HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY – ISSUES, DETERMINATION AND APPLICATIONS Edited by Lakshmanan Elango Hydraulic Conductivity – Issues, Determination and Applications Edited by Lakshmanan Elango Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Mirna Cvijic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright Arvind Balaraman, 2011. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published October, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Hydraulic Conductivity – Issues, Determination and Applications, Edited by Lakshmanan Elango p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-288-3 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Hydraulic Conductivity and Its Importance 1 Chapter 1 Role of Hydraulic Conductivity on Surface and Groundwater Interaction in Wetlands 3 Cevza Melek Kazezyılmaz-Alhan Chapter 2 Dynamics of Hydraulic Properties of Puddled Soils 29 K. B. Singh Chapter 3 Variation in Hydraulic Conductivity by the Mobility of Heavy Metals in a Compacted Residual Soil 49 Rejane Nascentes, Izabel Christina Duarte de Azevedo and Ernani Lopes Possato Chapter 4 Evaluation of Cover Systems for the Remediation of Mineral Wastes 73 Francis D. Udoh Part 2 Hydraulic Conductivity and Plant Systems 83 Chapter 5 Plant and Soil as Hydraulic Systems 85 Mirela Tulik and Katarzyna Marciszewska Chapter 6 Plant Hydraulic Conductivity: The Aquaporins Contribution 103 María del Carmen Martínez-Ballesta, María del Carmen Rodríguez-Hernández, Carlos Alcaraz-López, César Mota-Cadenas, Beatriz Muries and Micaela Carvajal Chapter 7 Impacts of Wildfire Severity on Hydraulic Conductivity in Forest, Woodland, and Grassland Soils 123 Daniel G. Neary VI Contents Part 3 Determination by Mathematical and Laboratory Methods 143 Chapter 8 Estimating Hydraulic Conductivity Using Pedotransfer Functions 145 Ali Rasoulzadeh Chapter 9 Determination of Hydraulic Conductivity Based on (Soil) - Moisture Content of Fine Grained Soils 165 Rainer Schuhmann, Franz Königer, Katja Emmerich, Eduard Stefanescu and Markus Stacheder Chapter 10 Determining Hydraulic Conductivity from Soil Characteristics with Applications for Modelling Stream Discharge in Forest Catchments 189 Marie-France Jutras and Paul A. Arp Chapter 11 Analytical and Numerical Solutions of Richards' Equation with Discussions on Relative Hydraulic Conductivity 203 Fred T. Tracy Part 4 Determination by Field Techniques 223 Chapter 12 Instrumentation for Measurement of Laboratory and In-Situ Soil Hydraulic Conductivity Properties 225 Jose Antonio Gutierrez Gnecchi, Alberto Gómez-Tagle (Jr), Philippe Lobit, Adriana Téllez Anguiano, Arturo Méndez Patiño, Gerardo Marx Chávez Campos and Fernando Landeros Paramo Chapter 13 Contribution of Tracers for Understanding the Hydrodynamics of Karstic Aquifers Crossed by Allogenic Rivers, Spain 247 Rafael Segovia Rosales, Eugenio Sanz Pérez and Ignacio Menéndez Pidal Chapter 14 Estimating Hydraulic Conductivity of Highly Disturbed Clastic Rocks in Taiwan 267 Cheng-Yu Ku and Shih-Meng Hsu Chapter 15 Field Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Rocks 285 Maria Clementina Caputo and Lorenzo De Carlo Chapter 16 Electrokinetic Techniques for the Determination of Hydraulic Conductivity 307 Laurence Jouniaux Chapter 17 Contribution of Seismic and Acoustic Methods to Reservoir Model Building 329 Jean Luc Mari and Frederick Delay Contents VII Part 5 Modelling and Hydraulic Conductivity 355 Chapter 18 Effects of Model Layer Simplification Using Composite Hydraulic Properties 357 Nicasio Sepúlveda and Eve L. Kuniansky Chapter 19 The Role of Hydraulic Conductivity in Modeling the Movement of Water and Solutes in Soil Under Drip Irrigation 377 René Chipana Rivera Chapter 20 Simulation of Water and Contaminant Transport Through Vadose Zone - Redistribution System 395 Thidarat Bunsri, Muttucumaru Sivakumar and Dharmappa Hagare Chapter 21 Measurement and Modeling of Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity 419 Kim S. Perkins Preface Hydraulic conductivity is the most important property of geological formations as the flow of fluids and movement of solutes depend on it. Among fluids, water and contaminant migration beneath, the ground surface have become critical for water resource development, agriculture, site restoration and waste disposal strategies. Furthermore, planning of regional water supply schemes based on groundwater pumping and numerical groundwater flow modelling depend on hydraulic conductivity for accurate prediction of future groundwater availability, well performance, predicting groundwater decline, effect of rainfall variability etc.,. Although valuable, hydraulic conductivity measurements are expensive to run and labor-intensive to compile and evaluate for larger spatial coverage. There are several books on broad aspects of hydrogeology, groundwater hydrology and geohydrology, which do not discuss in detail on the intrigues of hydraulic conductivity elaborately. However, this book on Hydraulic Conductivity presents comprehensive reviews of new measurements and numerical techniques for estimating hydraulic conductivity. This is achieved by the chapters written by various experts in this field into a number of clustered themes covering different aspects of hydraulic conductivity. The sections in the book are: Hydraulic Conductivity and Its Importance, Hydraulic Conductivity and Plant Systems, Determination by mathematical and Laboratory Methods, Determination by Field Techniques and Modelling and Hydraulic Conductivity. Each of these sections of the book includes chapters highlighting the salient aspects and explain the facts with the help of some case studies. Thus this book has a good mix of chapters dealing with various and vital aspects of hydraulic conductivity from various authors of different countries. I am sure that these thought provoking chapters will benefit young researchers and lead to better understanding of concepts, measurement techniques and applications of hydraulic conductivity. I thank the authors of all the chapters from all over the world for their cooperation and support during the editorial process. The efforts of Intech- Open access publisher in bringing out this book needs a special appreciation as the content of this book is available online and accessible to diverse researchers across the world. This will benefit the young researchers and students to a large extent. Special X Preface thanks are due to Ms. Mirna Cvijic, Publishing Process Manager of InTech - Open Access Publisher, for her continued assistance which helped in the publication of this book. I thank Ms. S. Parimala Renganayaki and Ms. L. Kalpana, Research Fellows of Anna University, Chennai, India, for assisting me in reviewing some chapters of this book. I also thank Ms. K. Brindha, Research Fellow, Anna University for her support in reviewing and editing this book. I hope that you will find this book interesting and perhaps even adopt some of these methods for use in your own research activities. Lakshmanan Elango Professor Department of Geology Anna University Chennai (Madras) India [...]... which allows for altering the water level in the stream and wetlands 14 Hydraulic Conductivity – Issues, Determination and Applications Fig 5 (A) Boundary of Duke University and wetland site (B) Restored wetland and stream site at Sandy Creek in Duke Forest (Duke Wetland Center) Contour lines (shown with yellow color) are shown at 30 cm The stream and lake restoration areas are shown with blue color... water on wetland section W4 with surface and groundwater interaction and with no surface and groundwater interaction (A) Kx=Kz=0.01 m/hr, (B) Kx=0.01 m/hr and Kz=0.001 m/hr, (C) Kx=0.1 m/hr and Kz=0.01 m/hr, (D) Kx=Kz=0.001 m/hr 18 Hydraulic Conductivity – Issues, Determination and Applications value of about 0.5 mg/l for both with interaction and no interaction Thus, the vertical hydraulic conductivity. .. wetland-aquifer system 3.3 Case study using EPA SWMM An application of EPA SWMM is presented for Büyükçekmece wetland site located in Istanbul, Turkey The model is simulated to show the influence of surface and groundwater 20 Hydraulic Conductivity – Issues, Determination and Applications interactions on groundwater depth and flow and surface runoff concentration and the role of lateral and vertical hydraulic. .. interaction effect included and with no interaction effect included for each combination of lateral and vertical hydraulic 22 Hydraulic Conductivity – Issues, Determination and Applications conductivity value This difference is greater in the rising part with the lowest conductivity values Kx=Kz = 0.001 m/hr and in the descending part with the highest conductivity values Kx= 0.1 m/hr and Kz = 0.01 m/hr Thus,... the role of hydraulic conductivity on surface and groundwater interactions in wetlands is discussed Both wetland hydrology and wetland water quality are Role of Hydraulic Conductivity on Surface and Groundwater Interaction in Wetlands 5 investigated and particularly, the behavior of surface water and groundwater depths and the flux between surface water and groundwater are observed For this purpose,... change in landscape slope (Figure 1A), or if there is a stream near the wetland location (Figure 1B) Water level in wetlands is changed usually by direct precipitation or runoff Especially in riverine wetlands, water level changes 4 Hydraulic Conductivity – Issues, Determination and Applications periodically and very often, since its source comes from rivers Due to this fact, this type of wetland has... University wetland site (Kazezyılmaz-Alhan et al, 2007) Maps shown are not to scale 3.1.1 Results and discussion The WETSAND model has been applied to the Duke University restored wetland site to investigate the role of lateral and vertical hydraulic conductivity on surface and Role of Hydraulic Conductivity on Surface and Groundwater Interaction in Wetlands 15 groundwater interactions in terms of wetland hydrology... lateral and vertical hydraulic conductivity values Moreover, we observe different concentration curves for the cases with interaction effect and with no interaction effect Thus, we conclude that hydraulic conductivity affects both the concentration curve and the arrival time of the peak concentration of the pollutants in the surface runoff significantly 24 Hydraulic Conductivity – Issues, Determination and. .. its hydraulic/ hydrologic characteristics The water and chemical balances determine the principal characteristics and functions of wetlands Wetlands are very sensitive to changing hydrological conditions Since interactions between wetland and groundwater affect the water and chemical balances, it is important to include these interactions into the wetland models Seepage face Land Profile Wetland Wetland... concentration on wetland section W4 again for the same set of lateral and vertical hydraulic conductivity values with surface and groundwater interaction and with no surface and groundwater interaction When Figure 8B and 8D are compared, we observe that high lateral hydraulic conductivity value in Figure 8B (Kx = 0.01 m/hr) results in higher difference between the concentration with interaction and with no . HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY – ISSUES, DETERMINATION AND APPLICATIONS Edited by Lakshmanan Elango Hydraulic Conductivity – Issues, Determination and Applications. aspects of hydraulic conductivity. The sections in the book are: Hydraulic Conductivity and Its Importance, Hydraulic Conductivity and Plant Systems, Determination by mathematical and Laboratory. role of hydraulic conductivity on surface and groundwater interactions in wetlands is discussed. Both wetland hydrology and wetland water quality are Water Table Wetland Break in slope Land Profile A