[...]... alteration of the government of Europe since the fifth century in the Militias Fletcher explained that the Goths, the Vandals, and other warlike nations who overran the western parts of the Roman empire introduced the following form of government into all the nations they subdued The general of the army became king of the conquered country, and he divided the lands among the great officers of his army... ‘place, office and pension’ The militia then gains independence from the king and his court, and plays a role as a balance against the king’s power Furthermore, instead of betraying the interest of their country to the court in the metropolis (London) to get ‘place, office and pension’, and of expending money there, ambitious politicians would stay in their own country to expend their money there, and... the right of succession, if it were necessary for the increase of its power He described this nature of the ‘reason of state’ in the Spain He, therefore, did not think any argument based on right effective against the ‘reason of state’ Sir George Mackenzie(1636–91) argued in his Institutions of the Law of Scotland (1684) that the location of sovereignty depended on who the original proprietors of the. .. been made increasingly difficult for professional historians of economic thought in the West to delve into details and particulars of the infant state of the science, mainly in the pre-Smithian stage of development Viewed in this light, the series of influential works directed to this very stage by Terence Hutchison, Andrew Skinner and Donald Winch ever since the 1960s and in particular in the 1980s... stay in the camp for one or two years when they reached the age of eighteen The objectives of the camp were to not only give military discipline to them, but also to cultivate their sense of honour, for it was the sense of honour that restrained private desires of humankind and led them to accomplishing public duties Furthermore, in the Account, the ‘reason of state’ would be redefined as pursuing commercial... Kings had their power and authority from them, as an office of trust, but not of property (Ridpath 1703: 3) 10 Shigemi Muramatsu The introduction of feudalism into Scotland, in his view, did not change the fact that the original proprietors of land were the Estates.1 On the contrary, Fletcher found ‘freedom’ in the government of the barbarian invaders of antiquity He traced the rise and alteration of. .. study of the political arithmetic in the Union controversy What significance, then, did political arithmetic have to them? According to Davenant, political arithmetic was the art of reasoning by figures, upon things relating to government’.4 The use of it was to provide statesmen with the knowledge of the exact posture’ of their own country, allies and enemies (Davenant 1698: 131) In other words, political. .. that the turning point in the genesis of Hume’s economic thought was his experience of a European tour that triggered a new departure in his thinking about the prime engine of modern civilized society As the occasion coincided with the publication of Montesquieu’s The Spirit of the Laws (L’Esprit des lois) in 1748, Hume developed his economic thought as an act of fundamental criticism of the climatic theory... nature of commercial civilization in the Account, not in these others According to the Account, the gravest evil of commercial civilization was that it caused a concentration of wealth and population, leading to the ‘corruption of manners’ and conflict among nations In other words, the content of the Account shows us that he was finally able to grasp the structural problems in the formation of a national... characteristic features of his criticism of the civilization and his plan for a European constitution In doing so, I shall begin with a brief discussion of the militia issue The Freedom of government and the militia system Since the union of crowns of 1603 the Parliament of Scotland had always been subordinated to the interests of England Some of those who thought that the subordination created Scotland’s . genuinely impressive, and almost overwhelming in the case of the last. Nevertheless very few of them are seriously concerned with the ques- tion of the rise and progress of political economy in the. in the Intellectual History of the Scottish Enlightenment and Transformation in the Science of Society: From Natural Law to Social Science. The Rise of Political Economy in the Scottish Enlightenment Routledge. for professional historians of economic thought in the West to delve into details and particulars of the infant state of the science, mainly in the pre-Smithian stage of development. Viewed in this