HERBICIDES – PROPERTIES, SYNTHESIS AND CONTROL OF WEEDS Edited by Mohammed Naguib Abd El-Ghany Hasaneen Herbicides – Properties, Synthesis and Control of Weeds Edited by Mohammed Naguib Abd El-Ghany Hasaneen Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. 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Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published December, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Herbicides – Properties, Synthesis and Control of Weeds, Edited by Mohammed Naguib Abd El-Ghany Hasaneen p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-803-8 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Synthesis and Properties 1 Chapter 1 Preparation and Characterization of Polymeric Microparticles Used for Controlled Release of Ametryn Herbicide 3 Fabiana A. Lobo, Carina L. de Aguirre, Patrícia M.S. Souza, Renato Grillo, Nathalie F.S. de Melo, André H. Rosa and Leonardo F. Fraceto Chapter 2 Benzoxazolinone Detoxification and Degradation – A Molecule´s Journey 17 Margot Schulz, Dieter Sicker, František Baluška, Tina Sablofski, Heinrich W. Scherer and Felix Martin Ritter Chapter 3 Fate and Determination of Triazine Herbicides in Soil 43 Helena Prosen Chapter 4 The Influence of Biochar Production on Herbicide Sorption Characteristics 59 S.A. Clay and D.D. Malo Chapter 5 Chemical Behaviour and Herbicidal Activity of Cyclohexanedione Oxime Herbicides 75 Pilar Sandín-España, Beatriz Sevilla-Morán, José Luis Alonso-Prados and Inés Santín-Montanyá Chapter 6 1(Heterocyclyl),2,4,5-Tetrasubstituted Benzenes as Protoporphyrinogen-IX Oxidase Inhibiting Herbicides 103 Hai-Bo Yu, Xue-Ming Cheng and Bin Li Chapter 7 Persistence of Herbicide Sulfentrazone in Soil Cultivated with Sugarcane and Soy and Effect on Crop Rotation 119 Flávio Martins Garcia Blanco, Edivaldo Domingues Velini and Antonio Batista Filho VI Contents Chapter 8 Paraquat: An Oxidative Stress Inducer 135 Ramiro Lascano, Nacira Muñoz, Germán Robert, Marianela Rodriguez, Mariana Melchiorre, Victorio Trippi and Gastón Quero Chapter 9 Herbicides and the Aquatic Environment 149 Rafael Grossi Botelho, João Pedro Cury, Valdemar Luiz Tornisielo and José Barbosa dos Santos Chapter 10 Comparative Assessment of the Photocatalytic Efficiency of TiO 2 Wackherr in the Removal of Clopyralid from Various Types of Water 165 Biljana Abramović, Vesna Despotović, Daniela Šojić, Ljiljana Rajić, Dejan Orčić and Dragana Četojević-Simin Chapter 11 Row Crop Herbicide Drift Effects on Water Bodies and Aquaculture 191 Peter Wesley Perschbacher, Regina Edziyie and Gerald M. Ludwig Part 2 Control of Weeds 205 Chapter 12 Evaluation of the Contamination by Herbicides in Olive Groves 207 Antonio Ruiz-Medina and Eulogio J. Llorent-Martínez Chapter 13 Prediction of Herbicides Concentration in Streams 227 Raj Mohan Singh Chapter 14 Forty Years with Glyphosate 247 András Székács and Béla Darvas Chapter 15 Effects of Herbicide Atrazine in Experimental Animal Models 285 Grasiela D.C. Severi-Aguiar and Elaine C.M. Silva-Zacarin Chapter 16 A Critical View of the Photoinitiated Degradation of Herbicides 297 Šárka Klementová Chapter 17 Oxidative Stress as a Possible Mechanism of Toxicity of the Herbicide 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) 315 Bettina Bongiovanni, Cintia Konjuh, Arístides Pochettino and Alejandro Ferri Chapter 18 Weed Population Dynamics 335 Aurélio Vaz De Melo, Rubens Ribeiro da Silva, Hélio Bandeira Barros and Cíntia Ribeiro de Souza Contents VII Chapter 19 Ecological Production Technology of Phenoxyacetic Herbicides MCPA and 2,4-D in the Highest World Standard 347 Wiesław Moszczyński and Arkadiusz Białek Chapter 20 Vegetative Response to Weed Control in Forest Restoration 363 John-Pascal Berrill and Christa M. Dagley Chapter 21 Sugar Beet Weeds in Tadla Region (Morocco): Species Encountered, Interference and Chemical Control 381 Y. Baye, A. Taleb and M. Bouhache Chapter 22 Adverse Effects of Herbicides on Freshwater Zooplankton 405 Roberto Rico-Martínez, Juan Carlos Arias-Almeida, Ignacio Alejandro Pérez-Legaspi, Jesús Alvarado-Flores and José Luis Retes-Pruneda Chapter 23 Herbicide Tolerant Food Legume Crops: Possibilities and Prospects 435 N.P. Singh and Indu Singh Yadav Chapter 24 Influence of Degree Infestation with Echinochloa crus–galli Species on Crop Production in Corn 453 Teodor Rusu and Ileana Bogdan Chapter 25 Herbicides in Winter Wheat of Early Growth Stages Enhance Crop Productivity 471 Vytautas Pilipavičius Preface Considerable advances in the understanding of herbicides in soils and/or in plants have been made over the past decade. Elucidation of the synthetic pathways of herbicides is continuing apace and, while their function is still open to controversy, it is now widely acknowledged that these compounds are not, in general, biomaterials but are artificially synthesized. Exciting discoveries are continually being made in the field of herbicides. Since the completion of this book, it has been reported that the mode of action of herbicides is still in need of further investigation in order to cope with weed control. The overall purpose of this book is to show that plants do not haphazardly produce a large number of chemical compounds, but that each compound is synthesized for a definite purpose and that the majority of herbicides and pesticides are artificially synthesized in the labs; investigating synthetic pathways and properties, and that all products produced to overcome weeds and insects which causes low production of crops. The format of the book is based on two main sections: Synthesis and Properties of Herbicides and Control of Weeds. This book contains 25 review articles on a wide range of important topics. Several chapters review herbicide progress in specific crops. Other chapters deal with the synthesis and properties of herbicides and weed control. I hope therefore that readers who are interested in a synthesis and properties and control of weeds, for example in winter wheat of early growth stages, effects of herbicides on fresh water zooplankton, and herbicide tolerant food legume crops, will benefit from the wider range of topics also discussed within this book. Prof. Dr Mohammed Naguib Abd El-Ghany Hasaneen Professor of Plant Physiology, Plant Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Egypt [...]... reactions of maize to the treatment with benzoxazolinone BOA Investigations of weed specific and of benzoxazinoid producing crops specific reactions, reactions of microorganisms, effects on the biodiversity of soil organisms and the elucidation of degradation processes are unequivocally necessary before bioherbicides can be used 18 Herbicides Properties, Synthesis and Control of Weeds 2 Functions of benzoxazinoids... chemical structure composition of polyurethane's microcapsules pesticides Asian Journal of Chemistry, Vol.19, No.1, pp 187-194 14 Herbicides Properties, Synthesis and Control of Weeds Amass, W & Tighe, B (1998) A review of biodegradable polymers: uses, current developments in the synthesis and characterization of biodegradable polyesters, blends of biodegradable polymer and recent advances in biodegradation... include desorption from the surface of the polymeric matrix, diffusion through the pores or wall of the matrix, disintegration of the microparticle with subsequent release 12 Herbicides Properties, Synthesis and Control of Weeds of the active principle, and dissolution and erosion of the matrix or the polymeric wall (Polakovic et al., 1999; Schaffazick et al., 2003) A number of mathematical models have been... harmful effects of rye allelochemicals (BOA and related compounds) This affects a direct correlation between the benzoxazinoid content of rye mulch used in the study and weed suppression The four warm season weeds exhibit remarkable differences in their detoxification behavior 26 Herbicides Properties, Synthesis and Control of Weeds with a high correlation to the sensitivities of the weeds previously... Fig 6 Overview of the actin cytoskeleton in maize root apex A: +S-BOA, B: -S-BOA, C: +S+BOA, D: -S+BOA Fig 7 Details of the actin cytoskeleton in cortical cells of the transition zone Note the aberrant over-polymerization of F-actin in cortex cells of the BOA-exposed roots A: +SBOA, B: -S-BOA, C: +S+BOA, D: -S+BOA 23 24 Herbicides Properties, Synthesis and Control of Weeds Fig 8 Details of the actin... cytoskeleton and root apex cytoarchitecture which are 22 Herbicides Properties, Synthesis and Control of Weeds stronger exhibited in S-plants In cells of the meristem and transition zone, nuclei are affected in their typical central position and shifted laterally and/ or axially (Fig 5, 6) Similar effects were reported in maize root cells having affected their actin cytoskeleton due to impacts of the actin... PLGA:poloxamer blend micro- and nanoparticles as controlled release systems for synthetic proangiogenic factors European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol.41 No.5, pp.644-649 16 Herbicides Properties, Synthesis and Control of Weeds Polakovic, M.; Gorner, T.; Gref, R & Dellacherie, E (1999) Lidocaine loaded biodegradable nanospheres II: Modelling of drug release J Controlled Release, Vol.60,... rough-surfaced with many cavities and pores, some of which were quite large, as can be clearly seen for formulation A (Figure 3, a1 and a2) Grillo et al (2010) also found that PHBV microparticles, prepared using the same methodology as that 8 Herbicides Properties, Synthesis and Control of Weeds described here, were rough-surfaced with pores, while PHB microparticles had smooth surfaces and fewer pores 80 70... immediately transformed to other products by metabolic 20 Herbicides Properties, Synthesis and Control of Weeds channeling GSTs may have also non-catalytic functions as transporters of unstable GSconjugates, which can be generated spontaneously via radical formation of an acceptor molecule in presence of glutathione In Arabidopsis, BOA induces the up regulation of several GST genes (Baerson et al., 2005) If... increased consumption and global demand for high quality products As a result, agricultural chemicals have become essential for the control of weeds, pests and diseases in a wide range of crops Ametryn (2-ethylamino-4-isopropylamino-6-methylthio-s-2,4,6triazine) is a selective herbicide belonging to the s-triazine family, whose activity is the result of inhibition of photosynthesis by blocking of electron transport . HERBICIDES – PROPERTIES, SYNTHESIS AND CONTROL OF WEEDS Edited by Mohammed Naguib Abd El-Ghany Hasaneen Herbicides – Properties, Synthesis and Control of Weeds. the synthesis and properties of herbicides and weed control. I hope therefore that readers who are interested in a synthesis and properties and control of weeds, for example in winter wheat of. production of crops. The format of the book is based on two main sections: Synthesis and Properties of Herbicides and Control of Weeds. This book contains 25 review articles on a wide range of important