SEDIMENT TRANSPORT Edited by Silvia Susana Ginsberg Sediment Transport Edited by Silvia Susana Ginsberg Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Ana Nikolic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Martina Sirotic Image Copyright Richard Schramm, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published March, 2011 Printed in India A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Sediment Transport, Edited by Silvia Susana Ginsberg p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-189-3 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Preface IX Advanced Topics in Sediment Transport Modelling: Non-alluvial Beds and Hyperconcentrated Flows 1 B. Dewals, F. Rulot, S. Erpicum, P. Archambeau and M. Pirotton Modelling Coastal Sediment Transport for Harbour Planning: Selected Case Studies 31 Vincent Leys and Ryan P. Mulligan Numerical Modelling of the Sediment Re-Suspension Induced by Boat Traffic 55 Hassan Smaoui, Abdellatif Ouahsine, Damien Pham Van Bang, Philippe Sergent and François Hissel Hybrid Model Approaches to Predict Multiscale and Multiphysics Coastal Hydrodynamic and Sediment Transport Processes 71 H. S. Tang and Timothy Keen Cohesive Sediment Flocculation and the Application to Settling Flux Modelling 91 A. J. Manning, J. V. Baugh, R. L. Soulsby, J. R. Spearman and R. J. S. Whitehouse Determination of Longshore Sediment Transport and Modelling of Shoreline Change 117 H. Anıl Arı Güner, Yalçın Yüksel and Esin Özkan Çevik Three- Dimensional Numerical Simulation of Cohesive Sediment Transport in Natural Lakes 137 Xiaobo Chao and Yafei Jia Sediment Transport Dynamics in River Networks Induced by Water Diversion 161 Xu-Ming Wang, Jie Huo, Rui Hao and Shi-Feng Cao Contents Contents VI Sediment Transport in Kulim River, Kedah, Malaysia 175 Chun Kiat, Chang and Aminuddin, Ab. Ghani Changes in Sediment Transport of the Yellow River in the Loess Plateau 197 Faye Hirshfield and Jueyi Sui Modeling of Developed Meanders of an Alluvial Channel 215 L. Yilmaz Evolution of Ripple Field Architecture during Sediment Transport, as Measured by CT Scanning 237 Long Bernard and Montreuil Stéphane Sediment Transport under Ice Conditions 261 Faye Hirshfield and Jueyi Sui Sediment Transport Circulation Pattern through Mesotidal Channels System 275 Silvia Susana Ginsberg and Salvador Aliotta Continuous Monitoring of Suspended Sediment Load in Semi-arid Environments 295 Tiziana Bisantino, Francesco Gentile and Giuliana Trisorio Liuzzi Modification of Mackinawite with L-Cysteine: Synthesis, Characterization, and Implications to Mercury Immobilization in Sediment 313 Marcia R. M. Chaves, Kalliat T. Valsaraj, Ronald D. DeLaune, Robert P. Gambrell and Pedro M. Buchler Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Pref ac e Sediment Transport is a book that covers a wide variety of subject ma ers. Physicists, engineers, mathematicians, statisticians, and geologists have been investigating sedi- ment transport for several decades and keep on doing so to learn further about it in an a empt to give solutions to problems resulting from human intervention in nature. In this respect, research on sediment transport has gained importance due to the in- creasing use of water resources. On the other hand, fully understanding erosion and sedimentation processes and their impact on sediment transport plays a key role in the growing knowledge on the importance of fl uvial, lake and/or marine sediments over a highly heterogenous variety of environmental problems. In this respect, this book is a doubly signifi cant contribution, fi rstly because of the growing interest of society in environmental ma ers and secondly because of the updated issues it deals with. It reports results from studies carried out in aqueous systems and in laboratory fl umes by researchers whose expertise focuses on transportable solid particles and related problems. It is with great satisfaction that I write the preface to this book by InTech, which in- cludes 16 chapters wri en by researchers from diff erent parts of the world on hydrody- namics and its relationship with sediment transport and morphological development. The main subject ma er is presented in the light of diff erent approaches such as sedi- ment transport modeling in non-alluvial beds and hyperconcentrated fl ows; coastal area modeling for harbor planning; li oral zone modeling, boat traffi c-induced sedi- ment resuspension modeling; and se ling fl ux modeling. Other contributions includ- ed in the book focus on cohesive sediment modeling; sediment dynamics in stream confl uence or river diversion; analytical modeling applied to studies on fl uid-bed in- terfaces in meandering channels; changes in sediment transport under fi ne materi- als, cohesive materials and ice cover; environmental remediation of contaminated fi ne sediments; bedform fi eld evolution over sediment transport; and sediment circulation at interconnected tidal channels system. Authors are responsible for their views and conclusions. In short, by fully accomplishing its objectives, this book is an excellent source of infor- mation which opens new paths worth of exploring. It is an invaluable interdisciplinary textbook and an important contribution to the fi eld. Let me also gratefully thank each of the authors for their contributions and strongly recommend this textbook to those X Preface in charge of conducting research on engineering issues or wishing to deal with equally important scientifi c problems. Silvia Susana Ginsberg Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía, Bahía Blanca, Universidad Tecnológica Nacional, FRBB, Departamento de Ingeniería Civil, Bahía Blanca, Argentina [...]... 18 Sediment Transport Computations however overpredict erosion depth downstream of the non erodible bump This may result from the simplified transport capacity formula used, accounting neither for an explicit threshold for transport inception nor for gravity-induced sediment transport Vertical accelerations might also play a part in this region Results of T1 and T2 also reveal that the computed sediment. .. obviously two-phase media, only very few attempts to account explicitly for this multiphase nature have been reported in sediment transport models and hardly none in morphodynamic models Two-phase flow models for sediment transport In a two-phase formulation, Cao et al (1995) derived suspended sediment concentration profiles valid for both low and high concentrations Importance was stressed on the influence... discharges along x and y respectively The sediment flux normal to the bed eb = E - D represents the net sediment exchange rate between the bed and the flow layer Advanced Topics in Sediment Transport Modelling: Non-alluvial Beds and Hyperconcentrated Flows 7 Fig 2 Schematic configuration underlying the depth-averaged morphodynamic model Characteristics of flow -sediment mixtures To derive our two-phase... alluvium for which the non-erodible layer still affects the sediment transport, δ is the actual thickness of alluvium (Fig 3) and ψ is a function of δ δ a which limits the bed-load transport flux due to the proximity of nonerodible areas The thickness value δ a is reported to be approximately equal to half of the bed form height For δ = 0 , sediment transport is not possible anymore ( ψ = 0 ); while for... predictions is found satisfactory Our new algorithm performs well since the sediment level is never computed under the level of non erodible bottom, with a mass conservation error of the order of the floating-point accuracy Quantity Unit T1 T2 Discharge Mean water depth Sediment transport (including pores) Coefficient of sediment transport formula (m) Water surface slope Chézy coefficient l/s m l/h 10-4... Topics in Sediment Transport Modelling: Non-alluvial Beds and Hyperconcentrated Flows B Dewals, F Rulot, S Erpicum, P Archambeau and M Pirotton Hydrology, Applied Hydrodynamics and Hydraulic Constructions, University of Liège, Chemin des Chevreuils 1, B52/3+1 - B-4000 Liège, Belgium 1 Introduction Civil and environmental engineers frequently face sediment transport issues such as local scouring, sedimentation... for which we detail an appropriate finite volume numerical scheme and demonstrate their validity through a number of test cases 2 Sediment Transport 2 Two-phase flow model for water -sediment mixtures In this section, we subsequently review existing mathematical models for sediment- laden flows, including two-phase flow theories, present our own two-phase flow morphodynamic model and eventually detail... semi-implicit treatment of the bottom friction term (3) is used, without requiring additional computational cost Advanced Topics in Sediment Transport Modelling: Non-alluvial Beds and Hyperconcentrated Flows 11 Synchronous vs sequential resolution procedure A challenging issue in sediment transport modelling is the need to handle accurately and efficiently the wide range of time scales involved in the relevant... mass conservation Numerical schemes consistently keeping the computed water depth positive exist (Audusse et al 2004), but they do not address sediment transport issues, particularly on partly rigid beds A very similar difficulty arises when dealing with sediment transport and morphodynamic modelling on partly non-alluvial beds, where the nature of the soil makes erosion impossible in some locations (bedrock,... balance of sediments This numerical treatment of sediment routing on partly non-alluvial beds remains complex, since erosion must be prevented from extending deeper than the level of the non-alluvial bed whereas neither deposition nor sediment discharge should be constraint Details on this computational issue are hardly available in literature Some existing modelling procedures for bed-load transport . Architecture during Sediment Transport, as Measured by CT Scanning 237 Long Bernard and Montreuil Stéphane Sediment Transport under Ice Conditions 261 Faye Hirshfield and Jueyi Sui Sediment Transport. reported in sediment transport models and hardly none in morphodynamic models. Two-phase flow models for sediment transport In a two-phase formulation, Cao et al. (1995) derived suspended sediment. Longshore Sediment Transport and Modelling of Shoreline Change 117 H. Anıl Arı Güner, Yalçın Yüksel and Esin Özkan Çevik Three- Dimensional Numerical Simulation of Cohesive Sediment Transport