16 June 2009 Joint Intelligence Preparation of the Operational Environment Joint Publication 2-01.3 PREFACE 1. Scope This publication provides doctrine for conducting joint intelligence preparation of the operational environment. It describes the process in which the adversary and other relevant aspects of the operational environment are analyzed to identify possible adversary courses of action and to support joint operation planning, execution, and assessment. 2. Purpose This publication has been prepared under the direction of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. It sets forth joint doctrine to govern the activities and performance of the Armed Forces of the United States in joint operations and provides the doctrinal basis for interagency coordination and for US military involvement in multinational operations. It provides military guidance for the exercise of authority by combatant commanders and other joint force commanders (JFCs) and prescribes joint doctrine for operations, education, and training. It provides military guidance for use by the Armed Forces in preparing their appropriate plans. It is not the intent of this publication to restrict the authority of the JFC from organizing the force and executing the mission in a manner the JFC deems most appropriate to ensure unity of effort in the accomplishment of the overall objective. 3. Application a. Joint doctrine established in this publication applies to the joint staff, commanders of combatant commands, subunified commands, joint task forces, subordinate components of these commands, and the Services. b. The guidance in this publication is authoritative; as such, this doctrine will be followed except when, in the judgment of the commander, exceptional circumstances dictate otherwise. If conflicts arise between the contents of this publication and the contents of Service publications, this publication will take precedence unless the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, normally in coordination with the other members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, has provided more current and specific guidance. Commanders of forces operating as part of a multinational (alliance or coalition) military command should follow multinational doctrine and procedures ratified by the United i Preface ii JP 2-01.3 States. For doctrine and procedures not ratified by the United States, commanders should evaluate and follow the multinational command’s doctrine and procedures, where applicable and consistent with US law, regulations, and doctrine. For the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: B. E. GROOMS RDML, USN Vice Director, Joint Staff SUMMARY OF CHANGES REVISION OF JOINT PUBLICATION 2-01.3 DATED 24 MAY 2000 iii • Provides guidance regarding the establishment, composition, and responsibilities of a joint intelligence preparation of the operational environment (JIPOE) coordination cell at the joint force level. • Emphasizes the need for analyzing relevant political, military, economic, social, information, and infrastructure variables to help describe the impact of the operational environment on mission accomplishment. • Establishes a methodology for node-link analysis to support development of a systems perspective of the operational environment. • Explains how JIPOE products and procedures support joint force operation planning, execution, and assessment. • Describes the JIPOE responsibilities of joint force staff organizations and national intelligence liaison personnel. • Discusses special considerations for conducting JIPOE in support of stability operations and irregular warfare, and to counter adversary use of asymmetric approaches. • Utilizes historical case studies to illustrate JIPOE processes during both traditional and irregular warfare. • Promulgates new definitions for “adversary template,” “adversary capabilities,” and “sociocultural factors.” Summary of Changes iv JP 2-01.3 Intentionally Blank TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xi CHAPTER I AN OVERVIEW OF JOINT INTELLIGENCE PREPARATION OF THE OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT • Introduction I-1 • The Operational Environment – A Holistic View I-2 • Differences Between Joint Intelligence Preparation of the Operational Environment and Intelligence Preparation of the Battlespace I-4 • Significance to the Joint Intelligence Process I-5 • Organizations, Roles, and Responsibilities I-9 • Interagency and Multinational Considerations I-16 • Joint Intelligence Preparation of the Operational Environment Relationship to the Levels of War I-17 • Considerations Across the Range of Military Operations I-20 CHAPTER II THE PROCESS FOR JOINT INTELLIGENCE PREPARATION OF THE OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT • Introduction II-1 SECTION A. DEFINING THE OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT II-2 • Overview II-2 • Identifying the Joint Force’s Operational Area II-3 • Analyzing the Mission and Joint Force Commander’s Intent II-4 • Determining the Significant Characteristics of the Operational Environment II-4 • Establishing the Limits of the Joint Force’s Area of Interest II-5 • Determining the Level of Detail Required and Feasible within the Time Available II-7 • Determining Intelligence Gaps, Shortfalls, and Priorities II-8 • Submitting Requests for Information to Support Further Analysis II-8 SECTION B. DESCRIBING THE IMPACT OF THE OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT II-9 • Overview II-9 • Developing a Geospatial Perspective of the Operational Environment II-10 • Developing a Systems Perspective of the Operational Environment II-44 • Describing the Impact of the Operational Environment on Adversary and Friendly Capabilities and Broad Courses of Action II-54 v Table of Contents SECTION C. EVALUATING THE ADVERSARY II-55 • Overview II-55 • Updating or Creating Adversary Models II-56 • Determining the Current Adversary Situation II-62 • Identifying Adversary Capabilities and Vulnerabilities II-64 • Identifying Adversary Centers of Gravity and Decisive Points II-65 SECTION D. DETERMINING ADVERSARY COURSES OF ACTION II-68 • Overview II-68 • Identifying the Adversary’s Likely Objectives and Desired End State II-69 • Identifying the Full Set of Adversary Courses of Action II-70 • Evaluating and Prioritizing Each Course of Action II-71 • Developing Each Course of Action in the Amount of Detail that Time Allows II-73 • Identifying Initial Collection Requirements II-77 CHAPTER III SUPPORT TO JOINT OPERATION PLANNING, EXECUTION, AND ASSESSMENT • Introduction III-1 SECTION A. PLANNING III-1 • Overview III-1 • Initiation III-4 • Mission Analysis III-4 • Course of Action Development III-5 • Course of Action Analysis and Wargaming III-5 • Course of Action Comparison III-9 • Course of Action Approval III-9 • Plan or Order Development III-10 SECTION B. EXECUTION III-11 • Overview III-11 • Shape Phase III-13 • Deter Phase III-14 • Seize Initiative Phase III-14 • Dominate Phase III-15 • Stabilize Phase III-15 • Enable Civil Authority Phase III-16 SECTION C. ASSESSMENT III-16 • Overview III-16 • Assessment Process III-17 vi JP 2-01.3 Table of Contents • Support to Assessing Performance III-18 • Support to Assessing Effectiveness III-19 CHAPTER IV SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS • Introduction IV-1 SECTION A. SUPPORT DURING STABILITY OPERATIONS AND IRREGULAR WARFARE IV-1 • Overview IV-1 • Increased Emphasis on Sociocultural Factors IV-2 • Increased Importance of Infrastructure Analysis IV-8 • Heavier Emphasis on Detailed Knowledge IV-8 • Increased Need for Collaboration and Information Sharing IV-11 • Focused Process and Tailored Products IV-11 SECTION B. COUNTERING ASYMMETRIC APPROACHES IV-15 • Overview IV-15 • Adversary Measures to Avoid Detection IV-15 • Adversary Use of Information Operations IV-19 • Terrorism IV-21 • Insurgency IV-22 • Actual or Threatened Use of Weapons of Mass Destruction IV-25 • Theater Missiles IV-27 APPENDIX A The Leyte Campaign – A Case Study of Support to Major Operations and Campaigns A-1 B Somalia 1992-1993 – A Case Study of Support to Stability Operations and Irregular Warfare B-1 C Analyzing and Depicting a System C-1 D Specialized Products D-1 E References E-1 F Administrative Instructions F-1 GLOSSARY Part I Abbreviations and Acronyms GL-1 Part II Terms and Definitions GL-4 FIGURE I-1 Holistic View of the Operational Environment I-3 I-2 A Synergistic Integration of Perspectives I-5 vii Table of Contents I-3 The Intelligence Process I-6 I-4 Joint Intelligence Preparation of the Operational Environment and the Intelligence Estimate I-8 I-5 Joint Intelligence Preparation of the Operational Environment Coordination Cell I-13 II-1 Joint Intelligence Preparation of the Operational Environment – The Process II-1 II-2 Joint Intelligence Preparation of the Operational Environment - Step One II-2 II-3 Joint Intelligence Preparation of the Operational Environment - Step Two II-9 II-4 Constructing a Combined Obstacle Overlay II-12 II-5 Mobility Corridors Grouped to Form Avenues of Approach II-15 II-6 Land Modified Combined Obstacle Overlay II-17 II-7 Maritime Modified Combined Obstacle Overlay II-21 II-8 Air Modified Combined Obstacle Overlay II-25 II-9 Space Modified Combined Obstacle Overlay II-28 II-10 Impact of the Information Environment on Military Operations II-29 II-11 Combined Information Overlay II-33 II-12 Information System Vulnerability Assessment Matrix II-34 II-13 Electromagnetic Modified Combined Obstacle Overlay II-37 II-14 Potential Interference Chart II-38 II-15 Effects of Weather on Military Operations II-41 II-16 Systems Perspective of the Operational Environment II-45 II-17 Systems Nodes and Links II-46 II-18 The Breadth and Depth of a Systems Perspective II-49 II-19 Example of a Network Analysis Diagram II-51 II-20 Measures of Node Centrality II-52 II-21 Joint Intelligence Preparation of the Operational Environment – Step Three II-55 II-22 Ground and Air Adversary Template II-57 II-23 Naval Adversary Template II-58 II-24 Systems Perspective Adversary Template II-59 II-25 Time Event Matrix II-61 II-26 Target Value Matrix II-63 II-27 Characteristics of Centers of Gravity II-66 II-28 Analyzing Critical Factors II-67 II-29 Joint Intelligence Preparation of the Operational Environment – Step Four II-69 II-30 Constructing a Situation Template II-74 II-31 Geospatial Situation Template II-75 II-32 Systems Situation Template II-76 II-33 Situation Matrix II-77 II-34 Constructing an Event Template II-78 II-35 Event Template II-79 II-36 Constructing an Event Matrix II-80 viii JP 2-01.3 Table of Contents II-37 Event Matrix II-81 III-1 Support to Joint Operation Planning III-2 III-2 Decision Support Template III-8 III-3 Intelligence Synchronization Matrix III-11 III-4 Support to Joint Operation Execution III-12 III-5 Assessment Levels and Measures III-17 IV-1 Mapping Human Factors IV-10 IV-2 Support to Countering Asymmetric Approaches IV-16 A-1 Pacific Theater Situation September 1944 A-1 A-2 Modified Combined Obstacle Overlay for Philippines A-4 A-3 Modified Combined Obstacle Overlay for Leyte A-5 A-4 Japanese Force Situation October 1944 A-7 A-5 Situation Template for Course of Action 1 (Defense of Leyte) A-8 A-6 Situation Template for Course of Action 2 (Reinforcement of Leyte) A-9 A-7 Situation Template for Course of Action 3 (Decisive Attack) A-10 A-8 Situation Template for Course of Action 4 (Withdrawal from Leyte) A-11 A-9 Japanese Course of Action Matrix A-12 A-10 Leyte Event Template A-14 A-11 Leyte Event Matrix A-15 A-12 Leyte Gulf Situation October 1944 A-16 B-1 Internally Displaced Persons Camp Locations B-3 B-2 Somalia/United States Size Comparison B-4 B-3 Southern Somalia Road Infrastructure B-6 B-4 Mogadishu Port B-7 B-5 Airfields and Ports B-9 B-6 Somalia Seasons B-10 B-7 Somali Clan Structure B-12 B-8 Consolidated Systems Overlay B-13 B-9 Somali Warring Factions B-14 B-10 Systems Perspective Adversary Template B-16 B-11 Map of Mogadishu B-17 B-12 Mogadishu Land Use Overlay B-17 B-13 Mogadishu Faction Control Overlay B-18 B-14 Mogadishu Transportation Overlay B-18 B-15 Mogadishu Information Environment Overlay B-19 B-16 Mogadishu International Presence Overlay B-19 B-17 Center of Gravity Analysis B-20 B-18 Adversary Potential Courses of Action B-21 B-19 Systems Situation Template for Course of Action One - Militias Acquiesce B-23 B-20 System Situation Template for Course of Action Two - Some Militias Oppose B-24 B-21 Systems Situation Template for Course of Action Three - Widespread Civil War B-25 B-22 Systems Situation Template for Course of Action Four - Islamic Jihad B-26 ix [...]... those assumptions Describing the impact of the operational environment enables evaluation of that environment from the adversary’s perspective, and expresses it in terms of a prioritized set of likely adversary military COAs In the second step of the JIPOE process, describe the impact of the operational environment, the joint force evaluates the impact of the operational environment on adversary, friendly,... order to maximize surprise The Joint Intelligence Preparation of the Operational Environment Process The JIPOE process defining the operational environment, describing the impact of the operational environment, evaluating the adversary, and determining adversary COAs - provides a disciplined methodology for applying a holistic view of the operational environment to the analysis of adversary capability... Overview The purpose of joint intelligence preparation of the operational environment (JIPOE) is to support the joint force commander (JFC) by determining the adversary’s probable intent and most likely courses of action (COAs) for countering the overall friendly joint mission Joint intelligence preparation of the operational environment (JIPOE) is the analytical process used by joint intelligence organizations... conduct of JIPOE in relation to the levels of war and across the range of military operations xxxi Executive Summary Intentionally Blank xxxii JP 2-01.3 CHAPTER I AN OVERVIEW OF JOINT INTELLIGENCE PREPARATION OF THE OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT “Nothing is more worthy of the attention of a good general than the endeavor to penetrate the designs of the enemy.” Machiavelli Discourses, 1517 1 Introduction Joint intelligence. .. each of the categories of intelligence dynamic process that both supports and is supported by operations that comprise the intelligence process the intelligence process In the category of intelligence planning and direction, the JIPOE process provides the basic data and assumptions regarding the adversary and other relevant aspects of the operational environment that help the JFC and staff identify intelligence. .. defining the command’s operational environment is critical to the outcome of the JIPOE process xvi The JIPOE process provides a disciplined methodology for applying a holistic view of the operational environment to the analysis of adversary capabilities and intentions This process consists of four basic steps that ensure the systematic analysis of all relevant aspects of the operational environment The. .. remains the same throughout the range of military operations In the first step of the JIPOE process, defining the operational environment, the joint force staff assists the JFC and component commanders in defining the operational environment by identifying those aspects and significant characteristics that may be relevant to the joint force’s mission Successfully defining the command’s operational environment. .. environment is critical to the outcome of the JIPOE process Failure to focus on the relevant characteristics of the operational environment leads to wasted time and effort To define the operational environment, there are seven elements In the first, you identify the joint force’s operational area JFCs may define operational areas to assist in the coordination and deconfliction of joint action Geographic... three, determine the significant characteristics of the operational environment, consists of a cursory examination of each aspect of the operational environment in order to identify those characteristics of possible significance or relevance to the joint force and its mission Element four is establish the limits of the joint force’s areas of interest The JFC and J-2 should identify and establish limits... affect other systems And element three is describe the impact of the operational environment on adversary and friendly capabilities and broad courses of action Evaluations of all the individual aspects of the operational environment and the systems perspective are ultimately combined into a single integrated assessment designed to support the development and evaluation of friendly joint COAs Likewise, the . Operational Environment and the Intelligence Estimate I-8 I-5 Joint Intelligence Preparation of the Operational Environment Coordination Cell I-13 II-1 Joint Intelligence Preparation of the Operational. Operational Environment – The Process II-1 II-2 Joint Intelligence Preparation of the Operational Environment - Step One II-2 II-3 Joint Intelligence Preparation of the Operational Environment. PREPARATION OF THE OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT • Introduction I-1 • The Operational Environment – A Holistic View I-2 • Differences Between Joint Intelligence Preparation of the Operational Environment