THE IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION ON HEALTH, ECONOMY, ENVIRONMENT AND AGRICULTURAL SOURCES Edited by Mohamed K. Khallaf The Impact of Air Pollution on Health, Economy, Environment and Agricultural Sources Edited by Mohamed K. Khallaf Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. 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ISBN 978-953-307-528-0 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Effect of Air Pollution on Health and Human Body Organs 1 Chapter 1 Impact of Air Pollution on Public Health 3 E. Marchwinska-Wyrwal, G. Dziubanek, I. Hajok, M. Rusin, K.Oleksiuk and M.Kubasiak Chapter 2 Impact of Air Pollution on Vitamin D Status and Related Health Consequences 17 Alina Kurylowicz Chapter 3 Air Pollution and Its Effects in the Respiratory System 41 Fortoul, T.I., Rojas-Lemus, M., Rodriguez-Lara V., Cano-Gutierrez, G., Gonzalez-Villalva, A., Ustarroz-Cano, M., Garcia-Pelaez, I., Lopez-Valdez, N., Falcon-Rodriguez C.I., Silva-Martinez, J., Gonzalez-Rendon, E.S., Montaño, L.F., Cano-Gutierrez, B., Bizarro-Nevares P., Colin Barenque L. Chapter 4 Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease 69 Jan Emmerechts, Lotte Jacobs and Marc F. Hoylaerts Chapter 5 Ambient Air Pollution and Reproductive Health 93 Xiaohui Xu, Haidong Kan and Sandie Ha Part 2 Environmental Changes, Geographic and Climatic Conditions due to Air Pollution 117 Chapter 6 Reduction of Air Pollution by Combustion Processes 119 Aurel Gaba and Stefania Felicia Iordache Chapter 7 Monitoring of Gaseous Air Pollution 143 Ryszard J. Katulski, Jacek Namieśnik, Jarosław Sadowski, Jacek Stefański and Waldemar Wardencki VI Contents Chapter 8 Influence of the Air Engine on Global Warming Issues - 21 st Century Fuel Technology 159 Bharat Raj Singh and Onkar Singh Chapter 9 Air Pollution in the Niger Delta Area: Scope, Challenges and Remedies 181 Godson Rowland Ana Chapter 10 Emerging Air Pollution Issues in Changing Pearl River Delta of South China 199 Mang Lin, Iat-Neng Chan, Chuen-Yu Chan, Xue-Mei Wang and Han-Ying Dong Chapter 11 Causes and Consequences of Air Pollution and Environmental Injustice as Critical Issues for Science and Environmental Education 215 Anastasia Dimitriou and Vasilia Christidou Part 3 The Impact of Air Pollution on Plants, Agricultural Sources and Methods of Resistance 239 Chapter 12 The Effects of Air Pollutants on Vegetation and the Role of Vegetation in Reducing Atmospheric Pollution 241 Iuliana Florentina Gheorghe and Barbu Ion Chapter 13 Phytoremediation on Air Pollution 281 Hua Yang and Yanju Liu Chapter 14 Combustion Emissions Analysis of Wood-Based Waste Processing-Materials 295 Han Chien Lin Chapter 15 An Assessment of the Effectiveness of California’s Local Air Pollution Controls on Agricultural Sources 323 C Y. Cynthia Lin Chapter 16 Air Pollution Control in Municipal Solid Waste Incinerators 331 Margarida J. Quina, João C.M. Bordado and Rosa M. Quinta-Ferreira Part 4 The Impact of Air Pollution in the Economy and Development Goals: Case Studies 359 Chapter 17 Indoor Air Pollution in Mexico 361 Iván Nelinho Pérez Maldonado, Lucia Guadalupe Pruneda Álvarez, Fernando Díaz-Barriga, Lilia Elisa Batres Esquivel, Francisco Javier Pérez Vázquez and Rebeca Isabel Martínez Salinas Contents VII Chapter 18 Epidemiologic and Economic Impact of Natural Gas on Indoor Air Pollution in Colombia 2007 379 Nelson Alvis Guzmán, Luis Alvis Estrada and Fernando De la Hoz Restrepo Chapter 19 Economic Growth and Air Pollution in Iran During Development Programs 393 H. Asadikia, R. Oyarhossein, S. Zare and I. Saleh Chapter 20 Managing Air Pollution: How Does Education Help? 397 Gaye Tuncer Teksoz Chapter 21 Do Developing or Developed Nations Pollute Air More? An Assessment of Health Consequences 423 Ramalingam Shanmugam and Attila Hertelendy Preface The problem of air pollution has affects on human health, environment and many areas of life. Modern technology has led to the occurrence of air pollution and its harmful effects, but at the same time tries to push the world community to exert maximum efforts to overcome the harmful effects of it. Atmospheric pollutants have been classified according to their source, chemical composition, size and mode of release into indoor or outdoor environments. Sources of indoor pollutants are cooking and combustion, particle resuspension, building materials, air condition, consumer products, smoking, heating and biologic agents while, sources of outdoor pollutants are industrial, commercial, mobile, urban, regional, agricultural and natural. Air Pollution has an impact on the human body, such as respiratory system and heart disease. Air pollution also effects plants and agricultural products, economy and development rates in many countries all over the world. After they have been invited by the publisher, several authors from various countries, most of whom do not know each other; have collected roughly two dozen chapters which cover a wide area of Air Pollution. This book aims to strengthen the knowledge base dealing with Air Pollution. The book consists of 21 chapters dealing with Air Pollution and its effects in the field of Health, Environment, Economy and Agricultural Sources. This book is divided into four parts. The first one deals with effect of air pollution on health and human body organs, for example the impact of atmospheric pollution in the development of respiratory diseases, air pollution and cardiovascular disease, the impacts of fine particle matter on cardiovascular health, the adverse effects of air pollution on pregnancy, infant death and the association between air pollution, vitamin D status and prevalence of so-called civilization-related diseases. The second part includes the impact of air pollution on plants and agricultural sources and methods of resistance. The chapters deal with the effects of air pollutants on vegetation, current state of phytoremediation of air pollutants, such as particle matters, inorganic and organic pollutants, evaluation of existing air pollution control policies, particularly those targeted at agriculture, improving air quality, as measured by the number of exceeding levels of the CO and NO 2 standards, examining the emission gas concentration and the fundamental thermal decomposition, as well as analyzing the evolved species and the char of wood-based waste processing-materials and in the end community and occupational exposure following off-site Movement of Agricultural Fumigants. The third part includes environmental changes, geographic X Preface and climatic conditions due to air pollution. Its chapters deal with formation and reduction pollutants in combustion processes, the mobile monitoring system (MMS), as an example of a new approach for air monitoring along communication lanes, global warming or climate change, chemical pollution prediction models in function of traffic flows, emerging air pollution issues and environmental quality in the context of environmental injustice. The fourth part includes case studies concerning the impact of air pollution in the economy and development goals, such as, indoor air pollution in México, indoor air pollution and millennium development goals in Bangladesh, epidemiological and economic impact of natural gas on indoor air pollution in Colombia and economic growth and air pollution in Iran during development programs. In this book the authors explain the definition of air pollution, the most important pollutants and their different sources and effects on humans and various areas of life. The authors offer different solutions to the problems resulting from air pollution. Finally, this book is an important addition in the subject of air pollution and its impact on various fields. Mohamed K. Khallaf Restoration Department, Faculty of Archaeology, Fayoum University, Egypt [...]... H The Global Burden of Disease Due to Outdoor Air Pollution Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 2005; 68:1301–1307 14 The Impact of Air Pollution on Health, Economy, Environment and Agricultural Sources [17] EEA 2010 The European Environment - State and outlook 2010: Synthesis http://www.eea.europa.eu/soer/synthesis/synthesis [18] Dockery, D, Pope C A, Xu, X An association between air pollution. .. proliferation and apoptosis, vitamin D has been also found to be involved in the regulation of cell adhesion and angiogenesis, two other processes important for cancer development and progression “Anti-invasive” properties of 24 The Impact of Air Pollution on Health, Economy, Environment and Agricultural Sources P21 VD RXR Activation of transcription VDR P27 CDK kinases P Rb G2 S P Rb Phases of the cell... banned, the numerous active environmental sources still exist [70] Exposure can also occur during installation and use of asbestos-containing products and maintenance of vehicles Asbestos products are still in place in many buildings and continue 12 The Impact of Air Pollution on Health, Economy, Environment and Agricultural Sources to give rise to exposure during use, maintenance, renovation, repairs,... Recently the scientists focused their attention on the problem of air pollution as an important factor reducing the amount of UVB radiation reaching the earth surface and therefore correlating with prevalence of vitamin D deficiency 4 Correlation of air pollution and prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, insufficiency and adequacy Air pollution is regarded as a dominant factor influencing the extent of solar... maturation and function of other antigen presenting cells – dendritic cells Other functions of vitamin D in the immune system include: regulation of the differentiation and activation of CD4 lymphocytes, increase in the number and function of regulatory T cells (Treg) , reduction in the production Th1derived cytokines, stimulation of the Th2 helper and natural killer (NK) T cells and probably many others... repairs, removal and demolition [74] The results of environmental concentrations of respirable asbestos fibers show a wide range of values The observed discrepancy in the concentrations are dependent on the different environments, specific sampling locations and presence of more than one emission sources [70] Unfortunately, in recent years, emissions of asbestos fibers into the urban environment has significantly... 1 Effect of Air Pollution on Health and Human Body Organs 1 Impact of Air Pollution on Public Health 1Department E Marchwinska-Wyrwal1,2, G Dziubanek1, I Hajok1, M Rusin1, K.Oleksiuk1 and M.Kubasiak1 of Environmental Health, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice 2University of Ecology and Management, Warsaw Poland 1 Introduction The air we breathe contains emissions from many different sources: industry,... include pulmonary and systemic inflammation, accelerated atherosclerosis, and changes in cardiac rhythms [42] According to more recent studies, the ultrafine particles may be translocated into the 10 The Impact of Air Pollution on Health, Economy, Environment and Agricultural Sources circulation and directly transported to the vasculature and heart where they can induce cardiac arrhythmias and decrease... in the more polluted cities had a higher risk of hospitalization and early death from pulmonary and heart 4 The Impact of Air Pollution on Health, Economy, Environment and Agricultural Sources diseases as compared to those living in the less polluted cities The study focused on the health effects of gaseous pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, which are produced mainly by coal-burning power plants and. .. underestimated, associated only with calcium/phosphorus metabolism and regarded as an area of interest reserved only for pediatricians or orthopedists However, the last years brought a number of 22 The Impact of Air Pollution on Health, Economy, Environment and Agricultural Sources epidemiological studies revealing the unexpected connection between the vitamin D hypovitaminosis and prevalence of several diseases . THE IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION ON HEALTH, ECONOMY, ENVIRONMENT AND AGRICULTURAL SOURCES Edited by Mohamed K. Khallaf The Impact of Air Pollution on Health, Economy,. in the more polluted cities had a higher risk of hospitalization and early death from pulmonary and heart The Impact of Air Pollution on Health, Economy, Environment and Agricultural Sources. endocrinological, and cancer hazards, among others in multiple animal species. There is no reason to expect, in general, The Impact of Air Pollution on Health, Economy, Environment and Agricultural Sources