SEISMIC WAVES, RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS Edited by Masaki Kanao Seismic Waves, Research and Analysis Edited by Masaki Kanao Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Igor Babic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published January, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Seismic Waves, Research and Analysis, Edited by Masaki Kanao p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-944-8 Contents Preface IX Chapter 1 Seismic Wave Interactions Between the Atmosphere - Ocean - Cryosphere System and the Geosphere in Polar Regions 1 Masaki Kanao, Alessia Maggi, Yoshiaki Ishihara, Masa-yuki Yamamoto, Kazunari Nawa, Akira Yamada, Terry Wilson, Tetsuto Himeno, Genchi Toyokuni, Seiji Tsuboi, Yoko Tono and Kent Anderson Chapter 2 Wavelet Spectrogram Analysis of Surface Wave Technique for Dynamic Soil Properties Measurement on Soft Marine Clay Site 21 Sri Atmaja P. Rosyidi and Mohd. Raihan Taha Chapter 3 Electric and Electromagnetic Signals Under, On, and Above the Ground Surface at the Arrival of Seismic Waves 47 Akihiro Takeuchi, Kan Okubo and Nobunao Takeuchi Chapter 4 Electric Displacement by Earthquakes 71 Antonio Lira and Jorge A. Heraud Chapter 5 Quasi-Axisymmetric Finite-Difference Method for Realistic Modeling of Regional and Global Seismic Wavefield – Review and Application – 85 Genti Toyokuni, Hiroshi Takenaka and Masaki Kanao Chapter 6 The Latest Mathematical Models of Earthquake Ground Motion 113 Snezana Gjorgji Stamatovska Chapter 7 Using a Poroelastic Theory to Reconstruct Subsurface Properties: Numerical Investigation 133 Louis De Barros, Bastien Dupuy, Gareth S. O’Brien, Jean Virieux and Stéphane Garambois Chapter 8 Coupling Modeling and Migration for Seismic Imaging 155 Hervé Chauris and Daniela Donno VI Contents Chapter 9 Effects of Random Heterogeneity on Seismic Reflection Images 173 Jun Matsushima Chapter 10 Wave Propagation from a Line Source Embedded in a Fault Zone 195 Yoshio Murai Chapter 11 Seismic Modeling of Complex Geological Structures 213 Behzad Alaei Chapter 12 Shear Wave Velocity Models Beneath Antarctic Margins Inverted by Genetic Algorithm for Teleseismic Receiver Functions 237 Masaki Kanao and Takuo Shibutani Chapter 13 Modelling Seismic Wave Propagation for Geophysical Imaging 253 Jean Virieux, Vincent Etienne, Victor Cruz-Atienza, Romain Brossier, Emmanuel Chaljub, Olivier Coutant, Stéphane Garambois, Diego Mercerat, Vincent Prieux, Stéphane Operto, Alessandra Ribodetti and Josué Tago Chapter 14 2.5-D Time-Domain Finite-Difference Modelling of Teleseismic Body Waves 305 Hiroshi Takenaka and Taro Okamoto Preface Low-frequency acoustic energy released within the Earth's crust and mantle mostly propagates - depending on the density and elasticity of the medium - through several types of seismic waves categorized as body waves (longitudinal P and transverse S) or surface waves (long L and ground roll R). The importance of seismic wave research lies not only in our ability to understand and predict earthquakes and tsunamis, it also reveals information on the Earth's composition and features in much the same way as it led to the discovery of Mohorovicic's discontinuity. As our theoretical understanding of the physics behind seismic waves has grown, physical and numerical modeling have greatly advanced and now augment applied seismology for better prediction and engineering practices. This has led to some novel applications such as using artificially-induced shocks for the exploration of the Earth's subsurface and seismic stimulation for increasing the productivity of oil wells. This book will present the latest techniques and advances in seismic wave research and analysis from theoretical research, data acquisition and interpretation, to analyses and numerical simulations, as well as research applications. The major topics in this book cover; physical interaction in the Earth system, wavelet spectrogram analysis, electromagnetic signals, mathematical models of earthquake ground motion, 3D imaging, poroelastic analysis, random heterogeneity, complex geological structures, finite-difference method, and so on. Finally, we would like to extend our gratitude to Drs. Hiroshi Takenaka, Yoshio Murai, Jun Matsushima, and Genti Toyokuni, for their sincere cooperation on the review process on this special issue. The authors would like to express their sincere thankfulness for InTech publication company for their kind support in the publication management for this special issue on “Seismic Waves”. Masaki Kanao National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR) Tokyo, Japan [...]... G C G I C I Fig 13 Background seismicity and Magnitude–dependent ‘b’-values for Greenland and the neighboring areas, on the basis of the statistic ETAS model using the hypocentral data collected at the International Seismological Centre (ISC) G: Greenland block; I: Iceland block; C: northern Canadian block (left) 1968-1977; (right) 1998-2007 14 Seismic Waves, Research and Analysis possibility for this... structure and detailed mechanisms of glacial earthquakes within the Greenland ice sheet, a broadband, real-time seismic network needed to be installed throughout onshore Greenland and around its perimeter (the Greenland Ice Sheet Monitoring Network; GLISN; Anderson et al., 2010; Kanao et al., 2008) The 2007-2008 IPY was an opportunity to initiate the new program by international collaboration In Greenland,... Antarctic Research (SCAR) The combination of seismic, infrasound and hydro-acoustic observations is required to understand in more detail the atmosphere-oceancryosphere-geosphere system and its variations We are hopeful that the large quantity of data of these three types accumulated over the past decades by the CTBTO will one day be distributed to the scientific community 16 Seismic Waves, Research and. .. modes of variability and how those modes vary in time The wavelet transform has been used in numerous studies, i.e., Meyers et al (1993), Liu (1994), Weng & Lau (1994), Wang & Wang (1996) for climate and meteorological studies, Foufoula-Georgiou and Kumar (1995), Capilla (2006), Rosyidi et al (2009) for geophysics, 22 Seismic Waves, Research and Analysis and Chik et al (2009) and Rosyidi (2011) for... frequency signals above 10Hz are also identified, and labeled as ‘ice sheet motion?’ 5 Glacial earthquakes in polar regions Over the past few decades, more and more seismic observations in the polar regions by both temporary seismic networks and permanent stations have detected local seismicity Bannister and Kennett (2002) found that the majority of the seismicity in the McMurdo Station area was located... kinds of cryoseismic waves occurred continuously for few hours, and repeated themselves several times within a few days during late July, 1997 Identification of the exact sources that produced these characteristic signals has not yet been completed, and theoretical modeling will most likely be required to explain the physical processes Similar 10 Seismic Waves, Research and Analysis cryoseismic phenomena... Kochi, 5National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, 6Geodynamics Research Center, Ehime University, Ehime, 7Ohio State University, 8Japan Agency for MarineEarth Science and Technology, Yokohama, 9Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology, Washington, DC, 2France; 1,3,4,5,6,8Japan; 7,9USA 2 Seismic Waves, Research and Analysis decade They have lost kilometers of ice... Islands, surrounded by sea-ice and separated from the continent by the Ongul Channel Right, from to to bottom: glacier and mountains, the ‘spring river’ between sea-ice and the coast, ice fall at the edge of a small glacier All photos are provided by M Kanao and NIPR 2 Seismic signals from the ocean All seismic stations deployed on the Earth’s surface record ubiquitous signals at periods between 4 and. .. data from the broadband seismometer (STS-1) at Syowa Station (SYO; 39E, 69S, Lützow-Holm Bay, East Antarctica) During time period shown, continuous STS-1 waveform data with 20 Hz sampling were automatically transmitted from 4 Seismic Waves, Research and Analysis SYO to the National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR) by an Intersat telecommunication system (Aoyama and Kanao, 2010; Iwano and Kanao, 2009)... Prof Andy Nyblade of Penn State University, and other members), the POLENET (Prof Terry Wilson of the Ohio State University, and other members), as well as the Japanese Antarctic Research Expeditions (JARE; Prof Kazuyuki Shiraishi of NIPR and many other members) We also thank the Arctic ice sheet monitoring program of GLISN (Prof Trine Dahl-Jensen of Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, and other . SEISMIC WAVES, RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS Edited by Masaki Kanao Seismic Waves, Research and Analysis Edited by Masaki Kanao Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 510 00. completed, and theoretical modeling will most likely be required to explain the physical processes. Similar SYO SY SYO 19 96 Se p ., Mb=4.6 19 87 -19 89 19 90-2003 LHB Seismic Waves, Research and Analysis. m m i i c c r r o o s s e e i i s s m m s s Seismic Waves, Research and Analysis 4 SYO to the National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR) by an Intersat telecommunication system (Aoyama and Kanao, 2 010 ; Iwano and Kanao,