BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING – TECHNICAL APPLICATIONS IN MEDICINE Edited by Radovan Hudak, Marek Penhaker and Jaroslav Majernik Biomedical Engineering – Technical Applications in Medicine http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/2608 Edited by Radovan Hudak, Marek Penhaker and Jaroslav Majernik Contributors Marcin Pisarek, Agata Roguska, Lionel Marcon, Mariusz Andrzejczuk, Luana Marotta Reis de Vasconcellos, Yasmin Rodarte Carvalho, Renata Falchete do Prado, Luis Gustavo Oliveira de Vasconcellos, Mário Lima de Alencastro Graça, Carlos Alberto Alves Cairo, Shabnam Hosseini, Balaprasad Ankamwar, L. Syam Sundar, Ranjit Hawaldar, Elby Titus, Jose Gracio, Manoj Kumar Singh, David Sebastiao Cabral, Robson Luiz Moreno, Tales Cleber Pimenta, Leonardo Breseghello Zoccal, Paulo Cesar Crepaldi, Alireza Zabihian, M.H. Maghami, Farzad Asgarian, Amir M. Sodagar, Ernesto Suaste Gómez, Anabel S. Sánchez Sánchez, Jeremy (Zheng) Li, Radovan Hudák, Jozef Živčák, Richard L. Magin, Dimitris Tsiokos, George T. Kanellos, George Papaioannou, Stavros Pissadakis, Adriana Fontes, Rafael Bezerra de Lira, Maria Aparecida Barreto Lopes Seabra, Thiago Gomes da Silva, Antônio Gomes de Castro Neto, Beate Saegesser Santos, Alvaro Camilo Dias Faria, Karla Kristine Dames da Silva, Gerusa Marítmo da Costa, Agnaldo José Lopes , Pedro Lopes de Melo, Rômulo Mota Volpato, Paul Jansz, Steven Richardson, Graham Wild, Steven Hinckley, Chin-Lung Yang, Yu-Lin Yang, Chun-Chih Lo, Odilon Dutra, Gustavo Della Colletta Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Masa Vidovic Typesetting InTech Prepress, Novi Sad Cover InTech Design Team First published August, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Biomedical Engineering – Technical Applications in Medicine, Edited by Radovan Hudak, Marek Penhaker and Jaroslav Majernik p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0733-0 Contents Preface IX Section 1 Biomaterials 1 Chapter 1 Biomimetic and Electrodeposited Calcium-Phosphates Coatings on Ti – Formation, Surface Characterization, Biological Response 3 Marcin Pisarek, Agata Roguska, Lionel Marcon and Mariusz Andrzejczuk Chapter 2 Porous Titanium by Powder Metallurgy for Biomedical Application: Characterization, Cell Citotoxity and in vivo Tests of Osseointegration 47 Luana Marotta Reis de Vasconcellos, Yasmin Rodarte Carvalho, Renata Falchete do Prado, Luis Gustavo Oliveira de Vasconcellos, Mário Lima de Alencastro Graça and Carlos Alberto Alves Cairo Chapter 3 Fatigue of Ti-6Al-4V 75 Shabnam Hosseini Chapter 4 Size and Shape Effect on Biomedical Applications of Nanomaterials 93 Balaprasad Ankamwar Chapter 5 Integrated Biomimemic Carbon Nanotube Composites for Biomedical Applications 115 L. Syam Sundar, Ranjit Hawaldar, Elby Titus, Jose Gracio and Manoj Kumar Singh Section 2 Biomedical Devices and Instrumentation 137 Chapter 6 Implementation of Schottky Barrier Diodes (SBD) in Standard CMOS Process for Biomedical Applications 139 David Sebastiao Cabral, Robson Luiz Moreno, Tales Cleber Pimenta, Leonardo Breseghello Zoccal and Paulo Cesar Crepaldi VI Contents Chapter 7 Implantable Biomedical Devices 157 Alireza Zabihian, M.H. Maghami, Farzad Asgarian and Amir M. Sodagar Chapter 8 Biomedical Instrumentation to Analyze Pupillary Responses in White-Chromatic Stimulation and Its Influence on Diagnosis and Surgical Evaluation 191 Ernesto Suaste Gómez and Anabel S. Sánchez Sánchez Chapter 9 Design and Development of Biomedical and Surgical Instruments in Biomedical Applications 213 Jeremy (Zheng) Li Section 3 Biomedical Diagnostics and Sensorics 223 Chapter 10 Applications of Metrotomography in Biomedical Engineering 225 Radovan Hudák, Jozef Živčák and Richard L. Magin Chapter 11 Fiber Optic–Based Pressure Sensing Surface for Skin Health Management in Prosthetic and Rehabilitation Interventions 245 Dimitris Tsiokos, George T. Kanellos, George Papaioannou and Stavros Pissadakis Chapter 12 Quantum Dots in Biomedical Research 269 Adriana Fontes, Rafael Bezerra de Lira, Maria Aparecida Barreto Lopes Seabra, Thiago Gomes da Silva, Antônio Gomes de Castro Neto and Beate Saegesser Santos Chapter 13 Forced Oscillation Technique in the Detection of Smoking-Induced Respiratory Changes 291 Alvaro Camilo Dias Faria, Karla Kristine Dames da Silva, Gerusa Marítmo da Costa, Agnaldo José Lopes and Pedro Lopes de Melo Section 4 Medical Electronics and Signal Processing 323 Chapter 14 Low-Voltage, Low-Power V t Independent Voltage Reference for Bio-Implants 325 Paulo Cesar Crepaldi, Tales Cleber Pimenta, Robson Luiz Moreno and Leonardo Breseghello Zoccal Chapter 15 Evaluation of Maximum Voltage or Maximum Link Distance on Implantable Devices 343 Paulo Cesar Crepaldi, Tales Cleber Pimenta, Robson Luiz Moreno and Rômulo Mota Volpato Contents VII Chapter 16 Biomedical Image Signal Processing for Reflection-Based Imaging 361 Paul Jansz, Steven Richardson, Graham Wild and Steven Hinckley Chapter 17 Wideband Wireless Power Transmission to Enhance Efficiency for Low Input Power for Biomedical Applications 387 Chin-Lung Yang, Yu-Lin Yang and Chun-Chih Lo Chapter 18 A Low Noise Low Power OTA with Adjustable Gain PID Feedback Network for EEG SoC Arrays 405 Robson Moreno, Tales Pimenta, Paulo Crepaldi, Odilon Dutra, Gustavo Della Colletta and Leonardo Zoccal Preface Where the possibilities of a man reached the end, especially from the point of view of technical solutions, the nature took over and formed our environment according to its needs. Nowadays technical and engineering activities have a significantly greater impact on the natural laws and rules once considered as changeless. Nonetheless we have been approaching the same pattern that we followed in the past – we get inspired by the nature. We imitate shapes, functions or we deal with combinations of the two. We play with nanomaterials and nanotechnologies, molecules and atoms, biosensors and multisensoric systems measure the required biological parameters and processes with a relatively high accuracy, the electronic systems and computers create artificial intelligence that is integrated into diagnostic, measuring or control systems. A specific area where these technologies „touch“ with a man is the area of biomedical engineering. On the basis of new applications of technics, mathematics and physics into medicine, biomedical engineering has been gradually formed and it is defined as an interdisciplinary science discipline that uses knowledge from science and technology in order to study biological subjects and materials and to transform them to devices or systems designed for diagnostics, analysis, measurement, therapy or rehabilitation. Based on the interconnection between various scientific areas, disciplines such as biomechanics, biophysics, biocybernetics, bioinformatics, biosensorics, biomaterials and the like have been formed. Thus at present, biomedical engineering is a wide area moving from nano up to macrosphere, applying technical laws and systems also to human body as a whole and it is considered from both points of view of qualitative evaluation and also obtaining of quantitative outputs. Moreover, from the systematic aspect human body largely enables these approaches but on the other side it creates a formula with many unknown quantities. Let me present you a book that includes chosen results of a recent research and development categorized in the area of biomedical engineering focusing on technical solutions. The book content is relatively wide. It represents material research with an objective of biocompatibility improvement, invasiveness minimizing and integration of the solutions that form nanomedicine. Nevertheless, there are also tissue engineering and genomics that are very often considered as representatives of a future X Preface for biomedical engineering by many scientists. Further on it contains relatively wide area of bioelectronics and electrotechnics and there is a significant position for a research in the area of image processing, modeling and simulations. Telemedicine also represents future of diagnostics as well as therapies where the information technologies using database and expert systems may bring interesting results. Also in medicine there has been a need for miniaturization and energetic effectivity. The chosen chapters solve exactly these problems. I believe that the findings and knowledge presented in the book will enable the readers to complete at least one missing unknown quantity in the metaphoric formula in their research and thus will gain new valuable information. I wish you a pleasant and inspiring reading. Ing. Radovan Hudak, PhD., Head of Biomedical Engineering Division Technical University of Kosice, Slovakia [...]... play an additional role providing protection against the action of the biological environment and thus restricting the penetration of metal ions into the organism This is particularly important because of the increasing frequency of titanium allergies, even though titanium was long considered biologically inert 6 Biomedical Engineering – Technical Applications in Medicine One unfortunate phenomenon... after incubation in Hanks’ solution and adsorption of the proteins Measurements were made using the attenuated total reflectance (ATR) technique Each sample was scanned 64 times at a resolution of 4 cm−1 over a frequency range of 40 0–4 000 cm−1 8 Biomedical Engineering – Technical Applications in Medicine - - - -  The crystal structure of the substrate materials was determined from the XRD patterns using... the main component of the passive layer (native oxide film) 10 Biomedical Engineering – Technical Applications in Medicine However, some lower Ti-oxides are also present [51] After 120 h of Ar+ sputtering metallic Ti becomes the main component In addition, the atomic fraction of the lower Ti oxides is higher than before sputtering This could be a result of a TiO2 reduction effects during sputtering,... contact of the surrounding tissue with Ti implant [53,54] Figure 5 Fluorescent microscopy images of U2OS cells cultured for 48 h on pure Ti surface before and after albumin adsorption 12 Biomedical Engineering – Technical Applications in Medicine In the following step modification of Ti surface was performed in order to increase its biocompatibility A two-step procedure (chemical etching or anodic oxidation... promising for adhesion of proteins and living cells attachment Higher specific surface area probably offers by higher population of active sites for nucleation of calcium phosphate coatings 18 Biomedical Engineering – Technical Applications in Medicine  Deposition of Ca-P coatings by chemical or electrochemical methods from Hanks’ solution The nucleation and growth of calcium phosphates (Ca–P) on... Pisarek et al., licensee InTech This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited 4 Biomedical Engineering – Technical Applications in Medicine pretreatments is mainly to modify the surface... Engineering – Technical Applications in Medicine vertically aligned TiO2 nanotubes on Ti substrate act as an intermediate layer for improving the binding between apatite coating and Ti substrate, and for providing a mechanical stability of the whole composite One may anticipate that a Ca–P deposit on a TiO2 porous layer may promote early bone apposition and implant fixation by enhancing the chemical bonding... samples In case of bulk sample the EDS technique provides information with a lateral resolution of ~ 1 μm and depth resolution of ~ 2-3 μm It is noteworthy that XPS measurements provide surface information from the few uppermost nanometers of the samples This suggests that a 24 Biomedical Engineering – Technical Applications in Medicine Figure 16 AES survey spectra recorded on the surface of Ca-P coatings... simulating physiological body fluids in a wide range of potentials Further data indicate that the native oxide films on Ti allows for bone ingrowth to titanium implant surface REF Such oxide films increase the biocompatibility of implanted elements reducing the activation of inflammatory reactions in the contact zone between metallic materials and living cells In addition, a thin layer of protein, which... chemically/electrochemically pretreated Ti surface Deconvolution of the Ti 2p signals suggests that some lower Ti-oxides are 20 Biomedical Engineering – Technical Applications in Medicine also present for the chemically pre-treated samples (see Table 5) Our XPS investigations do not suggest the presence of Ti–OH bonds on the Ti reference, Ti(NaOH), Ti(H3PO4 + H2O2) or TiO2 NT substrates [14,22] Some authors have reported . BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING – TECHNICAL APPLICATIONS IN MEDICINE Edited by Radovan Hudak, Marek Penhaker and Jaroslav Majernik Biomedical Engineering – Technical Applications in Medicine. online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Biomedical Engineering – Technical Applications in Medicine, . basis of new applications of technics, mathematics and physics into medicine, biomedical engineering has been gradually formed and it is defined as an interdisciplinary science discipline that