COMPOSITES AND THEIR PROPERTIES Edited by Ning Hu Composites and Their Properties http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/2816 Edited by Ning Hu Contributors Sumanta Bhandary, Biplab Sanyal, Mingchao Wang, Cheng Yan, Lin Ma, Ilya Mazov, Vladimir Kuznetsov, Anatoly Romanenko, Valentin Suslyaev, Marcin Molenda, Michał Świętosławski, Roman Dziembaj, David Alejandro Arellano Escárpita, Diego Cárdenas, Hugo Elizalde, Ricardo Ramirez , Oliver Probst, Andrey Radchenko, Pavel Radchenko, Milan Žmindák, Martin Dudinský, F. Wang, J. Q. Zhang, Yuan Li, Sen Liu, Ning Hu, Weifeng Yuan, Bin Gu, Susanna Laurenzi, Mario Marchetti, E. Dado, E.A.B. Koenders, D.B.F. Carvalho, Ali Hammood, Zainab Radeef, Pavel Koštial, Jan Krmela, Karel Frydrýšek, Ivan Ružiak, Dewan Muhammad Nuruzzaman, Mohammad Asaduzzaman Chowdhury, Konstantin N. Rozanov, Marina Y. Koledintseva, Eugene P. Yelsukov, Jinxiang Chen, Qing-Qing Ni, Juan Xie, Rafic Younes, Ali Hallal, Farouk Fardoun, Fadi Hajj Chehade, M. Sayuti, S. Sulaiman, T.R. Vijayaram, B.T.H.T Baharudin, M.K.A. Arifin, M. Altenaiji, G.K. Schleyer, Y.Y. Zhao, Nor Bahiyah Baba, Go Yamamoto, Toshiyuki Hashida Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. 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ISBN 978-953-51-0711-8 Contents Preface IX Section 1 Nanocomposites 1 Chapter 1 Graphene-Boron Nitride Composite: A Material with Advanced Functionalities 3 Sumanta Bhandary and Biplab Sanyal Chapter 2 Graphene Nanocomposites 17 Mingchao Wang, Cheng Yan and Lin Ma Chapter 3 Properties of MWNT-Containing Polymer Composite Materials Depending on Their Structure 37 Ilya Mazov, Vladimir Kuznetsov, Anatoly Romanenko and Valentin Suslyaev Chapter 4 C/Li 2 MnSiO 4 Nanocomposite Cathode Material for Li-Ion Batteries 61 Marcin Molenda, Michał Świętosławski and Roman Dziembaj Section 2 Damages and Fractures – Theoretical and Numerical Modeling 81 Chapter 5 Biaxial Tensile Strength Characterization of Textile Composite Materials 83 David Alejandro Arellano Escárpita, Diego Cárdenas, Hugo Elizalde, Ricardo Ramirez and Oliver Probst Chapter 6 Modelling of Fracture of Anisotropic Composite Materials Under Dynamic Loads 107 Andrey Radchenko and Pavel Radchenko Chapter 7 Finite Element Implementation of Failure and Damage Simulation in Composite Plates 131 Milan Žmindák and Martin Dudinský VI Contents Chapter 8 Numerical Modelling of Damage Evolution and Failure Behavior of Continuous Fiber Reinforced Composites 153 F. Wang and J. Q. Zhang Chapter 9 Molecular Simulations on Interfacial Sliding of Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Alumina Composites 173 Yuan Li, Sen Liu, Ning Hu, Weifeng Yuan and Bin Gu Section 3 Design, Processing, and Manufacturing Technologies 195 Chapter 10 Advanced Composite Materials by Resin Transfer Molding for Aerospace Applications 197 Susanna Laurenzi and Mario Marchetti Chapter 11 Netcentric Virtual Laboratories for Composite Materials 227 E. Dado, E.A.B. Koenders and D.B.F. Carvalho Section 4 Mechanical and Physical Properties of Composites 245 Chapter 12 Characterizations of Environmental Composites 247 Ali Hammood and Zainab Radeef Chapter 13 The Chosen Aspects of Materials and Construction Influence on the Tire Safety 265 Pavel Koštial, Jan Krmela, Karel Frydrýšek and Ivan Ružiak Chapter 14 Friction and Wear of Polymer and Composites 299 Dewan Muhammad Nuruzzaman and Mohammad Asaduzzaman Chowdhury Chapter 15 Frequency-Dependent Effective Material Parameters of Composites as a Function of Inclusion Shape 331 Konstantin N. Rozanov, Marina Y. Koledintseva and Eugene P. Yelsukov Chapter 16 The Lightweight Composite Structure and Mechanical Properties of the Beetle Forewing 359 Jinxiang Chen, Qing-Qing Ni and Juan Xie Chapter 17 Comparative Review Study on Elastic Properties Modeling for Unidirectional Composite Materials 391 Rafic Younes, Ali Hallal, Farouk Fardoun and Fadi Hajj Chehade Section 5 Metal and Ceramic Matrix Composites 409 Chapter 18 Manufacturing and Properties of Quartz (SiO 2 ) Particulate Reinforced Al-11.8%Si Matrix Composites 411 M. Sayuti, S. Sulaiman, T.R. Vijayaram, B.T.H.T Baharudin and M.K.A. Arifin Contents VII Chapter 19 Characterisation of Aluminium Matrix Syntactic Foams Under Static and Dynamic Loading 437 M. Altenaiji, G.K. Schleyer and Y.Y. Zhao Chapter 20 YSZ Reinforced Ni-P Composite by Electroless Nickel Co-Deposition 457 Nor Bahiyah Baba Chapter 21 Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Alumina Composite Materials 483 Go Yamamoto and Toshiyuki Hashida Preface Composites are engineered or naturally occurring materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties which remain separate and distinct within the finished structure. Basically, they can be categorized into two major types, i.e., structural composites with outstanding mechanical properties and functional composites with various outstanding physical, chemical or electrochemical properties. They have been widely used in a wide variety of products, e.g., advanced spacecraft and aircraft components, boat and scull hulls, sporting goods, sensor/actuator, catalysts and pollution processing materials, bio- medical materials, and batteries, etc. This book focuses on the fabrication, properties and their evaluation or modelling in various composites, e.g., the recently developed nanocomposites. The book has been divided into five parts, which deal with: functional and structural nanocomposites, numerical and theoretical modelling of various damages in textile and long fiber reinforced composites, design, processing and manufacturing technologies and their effects on mechanical properties of composites, characterization of mechanical and physical properties of various composites, and metal and ceramic matrix composites, respectively. A list of chapters is given below along with short descriptions by providing a glimpse on the content of each chapter. Part 1. Nanocomposites Chapter 1. Graphene-Boron Nitride Composite: A Material with Advanced Functionalities In this chapter, thermodynamics stability and electronic properties of boron nitride- graphene nanocomposite have been presented. Among several possible isomers, stability of a desired composite are discussed and analysed. Chapter 2. Graphene Nanocomposites This chapter focuses on the recent development in the research field of graphene and graphene-polymer nanocomposites. The description of mechanical, electrical and thermal properties of graphene and graphene-polymer nanocomposites have been presented along with the detailed discussion on the influences of some important X Preface factors. Some fabrication techniques of graphene-polymer nanocomposites are also briefly introduced. Chapter 3. Properties of MWNT-containing Polymer Composite Materials Depending on Their Structure In this chapter, the electrical and electromagnetic properties of polymethylmethacrylate and polystyrene matrix based composites using multiwall carbon nanotubes as fillers are investigated and discussed in detail. Chapter 4. C/Li 2MnSiO4 Nanocomposite Cathode Material for Li-ion Batteries In this chapter, synthesis of C/Li 2MnSiO4 nanocomposite and investigation of its structural and electrochemical properties have been presented. Excellent electrical conductivity and electrochemical properties of this new nanocomposite are confirmed, leading to its hopeful use in Li-ion batteries. Part 2 Damages and Fractures-Theoretical and Numerical Modelling Chapter 5. Biaxial Tensile Strength Characterization of Textile Composite Materials This chapter presents a review of biaxial testing methods and some important experimental techniques developed and the corresponding results obtained by the authors to address the issue of accurate strength prediction of textile composites. Chapter 6. Modelling of Fracture of Anisotropic Composite Materials under Dynamic Loads This chapter presents a powerful numerical approach for simulating the impact problems of composites with foreign objects, by considering various complex damage phenomena. This approach is further applied to investigate the properties of composites in impact processes. Chapter 7. Finite Element Implementation of Failure and Damage Simulation in Composite Plates The review on several powerful numerical approaches for modelling and simulating the delamination propagation in laminated composite materials has been presented, and a new damage model is further proposed with the numerical verifications. Chapter 8. Numerical Modelling of Damage Evolution and Failure Behavior of Continuous Fiber Reinforced Composites The chapter comprehensively presents a work about an authors’ model for simulating the damage evolution of continuous fiber reinforced composites under cyclically thermomechanical loading. Chapter 9. Molecular Simulations on Interfacial Sliding of Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Alumina Composites This chapter focuses on the interfacial mechanical properties between walls in a multiwall carbon nanotube, and between a carbon nanotube (CNT) and an alumina matrix by performing a series of pull-out simulations based on molecular mechanics. The significant contribution of CNT cap area on the pull-out behaviours is emphasized. [...]... information and services, etc., that are interconnected by the internet Accessing the system enables the possibility to conduct virtual experiments by means of designing and evaluating composite materials and their associating properties Part 4 Mechanical and Physical Properties of Composites Chapter 12 Characterizations of Environmental Composites In this chapter, the erosion and corrosion properties of composites. .. and numerical models for evaluating the effective material properties of fiber reinforced composites Part 5 Metal and Ceramic Matrix Composites Chapter 18 Manufacturing and Properties of Quartz (SiO2) Particulate Reinforced Al11.8%Si Matrix Composites This chapter describes the process of manufacturing, as well as the properties of quartz-silicon dioxide particulate reinforced LM6 aluminium alloy composites. .. values are 0.78 and 0.86 respectively for BC6 N-I and BC6 N-II The para arrangement of B-ring-N in BC6 N-I and BC6 N-III leads to large band gaps (1.58 and 1.34 eV respectively) while ortho-positioning of the same results in a reduced band gap in BC6 N-II Finally, we have summarized the calculated (HSE and PBE) band gaps for all (BN)m (C2 )n isomers (Fig 7A and Fig 7B) As expected, the band gaps are increased... of these species at the interface between BN and graphene A recent study [27] based on first principles electronic structure calculations has revealed some interesting electronic and magnetic properties of Fe, Co and Ni adatoms adsorbed on a h-BC2 N sheet A hexagonal site at the interface between BN and graphene 14 12 Composites and Their Properties 3.5 Band Gap in HSE (eV) 3 Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH... expected and is ∼ 0.5 eV lower than BCN-IV This again explains the importance of aromatic all-C hexagon and π-conjugation The absence of these and also the increased B-C, N-C bonds make BCN-IV relatively unstable Another key point in BCN-I & BCN-I is the position of B and N around the hexagon The stability may not be affected but 12 10 Composites and Their Properties Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH the band gap... be stable and so are the phase separated ones 8 6 Composites and Their Properties Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH There can be two different patterns for phase segregated BCN alloys One is the phase separated island-like and the other one is a striped pattern The island-like pattern consists of larger graphene-BN interface region than that in the striped pattern This means that the number of B-C and N-C bonds... opening up a band gap and D-A interaction in isomer I and reduction of band gap in isomer II, with molecular orbital diagrams and valence bond representation Reprinted with permission from J Phys Chem C 115, 10264 (2011) Copyright (2011) American Chemical Society are several other isomers possible, we limit ourselves with these and try to understand the properties with the knowledge of aromaticity and conjugation... these nanocomposites, useful for the human society 16 14 Composites and Their Properties Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH Author details Sumanta Bhandary and Biplab Sanyal Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden 5 References [1] K S Novoselov, A K Geim, S V Morozov, D Jiang, Y Zhang, S V Dubonos, I V Grigorieva, A A Firsov, Science 306, 666 (2004) [2] L D Landau,... exhibits two bands which intersect at two in equivalent point K and K0 in the reciprocal space Near these points electronic dispersion resembles that of the relativistic Dirac electrons K and K0 are referred as Dirac points where valence and conduction bands are degenerated, making graphene a zero band gap semiconductor 20 Composites and Their Properties Another important characteristic of single-layer... Katsnelson, and O Eriksson, Phys Rev B 81, 085433(2010) [9] M Y Han, B Özyilmaz, Y Zhang, and P Kim, Phys Rev Lett 98, 206805 (2007) [10] Y.-W Son, M L Cohen and S G Louie, Nature 444, 347 (2006) [11] S Bhandary, O Eriksson, B Sanyal and M I Katsnelson, Phys Rev B 82,165405 (2010) [12] P Hohenberg and W Kohn, Phys Rev B 136, 864 (1964); W Kohn and L J Sham, Phys Rev A 140, 1133 (1965) [13] H Nozaki and S . COMPOSITES AND THEIR PROPERTIES Edited by Ning Hu Composites and Their Properties http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/2816 Edited by Ning Hu Contributors Sumanta Bhandary,. their effects on mechanical properties of composites, characterization of mechanical and physical properties of various composites, and metal and ceramic matrix composites, respectively. A. materials and their associating properties. Part 4 Mechanical and Physical Properties of Composites Chapter 12. Characterizations of Environmental Composites In this chapter, the erosion and corrosion