UPDATE ON MECHANISMS OF HORMONE ACTION – FOCUS ON METABOLISM, GROWTH AND REPRODUCTIONS Edited by Gianluca Aimaretti Co-Editors: Paolo Marzullo and Flavia Prodam Update on Mechanisms of Hormone Action – Focus on Metabolism, Growth and Reproductions Edited by Gianluca Aimaretti with Paolo Marzullo and Flavia Prodam Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. 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Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published October, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Update on Mechanisms of Hormone Action – Focus on Metabolism, Growth and Reproductions, Edited by Gianluca Aimaretti with Paolo Marzullo and Flavia Prodam p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-341-5 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Metabolism 1 Chapter 1 The Gut Peptide Hormone Family, Motilin and Ghrelin 3 Ichiro Sakata and Takafumi Sakai Chapter 2 Functions of Adipose Tissue and Adipokines in Health and Disease 15 Francisca Lago, Rodolfo Gómez, Javier Conde, Morena Scotece, Carlos Dieguez and Oreste Gualillo Chapter 3 Glucokinase as a Glucose Sensor in Hypothalamus - Regulation by Orexigenic and Anorexigenic Peptides 33 Carmen Sanz, Isabel Roncero, Elvira Alvarez, Verónica Hurtado and Enrique Blázquez Chapter 4 ‘Exercise-Eating Linkage’ Mediated by Neuro-Endocrine Axis and the Relevance in Regulation of Appetite and Energy Balance for Prevention of Obesity 59 Takahiro Yoshikawa Chapter 5 Estrogen Receptors in Glucose Homeostasis 69 Malin Hedengran Faulds and Karin Dahlman-Wright Chapter 6 Expression of Neuropeptide Y of GIFT Tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) in Yeast Pichia Pastoris and Its Stimulatory Effects on Food Intake and Growth 85 Guangzhong Wang, Caiyun Sun, Haoran Lin and Wensheng Li Chapter 7 Hormones and Metabolism in Poultry 111 Colin G. Scanes VI Contents Chapter 8 Metabolic Control Targets for Patients with Type 1 Diabetes in Clinical Practice 133 María Gloria Baena-Nieto, Cristina López-Tinoco, Jose Ortego-Rojo and Manuel Aguilar-Diosdado Chapter 9 Generation of Insulin Producing Cells for the Treatment of Diabetes 157 Guo Cai Huang and Min Zhao Part 2 Growth and Reproduction 173 Chapter 10 GH-IGF-IGFBP Axis and Metabolic Profile in Short Children Born Small for Gestational Age 175 Daniëlle C.M. van der Kaay and Anita C.S. Hokken-Koelega Chapter 11 Failure to Thrive: Overview of Diagnosis and Management 201 Ayse Pinar Cemeroglu, Lora Kleis and Beth Robinson-Wolfe Chapter 12 Hormonal Regulation of Circadian Pacemaker in Ovary and Uterus 217 Masa-aki Hattori Chapter 13 Role of Leptin in the Reproduction and Metabolism: Focus on Regulation by Seasonality in Animals 233 Malgorzata Szczesna and Dorota A. Zieba Chapter 14 Attenuin: What It Is, How It Works and What It Does 259 Ana Gordon, José C. Garrido-Gracia, Rafaela Aguilar, Carmina Bellido, Juana Martín de las Mulas and José E. Sánchez-Criado Chapter 15 Calcitonin Functions Both as a Hypocalcemic Hormone and Stimulator of Steroid Production and Oocyte Maturation in Ovarian Follicles of Common Carp, Cyprinus carpio 279 Dilip Mukherjee, Sourav Kundu, Kousik Pramanick, Sudipta Paul and Buddhadev Mallick Chapter 16 Ascidians: New Model Organisms for Reproductive Endocrinology 313 Honoo Satake, Tsuyoshi Kawada, Masato Aoyama, Toshio Sekiguchi and Tsubasa Sakai Chapter 17 Estrogen Receptors in Leukocytes - Possible Impact on Inflammatory Processes in the Female Reproductive System 337 Chellakkan Selvanesan Blesson Contents VII Part 3 Gynecological Endocrinology 351 Chapter 18 Physiological Relevance of Pregnanolone Isomers and Their Polar Conjugates with Respect to the Gender, Menstrual Cycle and Pregnancy 353 Martin Hill, Antonín Pařízek, Radmila Kancheva, David Cibula, Nikolaj Madzarov and Luboslav Stárka Chapter 19 Menstrual Cycle Disturbances at Reproductive Age 381 Skałba Piotr Chapter 20 Primary and Secondary Amenorrhea 427 Valentina Chiavaroli, Ebe D’Adamo, Laura Diesse, Tommaso de Giorgis, Francesco Chiarelli and Angelika Mohn Chapter 21 The Management of Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding 447 Aytul Corbacioglu Preface The purpose of the present volume is to focus on more recent aspects of the complex regulation of hormonal action, in particular in 3 different hot fields: metabolism, growth and reproduction. Modern approaches to the physiology and pathology of endocrine glands are based on cellular and molecular investigation of genes, peptide, hormones, protein cascade at different levels. In all of the chapters in the book all, or at least some, of these aspects are described in order to increase the endocrine knowledge. In the first section, the chapters are focused on gastrointestinal hormones and their interactions with food intake and energy expenditure, adipose tissue function and metabolism, regulation of glucose metabolism and their clinical alterations in human and animal models. The second section on growth and reproduction show new advances in these field with specific focus on pediatric endocrinology, with contributions on reproduction and pubertal development. The third section is on gynecological endocrinology, related in particular on common clinical problem. We are grateful to all contributors to this volume for sharing their in-depth insight and wisdom. These will undoubtedly make it as a successful reference for all the readers interested in endocrinology: physiology, patho-physiology, comparative and clinical aspects. We hope that the reader of this book will be inspired by the scientific contributions from the forefront of research to further their own scientific and clinical achievements for the ultimate purpose of benefiting in their scientific work, inducing new creative ideas that will stem from reading it. Novara, 2011 Editor: Gianluca Aimaretti Co-Editors: Paolo Marzullo and Flavia Prodam University “A. Avogadro” of the Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy [...]... Dopamine infusion caused a significant decline of plasma motilin levels, and dopamine antagonism with domperidone caused a significant elevation of motilin (Funakoshi, et al 8 Update on Mechanisms of Hormone Action – Focus on Metabolism, Growth and Reproductions 1983) Atropine suppressed the basal levels of motilin but did not alter the increment of motilin levels after domperidone administration, suggesting... effects of 22 Update on Mechanisms of Hormone Action – Focus on Metabolism, Growth and Reproductions reduced adiponectin levels, as seen in metabolic syndrome, make adiponectin a link between obesity and inflammation In contrast to its protective role against obesity and vascular diseases, it appears that in skeletal joints adiponectin is pro-inflammatory and involved in matrix degradation Plasma adiponectin... obesity, leptin 18 Update on Mechanisms of Hormone Action – Focus on Metabolism, Growth and Reproductions concentrations are already high as a consequence of increased fat mass The persistence of obesity in spite of high leptin levels suggests that high leptin levels can induce leptin resistance This may occur due to a leptin-induced increase of SOCS3, which blocks intracellular transmission of the leptin... ghrelin in the duodenum and lower intestine of suncus 6 Update on Mechanisms of Hormone Action – Focus on Metabolism, Growth and Reproductions 4 Distributions of motilin and ghrelin receptors The receptor for motilin was identified from the human gastrointestinal tract by Feighner et al in 1999 (Feighner, et al 1999) and it is now called GPR38 or motilin receptor Growth hormone secretagogue receptor... visfatin has been shown to induce chemotaxis and the production of IL1, TNF, IL6 and costimulatory molecules by CD14+ monocytes, and to increase their ability 24 Update on Mechanisms of Hormone Action – Focus on Metabolism, Growth and Reproductions to induce alloproliferative responses in lymphocytes, effects which are mediated intracellularly by p38 and MEK1 [96] Visfatin is therefore certainly... an adaptive response, anti-inflammatory factors such as IL1 receptor antagonist (which binds competitively to the interleukin 1 receptor without 16 Update on Mechanisms of Hormone Action – Focus on Metabolism, Growth and Reproductions triggering activity within the cell) and IL10 (circulating levels of which are also elevated in obese individuals) 2 Cellular and molecular alterations of white adipose... the development of associated anorexia 20 Update on Mechanisms of Hormone Action – Focus on Metabolism, Growth and Reproductions Mice in which experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) has been induced by inoculation of appropriate self-antigens constitute an animal model of human multiple sclerosis, a disease in which leptin levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid are high and are negatively... shortage of space 9 References [1] Zhang Y, Proenca R, Maffei M, Barone M, Leopold L, Friedman JM Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue Nature 1994; 372(6505):425-32 26 Update on Mechanisms of Hormone Action – Focus on Metabolism, Growth and Reproductions [2] Otero M, Lago R, Lago F, Casanueva FF, Dieguez C, Gomez-Reino JJ, Gualillo O Leptin, from fat to inflammation: old... appearance of The Gut Peptide Hormone Family, Motilin and Ghrelin 7 gastrointestinal motility in the interdigestive state It has been reported that these coordinated contractions consist of three phases, phase I (period of motor quiescence), phase II (period of preceding irregular contractions) and phase III (period of clustered potent contractions) It has been shown that plasma concentration of motilin... Nakazato M, Date Y, Murakami N, Kojima M, Kangawa K & Matsukura S 2001 Upregulation of Ghrelin expression in the stomach upon fasting, insulin-induced hypoglycemia, and leptin administration Biochem Biophys Res Commun 281 1220-1225 14 Update on Mechanisms of Hormone Action – Focus on Metabolism, Growth and Reproductions Tsutsui C, Kajihara K, Yanaka T, Sakata I, Itoh Z, Oda S & Sakai T 2009 House . a motilin- and ghrelin-producing small Update on Mechanisms of Hormone Action – Focus on Metabolism, Growth and Reproductions 4 animal model for studies on gastric motility, and we therefore. significant elevation of motilin (Funakoshi, et al. Update on Mechanisms of Hormone Action – Focus on Metabolism, Growth and Reproductions 8 1983). Atropine suppressed the basal levels of motilin but. UPDATE ON MECHANISMS OF HORMONE ACTION – FOCUS ON METABOLISM, GROWTH AND REPRODUCTIONS Edited by Gianluca Aimaretti Co-Editors: Paolo Marzullo and Flavia Prodam