SPEAKING seCTION 53 "'''''.'''''' .I",o t/N • ., , .,.""k ,, " Now fisten to part of a talk in a biology laboratory. The teachng assistant is explaining how to use the microscope. Question Using the main points and examples from the talk, desaibe the two major systems oflhe lab- oratory microscope, and then explain how to use it. Preparation TIITI9 : 20 seconds Recording lime : 60 seconds WRITING SECTION 65 () Model Test 1, Writing Section, CD 2, Track 2 m.Fl· """" '.:';';- ;',;" /,;;;;-, . " " , - ~ (') Now listen to 8 lecture on the same topic as the passage that you have Jus t read. Question Summarize the main points in the lecture, explaining how they cast doubt on the ideas in the reading passage. ,."".IfI •• t &ut"AI ,.,.".", Lndw" Question Leaders like John F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King have made Important contributions to the people of the United States. Name ano ther world leader you think Is Important. Give specifiC reasons lor your Choice. • This Is the end of Model Te st 1 • To cheetl your enswers, refer to wExplenetory or Example Anlwers end Audio Scripts for Model Test s: Model Test 1 ," Chapter 7, pages 552-585. 64 MOOEL TEST 1: PRETEST WRITING SECTION The Writing section tests your aMity to write essays in English similar to those that you would write in college coursas. During the test, you will write two essays. The integrated essay asks for your response to an academic reading passage and a lecture on the same topic. You may take notes as you read and listen, but notes are not graded. You may use your notes to write the essay. The lecture will be spoken, but the directions and lhe questions will be written. You will have 20 minutes to plan, write, and revise your response. Typically, a good essay lor the integrated topic will require that you write 150-22 5 words. The independent essay usually 'asks for your opinion about a familiar topic. You will have 30 minutes to plan, write, and revise your respoose. Typically, a good essay for the indepen- dent topic will require that you write 300-350 words. A clock on the screen will show you how much time you have to complete each essay. You have 20 minutes to plan, write, and revise your response to a reading passage and a lec- ture on the same topic. First, read the passage and take notes. Then, listen to the lecture and take notes. Finally, write your response to the writing question. Typically, a good response will requl r ~ that you wrtle 150-22~ words. Read i ng P assage Time: 3 minutes Historically, schoots in the United States have borrowed the European sys- tem of school organization, a system that separates students into grades by chronological age. In general, children begin lormal schooling at the age of she in what is referred to as the first grade. For the most part, students progress through twelve grades; however, some students who do not meet minimum requirements for a particular grade may be asked to repeat the year. Graded schools are divided into primary gracles, intermediate grades, and secondary grades. Primary education includes grades 1 through 5 or 6, and may also provide kindergarten as a preparation for lirst grade. Referred 10 as elementary school, these grades are usually taughJ: by one teacher in a sel/- contained classroom. Intermediate grades begin with grade 6 or 7 and offer three years of Instruction. At this level, teams of teachers may collaborate to provide subject-based classes similar to those offered in high school. Viewed as a preparation for high school, I nt ermediate education Is known as junior high school. At grade 9 or to. secondary school begins. Classes taught by subject specialists usually last about fifty minutes to allow a studem ten minutes to move to the next class before it begins at the lop of the hour. AI the end of twelve successful grades of instruction, students are eligible !of a secondary school diploma, more commonly called a high school diploma. ~ • •••• . • 'cr<ale ACADEMIC SKILLS TAKING NOTES Taking notes is writing down information while you are listening or reading. There are three problems thai you will confront when you are laking nol es . 1. The professor determines the pace of a lecture. This means that you have to lake notes as quickly as the professor speaks. 2. The not must Include all the main idA. and major facta . This means that you have to know how to Identify important information when you hear it or read it 3. The not may be uMd for diffef'ent reasons . This means that you have to organile the notes 10 help you remember , to add to the information from a nothe r assignment , or lO plan a Sj: B ech or an essay. Th is chapter wi ll help you i mprove your no te taking skills . You wilileam how to • Organize your notes o identify Important Information • Take notes quicldy How '111111 t/JeH strateg_ help you on the TOEFL 1 By learning to take better notes when you heal lectures, you will have Ihe Infonnation you need to respond to the listening comprehension questions and to prepare your speaking and writing questions . You will even improve your reading comprehension. Taking excellent notes is one of the most imponant aca- demic skills for success on the TOEFL and after the TOEFL when yoo are enrolled in a college or university program. ORGAlIZE YOUR IOTES Sb to UIII ~ Anticipate the purpose ~ Divide the paper into columns ~ Separate the major and minor points " 68 ACADEMIC SKillS Anticipate the purpose If you can antlclpale the purpose of a reading ()( a lecture, you will be able to prepare your mind to receive Ihe In formalion, and you will already know how to Ofganize your notes. The most common purposes f or academiC English are to provide the answers 10 basiC ques- lions. These questions are answered in textbooks and lectures to help you learn the academic subjects. Purpose Oefinrtion Description and Example Classification Sequence Comparison and Contrast Cause and Effect Problem and Solution Persuasion or Evalualion Question What is it? What are the characteristics? WhiCh group does It belong to? What Is the Ofder-first, second, and so on? How Is It the same or different from something else? How does it cause something? What happens? Why Is It a problem? What is the solution? Why shou ld It be supportad or rejectad? The headings and subheadings in textbooks he lp you anticipate the purpose of the chapter 01' the sections wi thin a chapter. For example, a heading in an earth science textbook that includes only one noun, The Atmosphere , will probably be a definition or a descri pt ion of the atmosphere. A heading such as Forces Within the Atmospher. implies that S&V9ral forces will be discussed and further implies that this will be a classification or perhaps a comparison and contrast of the forces. Atmo s pheric Pattems of Motion introduces a process a nd oould anticipate a sequence 01' even a cause and effect. Problems In Predicting Weather Is a heading that contains the purpose in the word problems. You know that this is a problem and solution section. Persuasion can usually be idefltified because of words like should and must as well as subjectiva or judgme ntal phrases like t>etreror WOrs8, whereas evaluation contains both sides of an issue. Did you understand? T ry to anticipate the purpose of each section in a lextbooi< by reading the headings and subheadings. He re are some he ad ings and subheadings fOf practice. The first one is complet ed to give you an example. The answers are printed in Chapter 7 on page 503. Sometimes you will make a mistake anticipating the purpose. Your prediction will be differ- ent fr om the way that the reading or lecture proceeds. Don1 wony. Trying to predict is still a good idea, and you will become mo re skilled as you practice using other activities and tests in this booK. yttet matena's 'WI''' Subheading : The EnHghtenment 1. Settlement Patterns 2. The Functions of Art 3. Lanoguage Developmtlnt 4. How Important Is Relativity? 5. Causes of Schizophrenia 6. Evaluating Kohlberg's Theory 7. Types of financia l Services 8. A History of Plate Tectonics 9. Estimating Population 10. Bladt Holes TAKING NOTES 69 Purpo" : definition ordescrip tion The lectures on the T OEFL begin with an introductory screen followed by a narrator's intro- duction. They will give you a general direction lor your listening. M ost of the time, the narrator will tell you in which class the lecture is given . Sometimes the narrator will also provide the main topic. Did you understand? Try to anticipate part of the narrator'S introduction by viewing the intro- ductory screen. Here are some introductions to lectures for practice. The first one is completed to give you an example. The answers are printed in Chapter 7 on pages 503-504 . , ,," I Astronomy "Ustan to part of a lecture In an astronomy class." bask ttet mat na 70 ACADeMIC SKIllS n Activity 2, CD 2, Tr.ck 1. [Buslne USlen 10 part 01 a lecture in _________________ _ 2. [ Music Apprecletion I USI&n 10 part 01 a lecture In _________________ _ 3. [Biology Listan 10 part of a lecture In _________________ _ 4. [AnthropoJogy Listen 10 part 01 a lecture in _________________ _ 5. [Engineering Lislen 10 paI1 of a lectUre in _________ __ _______ . 6. [ Unguiltlcs USlan to part 01 a lecture in _________________ _ 7. [Art History USlan to paI1 of a lecture in _________________ _ 8. [PlYChology Llslen to part 01 a lecture In _________________ _ 9. [Geology Lislen to part 01 a lectUre In _________ __ ______ _ 10 . [History Usten to part 01 a lecture in _________________ _ . end Audio Scripts for Model Test s: Model Test 1 ," Chapter 7, pages 55 2-5 85. 64 MOOEL TEST 1: PRETEST WRITING SECTION The Writing section tests your aMity to write essays. notes o identify Important Information • Take notes quicldy How &apos ;111 111 t/JeH strateg_ help you on the TOEFL 1 By learning to take better notes when you heal lectures, you. in a sel /- contained classroom. Intermediate grades begin with grade 6 or 7 and offer three years of Instruction. At this level, teams of teachers may collaborate to provide subject -based classes