PROGRESS IN PERITONEAL DIALYSIS Edited by Raymond Krediet Progress in Peritoneal Dialysis Edited by Raymond Krediet Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Niksa Mandic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright beerkoff, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published October, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Progress in Peritoneal Dialysis, Edited by Raymond Krediet p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-390-3 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Chapter 1 Representations of Peritoneal Tissue – Mathematical Models in Peritoneal Dialysis 1 Magda Galach, Andrzej Werynski, Bengt Lindholm and Jacek Waniewski Chapter 2 Distributed Models of Peritoneal Transport 23 Joanna Stachowska-Pietka and Jacek Waniewski Chapter 3 Membrane Biology During Peritoneal Dialysis 49 Kar Neng Lai and Joseph C.K. Leung Chapter 4 Angiogenic Activity of the Peritoneal Mesothelium: Implications for Peritoneal Dialysis 61 Janusz Witowski and Achim Jörres Chapter 5 Matrix Metalloproteinases Cause Peritoneal Injury in Peritoneal Dialysis 75 Ichiro Hirahara, Tetsu Akimoto, Yoshiyuki Morishita, Makoto Inoue, Osamu Saito, Shigeaki Muto and Eiji Kusano Chapter 6 Proteomics in Peritoneal Dialysis 87 Hsien-Yi Wang, Hsin-Yi Wu and Shih-Bin Su Chapter 7 Peritoneal Dialysate Effluent During Peritonitis Induces Human Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis and Express Matrix Metalloproteinases-9 99 Ching-Yuang Lin and Chia-Ying Lee Chapter 8 A Renal Policy and Financing Framework to Understand Which Factors Favour Home Treatments Such as Peritoneal Dialysis 115 Suzanne Laplante and Peter Vanovertveld Chapter 9 Nutritional Considerations in Indian Patients on PD 133 Aditi Nayak, Akash Nayak, Mayoor Prabhu and K S Nayak VI Contents Chapter 10 Hyponatremia and Hypokalemia in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients 145 Sejoong Kim Chapter 11 Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis in Incident PD Patients in Scotland 157 Robert Mactier and Michaela Brown Chapter 12 Biocompatible Solutions for Peritoneal Dialysis 167 Alberto Ortiz, Beatriz Santamaria and Jesús Montenegro Preface Continuous peritoneal dialysis was first introduced by Popovich and Moncrief in 1976. It gained popularity as a form of home dialysis in the eighties in Canada, USA, Western Europe and Hong-Kong. Since the nineties Eastern Europe followed and from 2000 onward the main growth was in the so-called third-world countries. As a consequence, the level at which peritoneal is practiced differs very much amongst countries. This translates into research that is focused either on in-vitro studies, some studies in animals, mathematics and, most-importantly, clinical studies in patients. This makes the scope of interest in peritoneal dialysis related studies very wide. The aim of the present publication was not to create a comprehensive reference book on all aspects of peritoneal dialysis with invited authors, recognized as authorities in part of the field. Rather, the objective was to make a collection of various actual subjects, highlighted by authors from all over the world, who had shown their interest in a specific item by submitting an abstract. These abstracts were reviewed and chosen based on the quality of their contents. The chapters which emerged reflect the world- wide progress in peritoneal dialysis during the last years. Five of the twelve chapters comprise clinical issues, two are on kinetic modelling, and the others show the results of the mainly in-vitro studies of the authors and their collaborators. Consequently the interested reader is likely to find state-of the art essays on the subject of his/her interest. I hope this book on Progression in peritoneal dialysis will contribute to spreading the knowledge in this interesting, but underused modality of renal replacement therapy. Raymond T Krediet, MD, PhD Emeritus Professor of Nephrology Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands [...]... &Lindholm, B (2010) Mathematical modeling of the glucose-insulin system during peritoneal dialysis with glucose-based fluids Asaio J, Vol 57, No 1, pp (41-47) Haraldsson, B (2001) Optimization of peritoneal dialysis prescription using computer models of peritoneal transport Perit Dial Int, Vol 21 Suppl 3, pp (S148-151) 20 Progress in Peritoneal Dialysis Heimburger, O., Waniewski, J., Werynski, A &Lindholm,... dialysis is an interesting and important area for mathematical modeling In fact peritoneal dialysis treatment as we know it today is the result of kinetic modeling leading to the concept of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis The first mathematical models describing peritoneal dialysis were based on a simple idea of a semipermeable peritoneal barrier between blood and dialysate allowing solute and fluid... Representations of Peritoneal Tissue – Mathematical Models in Peritoneal Dialysis using frequent measurements of volume marker concentration in dialysate Measurements should be done more frequently at the beginning of dialysis when concentration changes of the volume marker are more rapid Mass of volume marker at the beginning of dialysis, M z (t0 ) , is equal to the mass in the fresh dialysis fluid in the peritoneal. .. difference in solute concentration between blood and dialysis fluid results in a quasi-continuous spatially variable concentration profile Moreover, fluid infusion into the peritoneal cavity induces increase of interstitial hydrostatic pressure and results in fluid transport within the tissue The tissue hydrostatic pressure equilibrates with the intraperitoneal hydrostatic pressure at the peritoneal. .. Representations of Peritoneal Tissue – Mathematical Models in Peritoneal Dialysis Magda Galach1, Andrzej Werynski1, Bengt Lindholm2 and Jacek Waniewski1 1Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw 2Divisions of Baxter Novum and Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 1Poland 2Sweden 1 Introduction... Boisde, I., Moulin, P., Rippe, B., Verkman, A.S &Devuyst, O (2006) Aquaporin-1 plays an essential role in water permeability and ultrafiltration during peritoneal dialysis Kidney Int, Vol 69, No 9, pp (1518-1525) Olszowska, A., Waniewski, J., Werynski, A., Anderstam, B., Lindholm, B &Wankowicz, Z (2007) Peritoneal transport in peritoneal dialysis patients using glucose-based and amino acid-based solutions... fluid transport during peritoneal dialysis Int J Artif Organs, Vol 19, No 8, pp (455466) Waniewski, J., Heimburger, O., Werynski, A &Lindholm, B (1996c) Diffusive mass transport coefficients are not constant during a single exchange in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis Asaio J, Vol 42, No 5, pp (M518-523) Waniewski, J., Heimburger, O., Werynski, A &Lindholm, B (1996d) Paradoxes in peritoneal transport... Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 1Poland 2Sweden 1 Introduction During peritoneal dialysis solutes and water are transported across the peritoneum, a thin “membrane” lining the abdominal and pelvic cavities Dialysis fluid containing an “osmotic agent”, usually glucose, is infused into the peritoneal space, and solutes and water pass from the blood into the dialysate (and vice versa) The complex physiological... the diffusive transport of gases between intraperitoneal pockets and blood was studied by Collins in 1981 (Collins 1981) In the peritoneal dialysis field the distributed approach was introduced by Dedrick, Flessner and colleagues (Dedrick et al 1982; Flessner, Dedrick, and Schultz 1984) The distributed modelling of diffusive solute transport during peritoneal dialysis was also studied by Waniewski (Waniewski... volume and sodium concentration during initial 2 hours of the session for the patient No 1 and following starting points (x values) in the fitting procedure (fminsearch): [0.95,0.74,1.10,1.14,1.35,1.52] (top), [1.24,2.48,0.59,2.27,2.33,2.09] (middle) and [0.71,1.03,1.18,1.86,0.78,1.95] (bottom) 15 Representations of Peritoneal Tissue – Mathematical Models in Peritoneal Dialysis 600 500 500 Ultrafiltration . 2 Sweden 1. Introduction During peritoneal dialysis solutes and water are transported across the peritoneum, a thin “membrane” lining the abdominal and pelvic cavities. Dialysis fluid containing an. Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Progress in Peritoneal Dialysis, . likely to find state-of the art essays on the subject of his/her interest. I hope this book on Progression in peritoneal dialysis will contribute to spreading the knowledge in this interesting, but