –impairment 93 – pain 125 – system, age-related changes 91 – tumor 953 MW fixation 683, 684 Mycobacterium tuberculosis 23, 1025 myelocele 797, 802, 804, 818 myelocystocele 805 myelodysplasia 672 myelography 245, 273, 490 – computed tomogaphy (CT) 443 – MR 246 myelomeningocele 672, 674, 685, 686, 797, 798, 802, 804, 812, 818 –prenataldiagnosis 814 myelon – compression 1046, 1051 – distension 1007 myelopathic syndrome 436, 465 myelopathy 463, 994 – cervical spondylosis 433, 462 – differential diagnoses 444 – magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 439 1152 Subject Index – radiography 439 myeloschisis 804 myelotomy 1009, 1013 myocardial infarction 1091 myopathy 673 – congenital 333 – scoliosis 676 myosin 626 myotome 332, 436 myotomy 13 myotonic muscular dystrophy (MMD) 666 Na + channel 435 narcotic 6 Nash/Moe method 635 NASS Questionnaire 1129 natural coralline 557 NCS, see nerve conduction study Neck Disability Index (NDI) 439, 1129 Neck Pain and Disability Questionnaire 439 neck pain, see also pain 157, 430, 461 – acupuncture 448 – clinical assessment 203 – conservative treatment 446 – electrotherapy 448 – individual risk factors 161 – infrared laser therapy 448 – lifetime prevalence 201 – massage 447 – neck and shoulder disorder (NSD) 157 – non-specific 432, 445, 446, 464 – pain source 443 – radiofrequency denervation 448 – spondylosis related 446 – transforaminal injections 447 neoplasm in the vertebra 958 neovascularization 955 nerve – compression syndrome 1048 – conduction study (NCS) 322, 323 – conduction velocity 523 – entrapment syndrome 333, 436 – growth factor (NGF) 136 – – mechanical deformation 433 –root – – block 247, 263, 265, 490, 495, 637, 744 – – chemical irritation 433 – – compression 262, 267, 485, 492, 517, 587, 744, 843 – – compromise by mechanical deformation 484 – – dermatome 519 – – infiltration 1048 – – injury 1104, 1110 – – mechanical compression 531 ––monitoring 408 ––paresis 756 – – pathology 1092 – – tumor 998 – sheath – – tumor 1000, 1008, 1010 neural – compression syndrome 933, 980, 1025 – compromise 267 – inflammation 263 –plasticity 124 –tubedefect 818 neurilemoma 1000 neurinoma 997, 1000, 1011 neurodegenerative disorder 312 neuroectodermal appendage 811 neuroenteric cyst 809 neurofibroma 1000, 1011 neurofibromatosis 211, 670, 998 neurofibrome 997 neurogenic – claudication 513, 517, 519, 531 – – differential diagnosis 524 – – selective decompression 526 – shock 835 – spine deformity 333 neurological – assessment 218 – deterioration 419 – syndrome 298 neuromonitoring 349, 1095 neuromuscular – disorder (NMD) 663 – feedback system 545 – relaxant drug (NMB) 397, 408 – scoliosis, see there neuromyotonia 333 neuron – multireceptorial 131 – nociceptive-specific 131 – non-nociceptive 131 – wide-dynamic range 131 neuropathic pain 127, 138 – chronic constriction injury (CCI) model 137 – clinical examination 140 – pharmacological tests 140 neuropathy 333 neurophysiologic study 490 neuroplasticity 135, 145 neuropraxia 754 neurosponge 1104, 1106 neurovascular disorder 311 neurulation 800 neutral vertebrae 632 NEXUS study 837, 844 NGF, see nerve growth factor nicotine 187 nitric oxide (NO) 6, 406 – synthase 133 NMB, see neuromuscular relaxant drug NMD, see neuromuscular disorder NMDA antagonist 142 N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor 133, 422 nociceptive pain 126, 138 nociceptive-specific (NS) neuron 131 nociception 129 non-nociceptive (N-NOC) neuron 131 non-opioid analgesic 421 non-specific low back pain (NSLBP) –acute 596 – chronic 595, 596 – electrotherapy 592 – exercise therapy 592 – management 590 – medical pain management 591, 594 – psychological intervention 594 – spinal manipulation 592 – subacute 592, 596 – work conditioning programs 594 non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) 209, 396, 410, 421 – non-selective 142, 421 norepinephrine 132 nosocomial infection 401 NSAID, see non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug NSD, see neck and shoulder disorder NSLBP, see non-specific low back pain Subject Index 1153 nucleoplasty 82 nucleotomy 20, 498 nucleus pulposus 44, 95, 97, 101, 103, 108, 485 – herniated 495 numerical rating scale (NRS) 1127 obesity 162 oblique abdominus 53 obliquity – infrapelvic 672 – intrapelvic 672 – suprapelvic 672 occipital condyle fracture (OCF) 850 occipitocervical – fixation 74, 84 – fusion 1051 occupational –injuryrisk 166 – therapy 609 OCF, see occipital condyle fracture ocular perfusion pressure (OPP) 396 odontoid fracture 827, 855, 863, 872 – elderly patient 860 – screw fixation 860 oligodendrocyte 435 olisthesis 73 olisthetic vertebra 516, 743 open incisional biopsy 964 opioid 142, 421 OPLL, see ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament OPP, see ocular perfusion pressure Oppenheim sign 300 oral antihyperglycemic drug 380 orotracheal tube 391, 392 orthosis 916, 1031 os odontoideum 830 ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) 432, 435 osteitis 1061 osteoarthritis 93, 109, 461, 544 –ofthefacetjoints 541 – of the hip joint 520 osteoarthrosis 531 osteoblastic lesion 979 osteoblastoma 234, 957, 959 osteocalcin 935 osteochondroma 965 osteochondrosis juvenilis lumbalis 771 osteoconduction 555 osteodensitometry 722 osteogenesis imperfecta 739 osteoidosteoma 209, 952, 957, 959, 966, 970 osteoinduction 556 osteolytic lesion 979 osteomyelitis – of long bones 1029, 1031 – vertebral 1021, 1025 osteopenia 929 osteophyte 515 osteophytectomy 452, 459, 498 osteophytes 93, 109, 432, 544, 715, 1065 osteoplastic laminotomy 1009 osteoporosis/osteoporotic 110, 450, 926, 929, 942 – compression 925 – dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry 935 – fracture 925 – – imaging studies 933 – mechanical back pain 931 – medical treatment 936 osteosarcoma 967 osteosynthesis 748, 857 osteotomy 568, 687, 688, 1071 – blood loss 1108 – pedicle subtraction 705 – Smith-Peterson 705 – transpedicular reduction 725 Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) 182, 188, 503, 564, 907, 1128 outcome assessment 1123 overexertion 163 oxidative stress 92 oxygen saturation 609 PACS 228 pain, see also back/neck pain 261 –acute 126 –affect 1126 – arthritic 125 – assessment 1125 – axial 155, 156, 204, 222 – behavior 188, 189 – behavioral treatments 144 – biopsychosocial model 588 – character 205 – chronic 125, 126 – chronification 554 – classification 126, 144 – clinical assessment 138 – cognitive-behavioral treatments 144 – definition 125 – degenerative cervical disorders 436 – differentiation 204 – disability 157, 190 –discogenic 272 –dorsal 125 – duration 1125 – epidemiology 144 – family reinforcement 189 –functional 128 – generator model 588 –girdle-like 311 – historical background 123 – hypersensitivity 132, 136 – impairment 157 – inflammatory 126 –intensity 208 – lifetime prevalence 156 – management 420 – mechanical loading model 588 – medication 209 – modulation 133, 208 – motor control model 588 – musculoskeletal 125 – neuropathic 127, 138, 140, 333 – neurophysiological model 588 – neuroplasticity 145 – nociceptive 126, 138 – non-pharmacological treatment 143 – of the low back, see back pain – onset 208 – pathophysiology 204 – pathways 128, 144 – perception 134 – peripheral 588 – persistent 135 – pharmacological treatment 141, 553 –pointprevalence 154 –postoperative 409 ––relief 190 –projection 133 1154 Subject Index . preventive measures 1090, 1115 – procedure-related complications 1115 – pulmonary embolism 1113 – pulmonary risk factors 1092 – spinal cord compromise 1110 – spinal cord injury 1106 – spinal stenosis 1089 –. 811 neuroenteric cyst 809 neurofibroma 1000, 1011 neurofibromatosis 211, 670, 998 neurofibrome 997 neurogenic – claudication 513, 517, 519, 531 – – differential diagnosis 524 – – selective decompression. inflammation markers 1025 – non-operative treatment 1029 – non-specific 1023 – operative treatment 1031 – radionuclide studies 1028 – specific 1023 – spinal instrumentation 1033 inferior laryngeal