Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Exposure Science in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy Exposure Science in the 21st Century: A Vision and A Strategy Committee on Human and Environmental Exposure Science in the 21st Century Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology Division on Earth and Life Studies Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Exposure Science in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This project was supported by Contract EP-C-09-003 between the National Academy of Sciences and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for this project. Additional copies of this report are available for sale from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Keck 360, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313; http://www.nap.edu/. Copyright 2012 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN 978-0-309-26468-6 Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Exposure Science in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. www.national-academies.org Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Exposure Science in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Exposure Science in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy C OMMITTEE ON H UMAN AND E NVIRONMENTAL E XPOSURE S CIENCE IN THE 21 ST C ENTURY Members K IRK R. S MITH (Chair), University of California, Berkeley, CA P AUL J. L IOY (Vice Chair), University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ T INA B AHADORI , American Chemistry Council, Washington, DC (resigned March 2012) T IMOTHY B UCKLEY , Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (resigned May 2012) R ICHARD T. D I G IULIO , Duke University, Durham, NC J. P AUL G ILMAN , Covanta Energy Corporation, Fairfield, NJ M ICHAEL J ERRETT , University of California, Berkeley, CA D EAN J ONES , Emory University, Atlanta, GA (resigned June 2012) P ETROS K OUTRAKIS , Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA T HOMAS E. M C K ONE , University of California, Berkeley, CA J AMES T. O RIS , Miami University, Oxford, OH A MANDA D. R ODEWALD , Ohio State University, Columbus, OH S USAN L. S ANTOS , University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ R ICHARD S HARP , Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH G INA S OLOMON , California Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, CA J USTIN G. T EEGUARDEN , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA D UNCAN C. T HOMAS , University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA T HOMAS G. T HUNDAT , University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada S ACOBY M. W ILSON , University of Maryland, College Park, MD Staff E ILEEN N . A BT , Project Director K EEGAN S AWYER , Program Officer (through September 2011) K ERI S CHAFFER , Research Associate N ORMAN G ROSSBLATT , Senior Editor M IRSADA KARALIC - LONCAREVIC , Manager, Technical Information Center R ADIAH R OSE , Manager, Editorial Projects O RIN L UKE , Senior Program Assistant (through June 2011) T AMARA D AWSON , Program Associate Sponsor U.S. E NVIRONMENTAL P ROTECTION A GENCY N ATIONAL I NSTITUTE OF E NVIRONMENTAL H EALTH S CIENCES Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Exposure Science in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy B OARD ON E NVIRONMENTAL S TUDIES AND T OXICOLOGY Members R OGENE F. H ENDERSON (Chair), Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM P RAVEEN A MAR , Clean Air Task Force, Boston, MA M ICHAEL J. B RADLEY , M.J. Bradley & Associates, Concord, MA J ONATHAN Z. C ANNON , University of Virginia, Charlottesville G AIL C HARNLEY , HealthRisk Strategies, Washington, DC F RANK W. D AVIS , University of California, Santa Barbara R ICHARD A. D ENISON , Environmental Defense Fund, Washington, DC C HARLES T. D RISCOLL , J R ., Syracuse University, New York H. C HRISTOPHER F REY , North Carolina State University, Raleigh R ICHARD M. G OLD , Holland & Knight, LLP, Washington, DC L YNN R. G OLDMAN , George Washington University, Washington, DC L INDA E. G REER , Natural Resources Defense Council, Washington, DC W ILLIAM E. H ALPERIN , University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark P HILIP K. H OPKE , Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY H OWARD H U , University of Michigan, Ann Arbor S AMUEL K ACEW , University of Ottawa, Ontario R OGER E. K ASPERSON , Clark University, Worcester, MA T HOMAS E. M C K ONE , University of California, Berkeley T ERRY L. M EDLEY , E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Wilmington, DE J ANA M ILFORD , University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder F RANK O’D ONNELL , Clean Air Watch, Washington, DC R ICHARD L. P OIROT , Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation, Waterbury K ATHRYN G. S ESSIONS , Health and Environmental Funders Network, Bethesda, MD J OYCE S. T SUJI , Exponent Environmental Group, Bellevue, WA Senior Staff J AMES J. R EISA , Director D AVID J. P OLICANSKY , Scholar R AYMOND A. W ASSEL , Senior Program Officer for Environmental Studies E LLEN K. M ANTUS , Senior Program Officer for Risk Analysis S USAN N.J. M ARTEL , Senior Program Officer for Toxicology E ILEEN N. A BT , Senior Program Officer M IRSADA K ARALIC -L ONCAREVIC , Manager, Technical Information Center R ADIAH R OSE , Manager, Editorial Projects Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Exposure Science in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy O THER R EPORTS OF THE B OARD ON E NVIRONMENTAL S TUDIES AND T OXICOLOGY A Research Strategy for Environmental, Health, and Safety Aspects of Engineered Nanomaterials (2012) Macondo Well–Deepwater Horizon Blowout: Lessons for Improving Offshore Drilling Safety (2012) Feasibility of Using Mycoherbicides for Controlling Illicit Drug Crops (2011) Improving Health in the United States: The Role of Health Impact Assessment (2011) A Risk-Characterization Framework for Decision-Making at the Food and Drug Administration (2011) Review of the Environmental Protection Agency’s Draft IRIS Assessment of Formaldehyde (2011) Toxicity-Pathway-Based Risk Assessment: Preparing for Paradigm Change (2010) The Use of Title 42 Authority at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2010) Review of the Environmental Protection Agency’s Draft IRIS Assessment of Tetrachloroethylene (2010) Hidden Costs of Energy: Unpriced Consequences of Energy Production and Use (2009) Contaminated Water Supplies at Camp Lejeune—Assessing Potential Health Effects (2009) Review of the Federal Strategy for Nanotechnology-Related Environmental, Health, and Safety Research (2009) Science and Decisions: Advancing Risk Assessment (2009) Phthalates and Cumulative Risk Assessment: The Tasks Ahead (2008) Estimating Mortality Risk Reduction and Economic Benefits from Controlling Ozone Air Pollution (2008) Respiratory Diseases Research at NIOSH (2008) Evaluating Research Efficiency in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2008) Hydrology, Ecology, and Fishes of the Klamath River Basin (2008) Applications of Toxicogenomic Technologies to Predictive Toxicology and Risk Assessment (2007) Models in Environmental Regulatory Decision Making (2007) Toxicity Testing in the Twenty-first Century: A Vision and a Strategy (2007) Sediment Dredging at Superfund Megasites: Assessing the Effectiveness (2007) Environmental Impacts of Wind-Energy Projects (2007) Scientific Review of the Proposed Risk Assessment Bulletin from the Office of Management and Budget (2007) Assessing the Human Health Risks of Trichloroethylene: Key Scientific Issues (2006) New Source Review for Stationary Sources of Air Pollution (2006) Human Biomonitoring for Environmental Chemicals (2006) Health Risks from Dioxin and Related Compounds: Evaluation of the EPA Reassessment (2006) Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA’s Standards (2006) State and Federal Standards for Mobile-Source Emissions (2006) Superfund and Mining Megasites—Lessons from the Coeur d’Alene River Basin (2005) Health Implications of Perchlorate Ingestion (2005) Air Quality Management in the United States (2004) Endangered and Threatened Species of the Platte River (2004) Atlantic Salmon in Maine (2004) Endangered and Threatened Fishes in the Klamath River Basin (2004) Cumulative Environmental Effects of Alaska North Slope Oil and Gas Development (2003) Estimating the Public Health Benefits of Proposed Air Pollution Regulations (2002) Biosolids Applied to Land: Advancing Standards and Practices (2002) The Airliner Cabin Environment and Health of Passengers and Crew (2002) Arsenic in Drinking Water: 2001 Update (2001) Evaluating Vehicle Emissions Inspection and Maintenance Programs (2001) Compensating for Wetland Losses Under the Clean Water Act (2001) A Risk-Management Strategy for PCB-Contaminated Sediments (2001) Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Exposure Science in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals (twelve volumes, 2000-2012) Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury (2000) Strengthening Science at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2000) Scientific Frontiers in Developmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment (2000) Ecological Indicators for the Nation (2000) Waste Incineration and Public Health (2000) Hormonally Active Agents in the Environment (1999) Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter (four volumes, 1998-2004) The National Research Council’s Committee on Toxicology: The First 50 Years (1997) Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens in the Human Diet (1996) Upstream: Salmon and Society in the Pacific Northwest (1996) Science and the Endangered Species Act (1995) Wetlands: Characteristics and Boundaries (1995) Biologic Markers (five volumes, 1989-1995) Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment (1994) Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children (1993) Dolphins and the Tuna Industry (1992) Science and the National Parks (1992) Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants (1991) Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution (1991) Decline of the Sea Turtles (1990) Copies of these reports may be ordered from the National Academies Press (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 www.nap.edu Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Exposure Science in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy ix Preface Over the last decade, advances in tools and technologies—sensor systems, analytic methods, molecular technologies, computational tools, and bioinformatics—have provided opportunities for improving the collection of exposure-science information leading to the potential for better human health and ecosystem protection. Recognizing the need for a prospective examination of exposure science, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences asked the National Research Council to perform an independent study to develop a long-range vision and a strategy for implementing the vision over the next 20 years. In this report, the Committee on Human and Environmental Exposure Science in the 21st Century presents a conceptual framework for exposure science and a vision for advancing exposure science in the 21st century. The committee describes scientific and technologic advances needed to support the vision and concludes with a discussion of the elements needed to realize it, including research and tool development, transagency coordination, education, and engagement of a broader stakeholder community. This report has been reviewed in draft form by persons chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council Report Review Committee. The purpose of the independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards of objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We thank the following for their review of this report: Philip Landrigan, Mount Sinai School of Medicine; Jonathan Levy, Boston University School of Public Health; Rachel Morello-Frosch, University of California, Berkeley; Michael Newman, College of William & Mary; John Nuckols, JRN & Associates Environmental Health Sciences; Sean Philpott, Union Graduate College; Stephen Rappaport, University of California, Berkeley; Lawrence Reiter, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (retired); Joyce Tsuji, Exponent; Mark Utell, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry; Craig Williamson, Miam University; Edward Zellers, University of Michigan. Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations, nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of the report was overseen by the review coordinator, Joseph V. Rodricks, ENVIRON, and the review monitor, Michael F. Goodchild, University of California, Santa Barbara. Appointed by the National Research Council, they were responsible for making certain that an independent examination of the report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of the report rests entirely with the committee and the institution. The committee gratefully acknowledges the following for making presentations to the committee: Steven Bradbury, Helen Dawson, Sumit Gangwal, Elaine Cohen Hubal, Bryan Hubbell, Edward Ohanian, Lawrence Reiter (retired), Rita Schoeny, and Linda Sheldon, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Harry Cullings, Radiation Effects Research Foundation; Michael Dellarco, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; Otto Hänninen and Matti Jantunen, Finland National Institute of Health and Welfare; Aubrey Miller, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; Chris Portier, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; and Craig Postlewaite, U.S. Department of Defense. [...]... Science in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy Summary Models and Information-Management Tools Models and information-management tools are critical for interpreting and managing the quantities of data being generated with the expanding technologies For example, satellite imaging and personal monitoring techniques are generating enormous quantities of spatiotemporal data and information on people’s... Ecologic Exposure Assessment, 97 Copyright © National Academy of Sciences All rights reserved Exposure Science in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy Copyright © National Academy of Sciences All rights reserved Exposure Science in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy EXPOSURE SCIENCE IN THE 21ST CENTURY: A VISION AND A STRATEGY Copyright © National Academy of Sciences All rights reserved Exposure. .. Exposure Science in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy Copyright © National Academy of Sciences All rights reserved Exposure Science in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy Summary We are exposed every day to agents that have the potential to affect our health—through the personal products we use, the water we drink, the food we eat, the soil and surfaces we touch, and the air we breathe Exposure. .. National Academy of Sciences All rights reserved Exposure Science in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy Exposure Science in the 21st Century: A Vision and A Strategy The vision, the “eco-exposome”, is defined as the extension of exposure science from the point of contact between stressor and receptor inward into the organism and outward to the general environment, including the ecosphere Adoption... of Sciences All rights reserved Exposure Science in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy Exposure Science in the 21st Century: A Vision and A Strategy biologic, and physical stressors over years or decades Market demands also require the identification and control of exposures resulting from the manufacture, distribution, and sale of products Societal demands for exposure data arise from the aspirations... measured as concentrations Copyright © National Academy of Sciences All rights reserved Exposure Science in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy Exposure Science in the 21st Century: A Vision and A Strategy SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGIC ADVANCES Innovations in science and technology enable advances to be made in exposure science Numerous state-of -the- art methods and technologies measure exposures,... despite inevitable data gaps REALIZING THE VISION The demand for exposure information, coupled with the development of tools and approaches for collecting and analyzing such data, has created an opportunity to transform exposure science to advance 10 Prepublication Copy Copyright © National Academy of Sciences All rights reserved Exposure Science in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy Summary human... modeling data has provided information on exposure exceedances of threatened and endangered species associated with environmental contaminants Web-based GIS increasingly serves as a tool for educating and empowering communities to understand and manage environmental exposures Copyright © National Academy of Sciences All rights reserved Exposure Science in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy Summary... agencies—such as the U.S Geological Survey, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the National Science Foundation (NSF), and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration—to promote greater access to and sharing of data and resources on a broader scale Including them would provide access to resources for transformative technology innovations,... liver damage in fish (Myers et al 2003) 16 Prepublication Copy Copyright © National Academy of Sciences All rights reserved Exposure Science in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy Introduction Exposure science has applications in industrial, military, commercial, and global contexts It is central to tracking chemicals and other agents that are introduced into global commerce at increasing rates, . Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Exposure Science in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy Exposure Science in the 21st Century: A Vision and A Strategy . reserved. Exposure Science in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy Exposure Science in the 21st Century: A Vision and A Strategy biologic, and physical stressors over years or decades. Market. of California, Santa Barbara. Appointed by the National Research Council, they were responsible for making certain that an independent examination of the report was carried out in accordance