NOVELAPPROACHESAND THEIRAPPLICATIONSIN RISKASSESSMENT  EditedbyYuzhouLuo            Novel Approaches and Their Applications in Risk Assessment Edited by Yuzhou Luo Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Vana Persen Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published April, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Novel Approaches and Their Applications in Risk Assessment, Edited by Yuzhou Luo p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0519-0    Contents  Preface IX Section 1 Risk Assessment in Environmental and Ecosystem Quality 1 Chapter 1 A Practical Example of Risk Assessment – Risk Assessment to Phycotoxins in a Recreational Shellfish Harvester’s Subpopulation 3 Cyndie Picot and Alain-Claude Roudot Chapter 2 Spatial Cadmium Distribution in the Charente Watershed and Potential Risk Assessment for the Marennes Oleron Bay (Southwest France) 21 Coynel Alexandra, Khoury Alaa, Dutruch Lionel, Blanc Gérard, Bossy Cécile, Derriennic Hervé and Schäfer Jörg Chapter 3 Planning and Decision Support Tools for Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) on River Basin Level in the Southeast-Asian Region on the Example of Vietnam – Tools for Water Quantity and Quality Risk Assessment 37 Björn Zindler, Andreas Borgmann, Sandra Greassidis, Sylvia Jaschinski, Christian Jolk and Harro Stolpe Chapter 4 Risk Assessment of Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins, the Particularities and Challenges of Planktothrix spp. Monitoring 59 Catarina Churro, Elsa Dias and Elisabete Valério Chapter 5 Generalized Additive Models in Environmental Health: A Literature Review 85 Jalila Jbilou and Salaheddine El Adlouni Chapter 6 The Science and Opportunity of Wildfire Risk Assessment 99 Matthew P. Thompson, Alan A. Ager, Mark A. Finney, Dave E. Calkin and Nicole M. Vaillant VI Contents Chapter 7 Theories and Methods for the Emergency Rescue System 121 Jianfeng Li, Wenmao Liu and Bin Zhang Chapter 8 Absorption and Accumulation of Heavy Metal Pollutants in Roadside Soil-Plant Systems – A Case Study for Western Inner Mongolia 157 Lu Zhanyuan, Zhi Yingbiao, Wang Zai-lan, Hua Yupeng, Hong Ge, Emmy Camada and Yao Yiping Section 2 Risk Assessment in Human Health 165 Chapter 9 Non-Invasive Matrices Use in Pollution Evaluation at Nanoscale Levels – A Way Forward in Ecotoxicological Studies 167 Melinda Haydee Kovacs, Dumitru Ristoiu and Cezara Voica Chapter 10 Polysystemic Approach to Risk Assessment 185 Mikhail Karganov, Irina Alchinova and Nadezhda Khlebnikova Chapter 11 Risk Assessment in the Anaesthesia Process 205 Valérie Neyns, Ophélie Carreras, Laurie Planes and Jean-Marie Cellier Chapter 12 Effects of Wearing Gloves and Sex on Endurance Time and the Corresponding Finger Skin Temperature During a Cold Immersion 229 Yuh-Chuan Shih and Yo-May Wang Section 3 Risk Assessment in System Design 243 Chapter 13 Risk Analysis of the Waste to Energy Pyrolysis Facility Designs for City of Konin, in Poland, Using SimLab ® Toolpack 245 Boguslaw Bieda Chapter 14 Methodology Applied to the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Dikes and Dams 263 Yannick Fargier, Cyrille Fauchard, Patrice Mériaux, Paul Royet, Sergio Palma-Lopes, Daniel François, Philippe Côte and Fréderic Bretar Chapter 15 Transforming Risk Assessment Tools from Paper to Electronic 281 Daniel Bergeron and Kristiina Hyrkäs Chapter 16 A Bayesian Approach for Calibrating Risk Assessment Models 297 Michael S. Williams, Eric D. Ebel, Jennifer A. Hoeting and James L. Withee Contents VII Chapter 17 Polynomial Response Surfaces for Probabilistic Risk Assessment and Risk Control via Robust Design 317 Sergey Oladyshkin and Wolfgang Nowak   Preface  This book compiles chapters written by researchers who focus on the development andapplicationofriskassessmentapproachesinvarioussubjectsofhydrology,water quality,humanhealth,andindustrialdesigning. Riskassessmentisacriticalcomponentin the evaluationandprotectionof natural or anthropogenic systems. Conventionally, risk assessment is involved with some essential steps such as the identification of problem, risk evaluation, and assessment review. Other novel approaches are alsodiscussedin the bookchapters. This book is compiled to communicate the latest information on risk assessment approaches and their effectiveness. Presented materials cover subjects from environmental quality to human healthprotection. It’stheeditor’sexpectationthatthechaptersenclosedinthisbookwillprovidehelpful informationforriskassessmentinbothacademicandindustrialfields,andencourage the development and implementation of relevant applications for the protection of environmentandhumanhealth.  YuzhouLuo,Ph.D. DepartmentofLand,Air andWaterResources UniversityofCalifornia(Davis) USA  [...]... incidents affected mainly Europe (first outbreak in 1961 in the Netherlands) and Japan (the second incident is reported in Japan in the late 1970’s), whereas currently diarrheic shellfish toxin outbreaks are documented all over the world Tens of thousands cases of intoxication have been reported (Picot et al., 2011a), all over the world, but because of nonspecific clinical symptoms, DSP cases are probably... second study from Norway, 38 of 70 adults were affected at levels ranging from 1.0 to 1.5 μg/kg bw (Aune and Yndestad, 1993) Based on the LOAEL of 1.0 μg OA/kg bw and a chosen safety factor of 3 because of documented human cases involving more than 40 people and because DSP symptoms are readily reversible, the JEFCA established a provisional ARfD of 0.33 μg OA equ/kg bw In 2008, the EFSA proposed an ARfD... the Food chain on a request from the European Commission on marine biotoxins in shellfish – okadaic acid and analogues The EFSA Journal, 589, 1-62 EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) (2008b.) Guidance Document for the Use of the Concise European Food Consumption Database in Exposure Assessment (adopted on 17 March 2008) EFSA/DATEX/2008/01, Parma, Italy EFSA (European Food Safety Agency) (2010) EFSA... Leblanc JC (2006) CALIPSO, Fish and seafood consumption study and biomakers of exposure to trace elements, pollutants and Omega-3 AFSSA (French food safety agency), 2006 Available at http://www.afssa.fr/Documents/PASER-RaCalipso.pdf (accessed June 19, 2010) Lewis S.C (1995) Subchronic to chronic exposure extrapolation: Toxicologic evidence for a reduced uncertainty factor Human and Ecological Risk Assessement, . reported in Japan in the late 1970’s), whereas currently diarrheic shellfish toxin outbreaks are documented all over the world. Tens of thousands cases of intoxication have been reported (Picot. Yndestad, 1993). Based on the LOAEL of 1.0 μg OA/kg bw and a chosen safety factor of 3 because of documented human cases involving more than 40 people and because DSP symptoms are readily reversible,