juvenile criminal justice

juvenile criminal justice juvenile criminal justice juvenile criminal justice juvenile criminal justice juvenile criminal justice

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II FEATURES AND RATIONALE OF JUVENILE CRIMINAL JUSTICE 24

2.1 FEATURES OF JUVENILE CRIMINAL JUSTICE 24

2.2 RATIONALE/BASIS OF JUVENILE CRIMINAL JUSTICE 24

III OBJECTIVES AND SIGNIFICANCE OF JUVENILE CRIMINAL JUSTICE 25

3.1 OBJECTIVES/AIMS OF JUVENILE CRIMINAL JUSTICE 25

3.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF JUVENILE CRIMINAL JUCTICE 27

CHAPTER II: 30

THE UN STANDARDS AND NORMS ON JUVENILE CRIMINAL JUSTICE 30

I GENERAL UNDERSTANDINGS ON UN STANDARDS AND NORMS 30

2.1 PREVENTION OF CHILD OFFENDING 31

2.2 INTERVENTION FOR CHILDREN RESPONSIBLE FOR CRIMINAL ACTS 32

2.3 AGE AND CHILD JUSTICE SYSTEMS 35

2.4 GUARANTEE FOR A FAIR TRIAL 37

2.5 MEASURES 37

2.6 DEPRIVATION OF LIBERTY 38

III ORGANIZATION OF THE CHILD JUSTICE SYSTEM 39

3.1 SPECIAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK 39

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3.2 SPECIALIZED AUTHORITIES, SERVICES AND PERSONNEL 39

IV CHILD VICTIMS AND WITNESSES OF CRIMES 39

1.1 NO RETROACTIVE APPLICATION OF CHILD JUSTICE (ART.40(2)(A)) 51

1.2 COMPARE VIETNAMESE LAW WITH INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS AND NORMS 51

1.3 COMPARE WITH OTHER COUNTRIES’ LAW 52

1.4 MAKE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR LEGAL REFORM AND/OR LEGAL IMPLEMENTATION 52

II PARA 43 52

2.1 PRESUMPTION OF INNOCENCE (ART.40(2)(B)(I)) 52

2.2 COMPARE VIETNAMESE LAW WITH INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS AND NORMS 53

2.3 MAKE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR LEGAL REFORM AND/OR LEGAL IMPLEMENTATION 53

III PARA 44-45 54

3.1 RIGHT TO BE HEARD (ART.12) 54

3.2 COMPARE VIETNAMESE LAWS WITH INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS AND NORMS 54

3.4 MAKE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR LEGAL REFORM AND/OR LEGAL

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4.2 COMPARE VIETNAM LAW WITH INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS AND

4.4 MAKE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR LEGAL REFORM AND/OR LEGAL

2 Comparing Vietnamese laws 63

a With international standards 63

b With the UK laws 65

3 Recommendations for Vietnamese laws 65

II Paragraph 48 66

1 Analyzing contents 66

2 Comparing with Vietnamese laws 67

PART 2: LEGAL OR OTHER APPROPRIATE ASSISTANCE 68

I Paragraph 49 68

2 Comparing with Vietnamese laws 70

II Paragraph 50 72

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III Paragraph 51 75

IV Paragraph 52 79

V Paragraph 53 83

VI ASSESSMENT OF THE LECTURERS 87

TOPIC III: PARAS 54 – 60 GENERAL COMMENT NO.24 91

1 Paras 54 General Comment No 24 91

1.1 Analysis 91

1.2 Comparison to Vietnamese law 92

1.3 Recommendations for Vietnam 93

2.1 Analysis 93 4

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3.1 Analysis 95

4 Paras 57 General Comment No.24 97

4.1 Analysis 98

5.1 Analysis 99

6.1 Analysis 102

6.2 Comparison to Vietnamese law and recommendations for Vietnam 103

7.1 Analysis 104

8 ASSESSMENT OF THE LECTURER 106

TOPIC IV: GENERAL COMMENT NO.24 PARAGRAPHS 61-65 109

Introduction 109

Part I: Presence and examination of witnesses 109

1 Main point 109

2 Vietnamese laws with international standards and norms 110

2.1 International standards and norms 110

2.2 Vietnamese Laws 110

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3 Comparison 112

4 Vietnamese law and Japanese law (Juvenile Act 1948) 112

4.1 Japanese law (Juvenile Act 1948) 112

4.2 Comparison 113

5 Some suggestions and recommendations for Vietnamese law 114

Part II: The right to review or appeal 114

1 Main point (paras 62) 114

2 Compare Vietnamese law with international standards and norms 116

2.1 International standards and norms 116

2.2 Vietnamese law 116

2.3 Comparison 116

3 Compare Vietnamese law with other countries' laws 117

3.1 Japan (Juvenile Act 1948) 117

3.2 Regarding the automatic review measure 118

4 Recommendations for legal reform and/or legal implementation 119

5 Legal implementation 119

6 Reservation made in respect of article 40 (2) (b) (v) 119

6.1 Main point 119

6.2 Compare Vietnamese law with other countries' laws 120

Part III: Free assistance of an interpreter 122

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4 Recommendations for legal reform and/or legal implementation 126

5 Provide adequate and effective assistance by well-trained professional 127 5.1 Main point 127

5.2 Compare Vietnamese law with other countries' laws 127

IV ASSESSMENT OF THE LECTURER 128

TOPIC V: GENERAL COMMENT NO.24 PARAGRAPHS 66-71 132

I Analyze the content 132

II Compare Vietnamese laws with UN standards and norms 140

2.1 The privacy of juveniles (related to Paragraph 66) 140

2.2 Children’s privacy rights in proceeding (Related to Paragraph 67,68,69) 142

2.3 Disclosure of information on juvenile offenders (Related to Paragraph 70) 143

III Compare Vietnamese laws with other’s countries laws 145

3.1 The children’s privacy during proceeding 145

3.2 The child justice hearing 146

3.3 Information publication 147

IV Make recommendations for legal reform and/or legal implementation 148

4.1 About the public trial of juvenile cases 148

4.2 About lifelong protection principles 149

4.3 About protecting the child’s identity from the media 149

NH N XÉT C A CÔẬỦ 150

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TOPIC VI: EVALUATE PROVISIONS OF THE LECJ 2019 GOVERNING JUVENILEPRISONERS’ REGIME OF INCARCERATION BASED ON RELEVANT UN

STANDARDS AND NORMS ON JUVENILE CRIMINAL JUSTICE 153

I INTRODUCTION 153

1 OVERVIEW 153

2 RELATED DOCUMENT 153

II EVALUATION 153

1 VENUE USED FOR THE DETENTION OF MINOR INMATES 153

1.1 In distinct cell of adult prisons or a separate children prison 153

1.1.1 Law on Enforcement of Criminal Judgments 2019 153

1.1.2 UN standards and norms on juvenile criminal justice 154

1.2 Comparison and evaluation 155

2 CLASSIFICATION OF JUVENILE INMATES 155

2.1 When juveniles are still under 18 155

2.2 When juveniles turn 18 158

2.4 Recommendation for Vietnamese law 159

2.5 Discussion about other opinion 160

3 LIMITING THE LIVING SPACE OF JUVENILE PRISONERS 161

3.1 The number of juvenile prisoners in one cell 161

3.2 The minimum sleeping area 162

3.2.1 Law on Enforcement of Criminal Judgments 2019 162 8

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4 REQUIRED TIME SPENT IN CELL & GETTING OUT OF PRISON CAMPUS.164 4.1 Required time spent in a cell 164

4.2 Leaving out of the campus of the prison 166

III CONCLUSION 169

TOPIC VII: EVALUATE PROVISIONS OF THE LECJ 2019 GOVERNING JUVENILEPRISONERS’ REGIME OF VISITS AND COMMUNICATION WITH RELATIVESBASED ON RELEVANT UN STANDARDS AND NORMS ON JUVENILE CRIMINALJUSTICE 172

I INTRODUCTION 172

II EVALUATION 173

1 JUVENILE PRISONERS’ REGIME OF VISITS AND COMMUNICATION WITH RELATIVES BASED ON UN STANDARDS AND NORMS ON JUVENILE CRIMINAL JUSTICE 173

1.1 The Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) 173

1.2 UN standards and norms on juvenile criminal justice 175

1.2.1 Legal basis 175

1.2.2 Theoretical foundation 177

2 JUVENILE PRISONERS’ REGIME OF VISITS AND COMMUNICATION WITH RELATIVES BASED ON VIETNAMESE LAW 179

2.1 Regime of visits with relatives 179

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2.2 Regime of communication with relatives 182

3 EVALUATING LEGAL REFORM ABOUT JUVENILE PRISONERS’ REGIME OF VISITS AND COMMUNICATION WITH RELATIVES IN VIETNAM 185

3.1 Advantage 185

3.2 Disadvantages 186

4 OTHER COUNTRIES' LEGAL REGULATIONS AND RECOMMENDATION FOR VIETNAMESE LAW 187

4.1 Other countries' legal regulations on juvenile prisoners’ regime of visits and communication with relatives 187

4.1.1 Some Countries in the Report of Non-governmental Organizations

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Temporary detention t m giamạ

Non-custodial measure bi n pháp không mang ệ because a person must stay at this school; not get out of this school; and teachers watch the person all the time Restorative Justice

ch ng trình t pháp ươ ư ph c h iụ ồ

Committee on the Rights

of the Child u ban v quy n tr emỷ ề ề ẻ

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Trial behind closed

juveniles are in the trial behind closed doors However, in Victoria, juveniles are in the open trial but there are

Presume innocent suy đoán vô t iộ Procedural right Quy n t t ngề ố ụ

Procedural guarantee B o lãnh t t ngả ố ụ = Procedural safeguards

Incarcerated separaterly Giam gi riêngữ

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Appointed defense

counsel Ng i bào ch a ch đ nhườ ữ ỉ ị

Pre_trial stages Các giai đo n ti n xét xạ ề ử Kh i t , đi u tra, truy tở ố ề ố

Juvenile accused person Ng i b bu c t i ch a ườ ị ộ ộ ư

thành niên = juvenile offender Law on legal aid 2017 Lu t Tr giúp pháp lýậ ợ

Rehabilitation S tái t oự ạ Reintegration into the

community Tái hoà nh p c ng đ ngậ ộ ồ

Imprisonment Hình ph t tù chung thânạ

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Torture Tra t nấ

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Question 1 (04 marks): Evaluate provisions of Vietnamese criminalprocedure law governing "the right to the presence of a representative (parent

or guardian)" of juvenile offenders based on relevant UN standards and norms on

Question 2 (03 marks): According to international norms and standards,the following statements are RIGHT or WRONG? Give explanation for youranswers (KHÔNG ĐƯỢC LÀM YES OR NO)

(International g m 3 lĩnh v c: T t ng, hình, thi hành án)ồ ự ố ụ

 Juvenile prisoners (có th hình s và thi hành án, không th là t t ngểựểố ụhình s )ự must be incarcerated separately from their adult counterpartsin all circumstances  Thu c ph m vi c a thi hành án Wrong (ộ ạ ủ HavanaRules paragraph 29) ho c (ặ Art 37.c Công ước quy n tr em - GCềẻ )

 The Committee on the Rights of the Child suggests States parties provide

that trials against juvenile defendants shall be conducted behind closed doors without any exceptions  Wrong Có tr ng h p b cáo là d i 18ườ ợ ị ướ tu i nh ng v n ph i xét x công khai (ổ ư ẫ ả ử para 67 GC)

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Question 3 (03 marks): According to Vietnamese laws and practice1, the

following statements are RIGHT or WRONG? Give explanation for your answers.(KHÔNG ĐƯỢC LÀM YES OR NO)

 A minority of juveniles in conflict with criminal law in Vietnam have beenapplied (đ có câu này là xài th c ti n)ềựễ non-custodial penalties  Right(Báo cáo c a th y ph n hình s và t t ngủầầựố ụ )

 Telephone communication between juvenile prisoners (lu t thi hành ánậhình s vi t nam – thông t 14/2020)ự ệư and their relatives shall be kept strictly (tuy t đ i) confidential ệ ố  Wrong

1 Practice: Th c ti nự ễ

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Children Law 2016, art 1: being

below the age of 16

PC 20152, CPC 20153: person under

16 years of age

CRC4 art 1: below the age of 18 years

unless under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier5

Notice: VN is one of members of UN but VN regulates about the age of child

being different from that of UN However, Vn does not violate this convention because 16 is under 18 Moreover, “unless under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier” so the majority in VN is 18 or more than 18 Besides, this norm is not compulsory Furthermore, VN respects the social welfare.

CPC 2015, art 4(1): accused persons

include arrested persons, detainees, the

accused, defendants

Bejing Rules, para 2.2(a, c):

 A juvenile: a child or young person

 A juvenile offender: a child or young person who is alleged to have committed or who has been found to have committed

2 Bộ lu t hình sậự

3 Bộ lu t t t ng hình sậ ố ụự

4 Công c quy n tr emướềẻ

5 tr khi có lu t quy đ nh v tu i tr ng thành c a tr em đ tu i s m h nừậịề ổ ưởủẻở ộ ổ ớơ

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an offence.

Notice: Persons held in urgent cases is not accused persons Therefore,

juvenile persons held in urgent cases do not have liabilities to have appointed defense counsels6.

Youth Law, art 1: between full sixteen

and thirty years old

beween the ages of 15 and 24 years, but without prejudice to other definitions by Member States  it depends on self-determination7 of each coutries.

Juvenile justice8:

A component of the justice organization and operation specially designed forjuveniles in conflict with the law aiming to perform the education and speciallegal protection of such persons, and simultaneously ensure and maintain thecommon legal orders in society9  punishment does not appear in that definition10.

Juvenile Criminal Justice / Child Justice System:

GC11 No 24, para 8: “Child justice system”: the legislation, norms andstandards, procedures, mechanisms and provisions specifically applicable to,and institutions and bodies set up to deal with, children considered as

6 Ng i b gi trong tr ng h p kh n c p không là ng i b bu c t i Cho nên, ng i b gi trong tr ng ườ ị ữườợẩ ấườ ịộ ộườ ị ữườh p kh n c p d i 18 tu i cũng không có quy n có ng i bào ch a ch đ nhợẩ ấướổềườữỉ ị

7 Quy nề t quy tựế

8 Tư pháp ng i ch a thành niênườư

9 Là m t b ph nộ ộậ c a t ch c và ho t đ ng tủ ổ ứạ ộư pháp đ c dành riêng cho ượ ngườ ch a thành niêniư vi ph mạ pháp lu tậ nh m th cằự hi n ệ s giáo d c vàựụ b o v đ c bi t v m t pháp lýảệ ặệ ề ặ đ i v i hố ớ ọ đ ng th i ồờ

b o đ m và duy trì tr t t phápảảậ ự lu tậ chung trong xã h i.ộ

10 S tr ng tr , tr ng ph t ch a bao gi xu t hi n trong khái ni m nàyự ừị ừạườ ấệệ

11 General Comments

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Summary: Child justice system: Distinctive legal framework12

 Specialized institutions/bodies13  these bodies apply the law into practice (EX: Family and Juvenile Court & Investigating authorities/agencies14 & Procuracies15)

 Specilized authorities/persons: There is no specilized authorities but

there are many specilized persons such as investigator16 and prosecutor17 It is reasons that Vietnamese legal framework is not comprehensive.

The normal/traditional criminal proceedings18: institution of criminal cases19 – investigation20 – prosecution21 – adjudication22

Diversion (III.8 GC No 24): measures helping juvenile to stay away from the

judicial system, at any time prior to or during the relevant proceedings23 (EX: Art29 (3) PC 2015)

12 Khung pháp lý đ c bi t, = special legal frameworkặệ

13 Hệ th ng c quan đ c bi t, áp d ng pháp lý đó vào trong th c ti nốơặệụự ễ

14 Cơ quan đi u tra ề In addtion, the Police (l c l ng c nh sát nhân dân) is broader the Investigating ự ượả

20 Giai đo n đi u traạề

21 Giai đo n truy tạố

22 Giai đo n xét xạử

23 Đây là ph ng pháp giúp ng i ch a thành niên không tham gia vào các giai đo n t t ng hình s b t ươườưạ ố ụự ấc lúc nào.ứ

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II FEATURES AND RATIONALE OF JUVENILE CRIMINAL JUSTICE2.1 FEATURES OF JUVENILE CRIMINAL JUSTICE

 Based on juveniles’ rights (Art 40 CRC)  At here, rights are procedural

rights or guarantees24 such as the right to be presumed innocent25, the right of defense26, the right to the presense of parents/guardian27

 Friendly: One of pinciples of legal preceedings (Art 414 (1) CPC)  The

main reasons of this feature is that having an appropriate behaviors and

language  Other examples: Art 7 Res 04/2019. Restorative28

 Seperate29: This is a seperate system which is parallel to the normam criminal system30 (Chapter XXVIII CPC)31.

 Special: It is because that the juvenile is the minor, the weak people.

Moreover, they are young and they cannot understand laws and situations clearly32

2.2 RATIONALE/BASIS OF JUVENILE CRIMINAL JUSTICE

Children differ from adults in their physical and psychological development.Such differences constitute the basis for the recognition of lesser culpability,and for a separate system with a differentiated, individualized approach33.34

24 Sự b o đ mảả

25 Quy nề đ c suy đoán vô t iượộ

26 Quy nề đ c bào ch aượữ

27 Quy nề đ c b o h b i cha m /ng i giám hượ ả ộ ởẹườộ

28 Mang tính ph c h iụ ồ

29 Riêng bi tệ

30 Song song v i h th ng hình s thông th ngớ ệ ốựườ

31 It is because that VN try to follow the tendency of coutries all over the world such as Philipines, Indonesia, Victoria that they have a seperate juvenile legal framework.

32 In CPC, the procedure for legal entities (pháp nhân) also is the special procedure which is similar to the juvenile procedure.

33 individualized approach: every child has different characteristics so it is neccessary to have different

34 Tr em khác v i ng i l n s phát tri n v th ch t và tâm lý.ẻớườ ớ ở ựể ề ể ấ Nh ng khác bi t nh v y t o thành cữệư ậ ạơs cho vi c th a nh n t i nh h n và cho m t h th ng riêng bi t v i cách ti p c n khác bi t, cá nhân ởệừậ ộẹ ơộ ệ ốệ ớế ậệhóa.

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Exposure to the criminal justice system has been demonstrated to cause harm to children, limiting their chances of becoming responsible adults35 (GC No.24para 2)

III OBJECTIVES AND SIGNIFICANCE OF JUVENILE CRIMINAL JUSTICE3.1 OBJECTIVES/AIMS OF JUVENILE CRIMINAL JUSTICE

 Ensure that children are better served and protected by justice systems

(UN approach to justice for children36)

 Promote the well-being of the juvenile (the Beijing Rules 5.137)

o The first objective is the promotion of the well-being38 of thejuvenile This is the main focus of those legal systems in whichjuvenile offenders are dealt with by family courts39 or

administrative authorities, but the well-being of the juvenileshould also be emphasized in legal systems that follow the criminalcourt model, thus contributing to the avoidance of merelypunitive sanctions.

 Ensure the principle of proportionality in dealing with juvenile offenders

(the Beijing Rules)

o The second objective is "the principle of proportionality40" Thisprinciple is well-known as an instrument for curbing punitive

35 Vi c ti p xúc v i h th ng t pháp hình s đã đ c ch ng minh là gây h i cho tr em, h n ch c h i ệ ếớ ệ ốưựượứạẻạế ơ ộtr thành ng i l n có trách nhi m c a chúng.ởườ ớệủ

36 “The goal of the justice for children approach is to ensure that children, defined by the CRC as all

persons under the age of eighteen, are better served and protected by justice systems, including the

security and social welfare sectors It specifically aims at ensuring full application of international norm

and standards for all children who come into contact with justice and related systems as victims,

witnesses and alleged offenders; or for other reasons where judicial, state administrative or non-state

adjudicatory intervention is needed, for example regarding their care, custody or protection"

37 “The juvenile justice system shall emphasize the well-being of the juvenile and shall ensure that any reaction to juvenile offenders shall always be in proportion to the circumstances of both the offenders

and the offence”

38 The well-being: The state of feeling happy and healthy

39 Family courts ch áp d ng cho juvenile còn Criminal court áp d ng chung cho juvenile và nh ng ng i ỉụụữườkhác

40 The principle of proportionality: Nguyên t c c a s t ng x ngắ ủ ự ươứ

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sanctions41, mostly expressed in terms of just deserts42 in relation

to the gravity of the offence43 The response to young offenders

should be based on the consideration not only of the gravity of theoffence but also of personal circumstances44 The individual circumstances of the offender (for example social status, family situation, the harm caused by the offence or other factors affecting

personal circumstances) should influence the proportionality ofthe reactions (for example by having regard to the offender'sendeavour45 to indemnify46 the victim or to her or his willingness to turn to wholesome and useful life)47

o By the same token, reactions aiming to ensure the welfare of theyoung offender may go beyond necessity48 and therefore infringeupon the fundamental rights of the young individual, as has been

observed in some juvenile justice systems Here, too, the proportionality of the reaction to the circumstances of both the

offender and the offence, including the victim, should be

o In essence, rule 5 calls for no less and no more than a fair reaction

in any given cases of juvenile delinquency and crime The issues combined in the rule may help to stimulate development in both regards: new and innovative types of reactions are as desirable as

precautions against any undue widening of the net of formalsocial control over juveniles49.

41 Nguyên t c c a s t ng x ng là công c đ ki m soát các hình ph t t ng x ngắ ủ ự ươứụ ể ểạ ươứ

42 X ngứ đáng ch u hình ph t khi ph m t iịạạộ

43 M cứ đ nghiêm tr ng c a hành vi ph m t i (D a vào ộọủạộự Art.9 & Art.50 PC 2015)

44 Không ch d a vào m c đ nghiêm tr ng c a hành vi ph m t i mà còn d a vào nỉ ựứ ộọủạộựh ngữ tr ng h p ườợthu c v cá nhân ch a thành niên ph m t i.ộ ềưạộ

45 Sự c g ng c a ng i ph m t iố ắủườạộ

46 B iồ th ngườ

47 Có th so sánh gi a lu t vi t nam và công c thông qua ểữậệướ Đ91.2 BLHS.

48 Ph nả ng l i v i hành vi ph m t i c a t i ph m, có th v t quá s c n thi tứạ ớạộ ủ ộạể ượự ầế

49 M tộ trong các h n ch c a t pháp ph c h i là ạế ủ ưụ ồm r ng m ng l i ki m soát xã h i (Net_Widening) ở ộạướểộm t cách không c n thi t Juvenile không c n b ki m soát xã h i đ n m c nh v y ộầếầị ểộ ếứư ậ  Quá l m d ng t ạụưpháp ph c h i.ụ ồ

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 Prevent juvenile delinquency50 (Rivadh Guidelines, para 151)

3.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF JUVENILE CRIMINAL JUCTICE

 A mechanism protecting and ensuring juveniles’ human rights  A mechanism ensuring access to justice for juveniles

 A mechanism preventing juvenile delinquency and crimes

50 T iộ ph m – t này dùng riêng cho t i ph m ch a thành niênạừộạư

51 “The prevention of juvenile delinquency is an essential part of crime prevention in society By

engaging in lawful, socially useful activities and adopting a humanistic orientation towards society and

outlook on life, young persons can develop non-criminogenic attitudes”.

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CHAPTER II:

THE UN STANDARDS AND NORMS ON JUVENILE CRIMINAL JUSTICE

Analyze the UN standards and norms on child justice system(The most important chapter)

I GENERAL UNDERSTANDINGS ON UN STANDARDS AND NORMS1.1 DEFINITION

Matti Joutsen, “UN Standards and Norms on Juvenile Justice: From Soft Law to Hard Law”: In the UN and the criminal justice context, the term refers specifically

to a number of instruments52 adopted by the General Assembly53 and the

Economic and Social Council (and in a few exceptional cases, by other bodies)that are designed as benchmarks54 for the development of the criminal justice system.

1.2 FEATURES

Matti Joutsen, “UN Standards and Norms on Juvenile Justice: From Soft Law to

Hard Law”: Standards and norms are commonly referred to as “soft law”instruments, in the sense that they provide guidance but are not legallybinding In any discussion of the UN standards and norms on juvenile justice,however, reference should also be made to a “hard law”55 instrument, the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) This has been ratified56 by all but one member state of the United Nations, and is thus as nearly universally binding57 an instrument as there can be in international law.

UNODC: These standards and norms provide flexible guidance for reform

that accounts for differences in legal traditions, systems and structures whilst providing a collective vision of how criminal justice systems should be structured.

52 a number of instruments: văn ki nệ

53 General Assembly: Đ i h i đ ngạ ộ ồ

54 Benchmarks: tiêu chu nẩ

55 Hard law has a legally binding effect, as “real law”

56 Retified: phê chu nẩ

57 Nearly universally binding: G nầ nh có hi u l c toàn th gi iưệ ựế ớ

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1.3 CLASSIFICATION

principles on the use of

for action on children in the criminal justice system

Model laws: on child

victims and witnessess of crimes, juvenile justice

 UN Model strategies and practical measures on the elimination of

violence against children in the field of crime prevention and criminal justice

 GC No 24 (Section IV.A):

o Root causes of child’s involvement in child justice system

o Intensive family- and community-based treatment programmes (home, school, community, peer relations)

o Support for family, children at risk58, peer group support o Responsibility of parents

58 Đ aứ tr có nguy c ph m t iẻơạộ

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o Early intervention59: child-friendly and multidisciplinary responses to the first signs of behaviour

o Out-of-home placement60: last resort, shortest appropriate of time, judicial review61

o Decriminalization62 of minor offences63, remove status offences64

2.2 INTERVENTION65 FOR CHILDREN RESPONSIBLE FOR CRIMINAL ACTSInterventions that avoid resorting to judicial proceedings(Diversion/Restorative justice66):

CRC, art 40(3)(b): “States Parties shall seek to promote the establishment oflaws, procedures, authorities and institutions specifically applicable tochildren alleged as, accused of, or recognized as having infringed the penal law,

and, in particular: Whenever appropriate and desirable67, measures for dealingwith such children without resorting to judicial proceedings68, providing that

human rights and legal safeguards are fully respected”.Beijing Rules, rule 11:

 (11.1) Consideration shall be given, wherever appropriate, to dealing withjuvenile offenders without resorting to formal trial by the competentauthority, referred to in rule 14.1 below.

 (11.2) The police, the prosecution or other agencies dealing with

juvenile cases shall be empowered to dispose of such cases, at their

discretion, without recourse to formal hearings, in accordance with thecriteria laid down for that purpose in the respective legal system andalso in accordance with the principles contained in these Rules.

67 B tấ kì khi nào thích h p và theo mong mu nợố

68 “without resorting to judicial proceedings”: Đây là diversion.

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 (11.3) Any diversion involving referral to appropriate community orother services shall require the consent of the juvenile, or her or hisparents or guardian, provided that such decision to refer a case shall be

subject to review by a competent authority, upon application  It is because that có s đ ng ý thì mediation m i thành công đ c.ự ồ ớ ượ

 (11.4) In order to facilitate the discretionary disposition of juvenile cases,efforts shall be made to provide for community programmes, such astemporary supervision and guidance, restitution, and compensationof victims.

Basic principles on the use of Restorative Justice programmes in criminalmatters (see The economic and Social Council and Handbook)

Use of restorative justice programmes (see The economic and Social

 Restorative justice programmes may be used at any stage of the criminal

justice system, subject to national law69 (In VN, trong giai đo n đi u tra,ạ ề

terminating criminal proceedings (Art.230 (1) CPC)  exemption fromcriminal liability under (Art.91 (2) PC)  apply supervisory and

educational measure)

 Restorative processes should be used only where there is sufficientevidence to charge the offender and with the free and voluntaryconsent of the victim and the offender The victim and the offendershould be able to withdraw such consent at any time during theprocess Agreements should be arrived at voluntarily and should contain

only reasonable and proportionate obligations.

 The victim and the offender should normally agree on the basic facts of a case as the basis for their participation in a restorative process.

Participation of the offender shall not be used as evidence ofadmission of guilt in subsequent legal proceedings70 (In VN, Art 16(4) TTLT 06)

69 Ch ngươ trình t pháp ph c h i có th đ c s d ng b t c giai đo n nào c a t t ng, theo pháp lu t ưụ ồể ượ ử ụ ở ấ ứạủ ố ụậqu c gia.ố

70 S tham gia c a ng i b bu i t i không th là ch ng c trong các giai đo n t t ng sau đó Nghĩa là, ựủườ ịộ ộểứứạ ố ụn u vi c hòa gi i c ng đ ng không thành công thì ph i quay l i t t ng truy n th ng, không đ c dùng ếệả ộồảạ ố ụềốượtình ti t này đ suy l n là có t i.ếểậộ

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Fundamental procedural safeguards71 guaranteeing fairness to the offender and the victim should be applied to restorative justice programmes and in

particular to restorative processes (Art 13 The economic and Social Council): Subject to national law, the victim and the offender should have the right

to consult with legal counsel concerning the restorative process and,

where necessary, to translation and/or interpretation Minors should, in addition, have the right to the assistance of a parent or guardian;

 Before agreeing to participate in restorative processes, the parties should be fully informed of their rights, the nature of the process and the possible consequences of their decision;

 Neither the victim nor the offender should be coerced, or induced by unfair means, to participate in restorative processes or to accept restorative outcomes.

Failure to implement an agreement made in the course of a restorative process

should be referred back to the restorative programme or, where requiredby national law, to the established criminal justice process and a decision as

to how to proceed should be taken without delay Failure to implement an

agreement, other than a judicial decision or judgement, should not be used asjustification for a more severe sentence in subsequent criminal justice

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GC No 24, para 19 and section D

 Minimum age of criminal responsibility74:

o Para 20: The age at the time of the commission of the offence75

(Tham kh o ả Res No 03/2004 & Circular No 02/2018 gi i thíchả

o Para 22: Documented evidence in the fields of child developmentand neuroscience76 indicates that maturity and the capacity for

abstract reasoning77 is still evolving in children aged 12 to 13 years

due to the fact that their frontal cortex78 is still developing.

Therefore, they are unlikely to understand the impact of theiractions or to comprehend criminal proceedings They are alsoaffected by their entry into adolescence As the Committee notes

in its general comment No 20 (2016) on the implementation of the rights of the child during adolescence, adolescence is a unique defining stage of human development characterized by rapid brain development, and this affects risk-taking, certain kinds of

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making and the ability to control impulses79 States parties areencouraged to take note of recent scientific findings, and toincrease their minimum age accordingly, to at least 14 years ofage80 Moreover, the developmental and neuroscience evidence indicates that adolescent brains continue to mature even beyond the teenage years, affecting certain kinds of decision-making Therefore, the Committee commends States parties that have a higher

minimum age, for instance 15 or 16 years of age, and urges Statesparties not to reduce the minimum age of criminalresponsibility under any circumstances, in accordance with

article 41 of the Convention.

o Para 24: If there is no proof of age and it cannot be established that

the child is below or above the minimum age of criminal

responsibility, the child is to be given the benefit of the doubt81 and is not to be held criminally responsible.

 Systems with exceptions to the minimum age82 (Para 25): Tr em d iẻ ướ m c tu i ch u trách nhi m hình s v n ph i ch u trách nhi m hình s ứ ổ ị ệ ự ẫ ả ị ệ ự ở t i r t nghiêm tr ng ho c đ c bi t nghiêm tr ng “serious crimes: murder,ộ ấ ọ ặ ặ ệ ọ rape, robbery ”, đ tránh d lu n xã h i và không d a vào s phát tri nể ư ậ ộ ự ự ể v nh n th c c a tr em (VN thu c h th ng này – ề ậ ứ ủ ẻ ộ ệ ố Art 12 PC)

 Systems with two minimum ages (Para 26): Có 2 tu i, 1 tu i ng ngổ ổ ở ưỡ trên, 1 tu i ng ng d i, n u trong kho ng đó thì m c nhiên đ cổ ở ưỡ ướ ế ở ả ặ ượ nh n đ nh là không có kh năng tr thành ch th c a 1 t i ph m “doliậ ị ả ở ủ ể ủ ộ ạ incapax”, tr tr ng h p bên công t “prosecutor” thành công trong vi cừ ườ ợ ố ệ ch ng minh dù trong đ tu i đó mà v n có kh năng nh n th c đ c tínhứ ộ ổ ẫ ả ậ ứ ượ ch t nguy hi m cho xã h i c a hành vi ph m t i Tuy nhiên, v n đ nàyấ ể ộ ủ ạ ộ ấ ề ph thu c quá nhi u v quy n t quy t c a Toà án d d n đ n s phânụ ộ ề ề ề ự ế ủ ễ ẫ ế ự bi t đ i x ệ ố ử

 Children lacking criminal responsibility for reasons related todevelopmental delays or neurodevelopmental disorders ordisabilities

79 Sự b t đ ngấ ồ

80 That is an advice for all coutries over the world.

81 N uế có s nghi ng thì ph i gi i thích theo h ng có l i cho b cáoựờả ảướợị

82 Hệ th ng quy đ nh v ngo i l tu i ch u trách nhi m hình sốịềạ ệ ổịệự

36

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 Application of the child justice system (Para 31): H th ng t pháp trệ ố ư ẻ em nên m r ng s b o v tr em d i 18 tu i th i đi m ph m t iở ộ ự ả ệ ẻ ướ ổ ở ờ ể ạ ộ nh ng đ 18 tu i giai đo n xét x ho c giai đo n k t t iư ủ ổ ở ạ ử ặ ạ ế ộ

 Birth certificates and age determination:

o Para 33: Should accept all documentation83

o Para 34: Ph i dùng các bi n pháp r t phù h p tr em v s c nh yả ệ ấ ợ ẻ ề ứ ạ c m v gi i tính, tránh s d ng các ph ng pháp y h c nh phânả ề ớ ử ụ ươ ọ ư tích răng, x ng mà không chính xác, có th gây đau đ n cho tr vươ ể ớ ẻ ị thành niên.

o Art 417 CPC: Determination of age of accued persons or crimevictims under the age of 18 “the last day”.

 Continuation of child justice measures (Para 35): U ban khuy n khíchỷ ế tr em đ n 18 tu i tr c khi hoàn thành ch ng trình chuy n h ngẻ ế ổ ướ ươ ể ướ ho c các ph ng pháp giam gi ho c không giam gi , sẽ đ c phép hoànặ ươ ữ ặ ữ ượ thành ch ng trình, ph ng pháp ho c b n án và không b g i đ n trungươ ươ ặ ả ị ử ế tâm cho ng i l nườ ớ

 Offences committed before and after 18 years and offences committedwith adults

2.4 GUARANTEE FOR A FAIR TRIAL84

(Needed in Judicial proceedings given in intervention for children responsible forcriminal acts)

2.5 MEASURESInstruments

CRC, Art 40 (4): A variety of dispositions, such as care, guidance and

supervision orders; counselling; probation; foster care; educationand vocational training programmes and other alternatives to institutional care shall be available to ensure that children are dealt with in a manner appropriate to their well-being and proportionate both to their circumstances and the offence.

Beijing Rules, parts 3, 4, 5

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 Diversion throughout the proceedings  Dispositions by the child justice court  Prohibition of the death penalty  No life imprisonment without parole

2.6 DEPRIVATION OF LIBERTY85 Instruments

 CRC, art 37

 Beijing Rules, rule 13, part 5

 Havana Rules, Bangkok Rules, Nelson Mandela Rules Model Strategies

 GC No 24, section FCRC, Art37:

 (a) Hình ph t t hình và hình ph t chung thân mà không đ c gi m án sẽạ ử ạ ượ ả không đ c áp d ng đ i v i ng i ch a thành niên ph m t iượ ụ ố ớ ườ ư ạ ộ

 (b) Không đ a bé nào b t c t do 1 cách trái pháp lu t và tuỳ ti n Cácứ ị ướ ự ậ ệ hình ph t ph i tuân th pháp lu t và ph i đ c xem nh bi n pháp cu iạ ả ủ ậ ả ượ ư ệ ố cùng trong th i gian thích h p và ng n nh tờ ợ ắ ấ

 © Khi t c t do thì ph i có trách nhi m tôn tr ng và b o đ m nhu c uướ ự ả ệ ọ ả ả ầ t i thi u c a 1 con ng i Đ c bi t, nh ng đ a tr b t c t do ph i bố ể ủ ườ ặ ệ ữ ứ ẻ ị ướ ự ả ị giam riêng v i ng i tr ng thành tr khi h là 1 gia đình.ớ ườ ưở ừ ọ

 (d) Every child deprived of his or her liberty shall have the right to prompt access to legal and other appropriate assistance, as well as the right to challenge the legality of the deprivation of his or her liberty before a court or other competent, independent and impartial authority, and to a prompt decision on any such action.

GC No 24, section F:

 Leading principles  Procedural rights

 Treatment and conditions

85 T cướ t do Custodial measure is one of Deprivation of liberty.ự

38

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III ORGANIZATION OF THE CHILD JUSTICE SYSTEM3.1 SPECIAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK

CRC, art 40(3): “States Parties shall seek to promote the establishment of laws,procedures, authorities and institutions specifically applicable to children

alleged as, accused of, or recognized as having infringed the penal law, ”.

GC No 10, para 91: “They can be laid down in special chapters of the generalcriminal and procedural law, or be brought together in a separate act or law on

juvenile justice”.

3.2 SPECIALIZED AUTHORITIES86, SERVICES AND PERSONNELInstruments:

Beijing Rules, rule 12 (specialization within the police): “12.1 In order to best

fulfil their functions, police officers who frequently or exclusively deal with

juveniles or who are primarily engaged in the prevention of juvenile crime shallbe specially instructed and trained In large cities, special police units should

be established for that purpose”.

IV CHILD VICTIMS AND WITNESSES OF CRIMES

 Recognize the need to protect

 Establish basic principles for protection

 Guidance for ensuring distinctive procedural safeguards  Instruments: “soft law”

86 Cơ quan chuyên trách

juvenile criminal justice

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