Giáo trình tham vấn tâm lý trần thị minh đức ussh

Phan n ay tap tr u n g noi v''''e sit trQ giup tam li H elp Pch ych ology, vi vay co nhi''''eu ch o ch ung toi chi d un g th u at ngtf "TrQ giup" nhung no dtfQc h ieu theo khia canh la trgf gi

G T 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 8 6 6

\ \ HOC QUOC GIA HA NOI

HOC KHOA HOC XA HOI VA N HA N VAN

g iA o t r i n hTHAM VAN TAM LI

DAI H O C Q U O C G IA HA NQI

TRUONG DAI HOC KIIOA HOC XA HQl VA NHAN VAN GS.TS TRAN THI MINH DlTC

Giao trinh

THAM VAN TAM LI

(Tai ban lan thur 2 co chinh sua bo sung)

NHA XU A T BAN DAI HOC QUOC G IA HA NOI

LCJI mcjd a u

T j o n g k h o a n g mufti n am lai day, toe dQ phat trien kinh te - xa

hQi q u a n h a n h d V i?t N am da keo theo nhuTig th a y doi va xao

trpn ta m li cua nhi'eu ngtfefi, lam tang cao nhu cau v'e dich vu

th a m v a n ta m li cua xa hQi Dieu nay the hi?n a sir ra d&i va phat

trien da d an g cua nhi'eu trung tam th am van, p h o n g th a m v a n tai cac CQng d on g, b£nh vi£n va cac trtfcfng hQC vc/i cac dich v y trQ giu p ta m 11 k h a c nhau.

Hi£n nay, du N h a nUcfc chtfa cap m a so cho ngh'e trQ giup tam li, n h im g vi th e cua cac nha th am vain, tri li£u tam li d an g ngay can g dtfQc k h a n g dinh trong xa h Q i V i v a y vai tro cua cac nha tam li hQC tr o n g v i?c dao tao sinh vien ch uyen n g a n h Lam san g va T h a m va n n g a y can g dtfQc cung co va n an g cao.

G ia o trin h T ham van tam U nay nhin n han th a m van nhir

mQt n g a n h k h o a hQC im g d ung tron g thtfc h a n h ch am soc tam li con ngufti, dtfQc trinh b a y trong 8 chirong T ro n g do, 3 chirong d au la m ro tin h chat kh oa hQC cua m on T h a m va n thtfc hanh Cac kh ai ni£m nhir: trQ g iu p tam li, tit van, th a m van v a tri li£u tam li, c u n g nhir rniic tieu, n h i?m vu ditQc dua vao n g a y tro n g c h u o n g I C h iron g II trin h b a y mQt cach khai quat q ua trin h h in h th a n h va p h at trien n g a n h T h a m van tren the gi6i va 0 Vi£t N a m , s u giao th o a cua no vo’i mQt so nganh trQ giup lan can nhir T a m li hQC, C o n g tac xa hQi, T a m th an Ii q c Phan gicri th i?u mQt so q uan diem tiep can th a n chii tron g thtfc h an h th am k h a m ta m li con ngtfdi dtfQc th e hit?n tr o n g c h u o n g III.

ViQC x a y dtfng m oi quan h£ th am van dtfa tren n'en ta n g cua sir ton tr g n g va tin ttfOng lan nhau gitfa n h a th a m v a n va th an chu tro n g thtfc h a n h ngh'e dtfQc khai q uat tron g chtfOng IV Nc?i d un g

chtfOng n a y se giu p ngtfdi h(?c co q u a n ni£m d u n g d^n v'e than chu va n an de cua th a n chu; giup ngtfcri hQC htfcfng den each nhin ch uyen n g h ie p ve n h a th a m van vcfi n h im g p h a m ch at v a n a n g lire tron g thtfc h a n h ngh'e.

De g iu p ngtfeft hQC n an g cao kh a n a n g thtfc h a n h ngh'e, euon

T ham van tam U gicri thi£u nhtfng kh ia can h dao due v a p h a p li

tro n g thtfc h a n h ca (chtfOng V), htfcmg d an m o t so k i n a n g th a m va n can b a n (chtfOng V I) va q u y trin h th a m v a n (chtfOng V II) V a cuoi cung, de cu n g co nhtfng tri thirc tiep th u dtfQc q u a m oi chtfOng, c h u n g toi x a y dtfng cac b ai tap tin h h u o n g tr o n g thtfc h a n h th a m v a n ta m li D ieu n a y th e hi£n tr o n g chtfOng V III.

G ia o tr in h n a y dtfQc ch u a n b i tr o n g nhi'eu n a m C a c noi d u n g ch in h d a dtfQc dtfa v a o g ian g d ay cho sin h v ie n dtf6i d a n g bai g ian g b a t d au tir k h o a h o c 19 9 7 - 1998 v a dtfQc ch in h stfa, n a n g cap q u a m o i k h o a h o c V i vay, h'au nhtf cac tri th u c can b a n tr o n g tai lieu n a y d eu it nhi'eu q u e n thu<?c v 6 i sinh v ie n cac th e h£ n g a n h T a m li h o c, th u o c Trtfcmg Dai h o c K h o a h o c X a h o i v a N h a n v a n D ai h o c Q u o c gia H a Noi.

C o th e giao tr in h v a n con nhi'eu dieu phai b a n lu a n v a bo sung N htfng, xet tr o n g h o a n canh gian g d ay ta m li h o c thtfc h a n h

d Vi<?t N a m h ie n nay, vi£c ra ddi cua cac tai li£u lien q u a n den

th a m v a n v a tri li£u ta m li la h e t sire can thiet N o k h o n g chi ch o nhtfng ngtfdi thtfc h a n h th a m van, cac g ia n g v ie n v a sin h vien n g a n h T a m li h oc, m a con co ich cho nhtfng ngtfdi h o a t d o n g tr o n g cac n g a n h trQ g iu p khac, nhtf C o n g tac xa hoi, G ia o d ue h oc, T a m th a n hoc.

T a c gia x in ch an th a n h cam On nhtfng d o n g go p q u y b a u cua cac q u y vi v a cac b a n de cu on sach dtfQc h o a n thi£n h o n sau nay.

fT' * • ’

Tac gia

MUC LUC • •

Lori md d a u 5

Chirofng 1THAM VAN TAM LI LA MOT KHOA HQC LfNG DIJNG 9

I Cac khai nipm 10

II Moi lien he ngh'e nghiep trong cac nganh trQ giup 22

III Doi tirqng, muc dich, nhi?m vu va hi?u qua cua tham v a n 29

IV Cac hinh thurc tham van 41

II Sir ra ddi cua nganh tham van tren the g id i 63

III Diem qua vai net ve hoat dong tham van 0 Viet N a m 74

Chircmg 3CAC LI TH U Y E T TIEP CAN CA NHANTRON G THAJNI V A N TAM L I 11?

I Mot so li thuyet tam li hpc nen tang n g II Mot so phiro'ng phap tiep can than chu trong tham v a n

ChiM ng 4NH A THAJNI V A N VA THAN CHUTRON G MOI QUAN HE THAM VAN TAM L I l8l I Nha tham van la con ngtfcri can b an g l8 l II Nha tham van la ngudi hanh nghe chuyen nghiep 1gy III Than chu va nan de cua than c h u 204

IV Moi quan h£ tham v a n 226

Chtrcmg 5DAO DLTC TR O N G THAM VAN TAM L I 237

I Moi quan he giu'a luat phap va quy dieu dao du'c trong tham van 238

II M$t so nguyen tac dao du'c co b a n 243

III Gio'i thi?u cac tieu chuan dao du'c trong nganh tham v a n 251

IV Chimg chi hanh nghe tham van ,

Chirotag 6

K Y nAn g T H A M V A N tAm L I 271

I KI nang lang nghe 274

II KI nang dat cau h o i 285

III K3 nang thau h ie u 300

IV KI nang phan hoi 3 °9 V / KI nang diin giai 3 20 VI KI nang xirli s y im la n g 324

VII KI nang thong d at 3 3 2 VIII KI nang cung cap thong tin 340

IX K3 nang b§c 1q ban than 345

X KI nang duong d au 349

C h u 'tfn g 7 Q U Y T R I N H T H A M V A N T A M L1 355

I Cac mo hinh tham v a n 3 5 5 II Lap ho so danh gia ban d au 375

III Htfdng dan thuc hi£n ke hoach xir l i 377

IV Phan tich s\rbien doi tam li trong qua trinh tham van/tri li£u 380 V Cong tac giam sat trong tham v a n 384

C h iftm g 8 L U Y E N T H V C H A N H T H A M V A N T A M L I 395

I Hinh anh ban than vdi tu cach la mot ca nhan va mot nha tham v a n 395

II Dao du'c nghe n gh iep 411

III KI nang tham v a n 416

IV Phan tich moi quan h? giira nhan thu"c - xuc cam - hanh v i 439

V Hoat dong tham van 445

CHtTONG 1

THAM VAN TAM U

LA MOT KHOA HOC UNG DUNG

Cau hoi: Can bao nhieu nha tam li hoc de co the chuyen dcfi mot cu hanh?

Trd Idi: Chi can mot ngitdi, nhung cu hanh phai thiXc sit muon di chuyen.

Cau truyen vui tren phan anh triet li cua sit thay do'i trong tham van tam li la: Bat cu: thay doi nao dien ra trong cuoc ddi ban phai bat dau tit ban v&i nhitng co gang cua chinh ban Nha tam li hoc co the hit&ng dan ban vitcft qua nhitng nan de cua ban, nhitng khong ai co the lam thay ban.

(Raymond Lloyd Richmond)

T ron g chirong mQt, hoat d<?ng th a m van ta m li dirgfc nhin nhan nhir mQt n gan h k h o a hQC img dyng Chung toi se phan biet cac khai ni?m gan gui vcri th am van, nhir trQ giup tam li, th am van tam li, tir van va tri li£u tam li Cung vc/i cac khai ni£m nay chung toi se trinh b ay m oi quan h<? gifra cac n g an h trQ giup, nhiT: T a m li hQC, T h am van, C on g tac xa h(?i va T am than hQC de ngirdi hQC th ay diTQc ranh gidi giira cac k h o a hQC co chung mQt hoat dQng trQ giup ta m li con ngircri Do th a m van ta m li la mQt khoa hQC va mQt nghe, nen viec xac djnh m y c dich va nhi?m \ai cua no la het sure can thiet Cuon

“ T ham van tam I f n ay ditQc trinh b ay dircri goc do th a m van ca nhan, \i v ay \iec gio’i thi?u so b<? ve tham van n h o m va th am van gia dinh, theo ch u n g toi, la can thiet trong chiTQng nay.

10 G I A O T R I N H T H A M V A N T A M II

i cAc k hAin i e m

Cuqc s o n g lu o n lu o n d at ra nhtfng k h o kh an , th ach thu"c bu<?c con ngtfdi p h ai dtfOng dau V d i nhi'eu ngtfdi, ho co the de d a n g h o a c v a t va ttf \arQt qua nhtfng k h o k h a n m a k h o n g can tcri sir trQ giup cua ngtfdi khac Nhtfng co k h o n g it ngtfdi da k h o n g t u lam dtfQc dieu nay, hQ can mQt stf trQ giup m a n g tinh k h o a h o c va ch uyen n gh iep de co the vUQt q ua dUQc nhtfng k h o k h a n cua m inh T ro n g trtfdng hQp k h o n g quan tam den stf g iu p d o b en ngoai, ca nhan co the ttf h u y hoai b an th an va n gu d i k h a c de co dUQc mQt

cuqcso n g h a n h p h u c hQn T h a m van tam li ra ddi ch in h la de giup d o cac ca nhan, n h o m ngtfdi theo cach n ay h a y cach kh ac, co dUQc mQt cuqc son g h a n h p h u c h on Trtfdc khi b an v'e th a m v a n vd i t u cach la mQt k h o a hQC, co mQt so th u at ngtf th tfd n g d u n g g'an vd i kh ai n iem th a m va n can dUQc lam san g to.

l TrQ giup tam li1

TrQ g iu p la mQt k h ai n ie m c h u n g n h a t, dUQc d u n g tro n g cac m oi q uan h e giao tiep deft thucrng, th eo cach "giup n h au " - ai do giu p ai do D ac biet, kh ai n ie m dUQc sir d u n g nhi'eu tr o n g cac lin h vUc h o a t d o n g th uc h a n h nhir t a m li hQC, c o n g tac xa hQi, t h a m v an , t a m t h a n hQC Khai n iem "trQ giu p " to n tai tir kh i xuat hien xa hQi loai ngucfi v a h o a t dQng trQ giup n a y co trUcfc khi cac n g a n h k h o a hQC trQ giup ra deft N h tfn g hien tUQng lien k e t giiJa con ngtfeft v 6 i n h au nhir: "La la n h d u m la rach", "Ciru m an g", "H o trQ" k h o n g d o n thu'an chi noi den k h ia c a n h giu p d o vat chat, m a d an g sau c h u n g con c h u a d im g y

Mpt so ngirdi co nhirng tir chat “bam sinh” de lam tham van Mot so khac khong the trd thanh nha tham van tot dii da qua nhi'eu khoa dao tao Hau het

chung ta dang a dau do giua

nhimg ngudi nay Chung ta bat dau tham van vdi vo so ! thoi quen tot va xau Vi \ a\- ^ chung ta phai duqc dao tao va thudng xuyen nghien ciru cac nguyen tac chung ma mpt nha tham van can phai lam va co le quan trQng hern la nhimg gi khong nen lair, trong tham van.

1 Jill Taylor va Sheelagh Stewart - Tai li£u tap huan, (Trich tir: Bao life tinh due va bao lire gia dinh: Nhimg ho trgf, phuc hoi va hanh dong a Zimbabe).

C H U O N G I: T h a m van t am If la m o t khoa hoc ufng dung 11

nghia "n an g d a tinh than" T ro n g khi do, n h im g khai niem nhtf "Cho ldi k h u y e n " , "Chia se tam tinh", "Cam thong" h oan toan phan anh stf giu p d o tam li cho ngtfdi co nhu cau dtfQc trQ giup Phan n ay tap tr u n g noi v'e sit trQ giup tam li (H elp Pch ych ology), vi vay co nhi'eu ch o ch ung toi chi d un g th u at ngtf "TrQ giup" nhung no dtfQc h ieu theo khia canh la trgf giup tinh than, ma khong de cap d en kh ia canh trQ giup vat chat.

TrQ giup tam li, co the hieu mQt cach don gian, la mQt hoat dQng (mQt cong viec) giup dd cho ngtfdi dang co kho khan tam li de hQ thtfc hien dtfQc dieu hQ mong muon trong cuqc song Khai niem trQ giup tam li bao ham nhtfng cong viec cua ngtfdi giup do khong chuyen - tat ca mQi ngtfdi, va cong viec giup dd cua nhtfng ngudi chuyen nghiep - cong viec cua cac nha tam li hQC, nha tham van, nhan vien cong tac xa hQi, bac si tam than, nha giao due

Nhtf vay, tir viec ngtfdi nhi'eu tuoi bao ngtfdi it tuoi, ngtfdi co kinh nghiem bao ngtfdi chtfa co kinh nghiem, cha m e bao ban con cai, dac biet, nhtfng gia lang, trtfdng ban, thay lang, thay thuoc, thay cung, th'ay tu, th'ay giao den cac nha tam li hQC, cac chuyen vien ttf van hanh ngh'e tai cac cO sd deu la nhtfng ngtfdi lam cong viec trQ giup ngtfdi khac, bang cac cach khac nhau nhtf cho ldi khuyen, ran day, ttf vain, tham van va tri lieu Vdi cach hieu nhtf vay, trong xa hQi co rat nhi'eu kieu ngtfdi dang lam cong tac trQ giup va mire dQ hieu qua giup dtfQc ciia hQ la khong giong nhau Trong xa hQi co ba loai trQ giup ttfOng ting vdi ba kieu ngtfdi trQ giup:

-N g it& i tr'o' g iu p chuyen nghiep {p rofession a l helper): Do la

nhtfng ngtfdi dtfQc dao tao sau va chuyen biet ve nhtfng kien thtic, ki nang tam li, h a n h vi con ngtfdi, ki nang giao tiep va giai quyet cac van de theo ch uy en nganh ciia hQ de co the dap ting vd i ddi ttfQng m a hQ g iu p dd, nhtf ngtfdi lam ngh'e tam li hQC, th a m van, co n g tac xa hQi, tam than hQC Cac nganh trQ giup ch uyen nghiep n ay p han anh nhtfng m oi quan he trQ giup kh ac nhau, nhtf moi quan h e gitfa th a y th u o c - b en h nhan, nha th a m van - than ch ii/khach h ang, can stf xa hQi - ddi ttfQng/than chu, n h a tri lieu tam li - th an ch ii/b en h nhan Hau het nhtfng ngtfdi trQ giup ch uyen n gh iep deu co m oi quan he trQ giup chinh thtic Dd la moi

12 G I A O T R I NH T H A M V A N T A M LI

quan he cong viec vdi h a p dong thoa th u an ro rang ve nhu cau va hieu q ua cua sir giu p dd, trong do xac dinh ro vai tro v a vi tri cua ngtfdi trQ giup va cua th an chu Nhin ch un g ngtfdi trQ g iu p ch uyen nghiep thtfdng co c h u t d anh cu the, nhir nha ta m li, nha th a m van h ay nhan vien cong tac xa hQi.

- N g if& i trgr g iu p ban chuyen n g h iep (p a r a p r o fe s sio n a l h elp er): Do la n h im g ngtfdi co cong viec lien q u a n den linh vtfc trQ

giup Hq co the dtfQc dao tao, tap huan n gan h an v'e cac linh vtfc trQ giup, h o ac co kinh n ghiem tu" moi quan he trQ giup V i du, quan he gitfa can b<? h o a giai xa - ngtfdi dan; giao vien - hQC sinh, hieu trtfdng - giao vien; giam doc - nhan vien, cha m e - con cai; ch a linh m uc - con chien D ay la nhtfng n h o m doi ttfQng giu p d d thtfdng xuyen cua hQ.

- N g u ’cfi trey g iu p kh on g ch u yen n g h iep ( n o n -p r o fe s sio n a l helper): Dd la nhtfng ngtfdi k h o n g q ua d ao tao, h u a n lu y e n ch inh thtfc v'e cac ki n a n g trQ giup chuyen biet Stf trQ g iu p cu a hQ co the chi xay ra nhat th di tron g moi quan he ta m th d i vd i doi ttfQng cua hQ Vi du, n han vien b an hang, tiep tan, tiep v ien h a n g k h o n g vd i kh ach hang, cac tinh n gu yen vien cQng d o n g g iu p d d cac ddi ttfQng bi anh htfdng b d i H IV /AIDS, n gh ien m a tuy; sin h v ie n den cac T r u n g tam b ao trQ xa hQi day va n h o a ch o tre e m co h o a n canh dac biet k h o kh an h oac to chtfc cac h o a t d $ n g v u i chQi giai tri cho cac chau; h a y bat ctf ai co nhu cau giu p d d ngtfdi k h a c khi gap k h o kh an N h in ch ung, ngtfdi trQ giu p k h o n g c h u y e n n g h ie p thtfdng co m oi q uan he trQ giup k h o n g chinh thtfc, k e t cau trQ

giup lo n g leo, th d i gian ngkn va hieu qua giup dd co gidi han R o bert C a r k h u ff phat hien th ay trong xa hQi n hin chun°- cac ca n h an n h an dtfQc stf giup d d cua nhtfng ngtfdi t h a m van khong

ch uyen (ngtfdi giu p dd n ghiep dtf) rat nhi'eu so vdi sir giup dd cua ngtfdi ch u y en n ghiep V d i nhtfng ngtfdi n g h ie p dir sir giup dd cua hQ th tfdng xuat phat tu1 tam lo n g nhan ai, sir ch an thanh tinh

thien va kin h n g h ie m song, hQ co nhu cau g iu p d d cho nhtfn^

ngtfdi co k h o k h a n , co ton thtfQng tam li so n g q u a n h Iiq X z a v ca khi stf giu p d d co tinh vu lQi ca nhan, nhtf g iu p d d de dir<;c noi tieng, dtfQc m a n g Qn, giup dd de con ch au m in h sau nay duQc

C H U O N G I: T h a m van t a m If la m o t khoa hoc ting dung 13

p h u c Iqc, thi nhin ch ung, hieu qua giup d d cua nhtfng ngtfdi k h o n g ch u y e n tr o n g xa hQi la rat ldn va co y n ghla n han van, d ang dtfQc kh ic h 1<?.

C u n g vdi stf phat trien cua xa hQi va stf phan hoa ngh'e nghiep d m u’c dQ cao, hinh thtfc giup dd ve tinh than dtfQc phat trien len mQt btfdc m di: xa hQi can co nhtfng chuyen gia th am van, tri lieu ch uyen nghiep K hoa hQC tam li ra ddi lam xuat hien cac loai hinh th am v a n k h a c nhau va lam hoan thien he th on g li thuyet giup dd can ban N g a y nay, khai niem trQ giup con dtfQc hieu la stf giup dd mQt cach co h e th ong va co phtfOng phap Ngtfdi giup d d chuyen ngh iep can co ki n an g va pham cach lam cho ngtfdi co nhu cau giup d d ttf giai quyet van de cua m inh b an g cach tim hieu, kh am p ha va h a n h d(mg N htf vay, chuyen gia trQ giup co the la nha tam li, nha th a m vain, n h an vien cong tac xa hQi, bac si tam than, cac linh m uc N gtfd i/n h o m ngtfdi dtfQc trQ giup t h u ’vng dtfQc gQi la th an chu, k h a ch h a n g h o ac benh nhan, h oac co the la bat cu" ddi ttfQng n ao tro n g xa hQi tir tre nho den ngtfdi gia.

2 Tit van

O V ie t N a m : v ie c cu n g cap th on g tin, cho ldi kh u yen , trQ giup nhtfng k h o k h ^ ta m li, chi b ao h a y htfdng dan cho mQt ca nhan , h o a c mQt to chirc, khi hQ co nhu cau thtfdng gQi la ttf van T h u a t ngtf Ttf v a n (C on sultation ) h a y T h a m v a n (C oun selin g) tr o n g tir dien tie n g V ie t hien n ay deu dtfQc dich la Ttf van Dd la

stf “D o n g g o p y kien ve n h itn g van de d ito'c h o i den, n h itn g k h o n g c6 q u y en q u y e t d in h ”1.

T h e o tai lieu ciia T o chirc Lao dQng Q u o c te I.L.O, ttf van la mQt d ich v u ch o ldi k h u y e n theo hQp d on g va p h u c vu cho cac to chirc b d i nhtfng ngtfdi co du trinh dQ ch uyen m o n va dtfQc dao tao d ac b iet de giu p d d mQt cach k h ach quan va dQc lap vd i to chirc k h a c h h a n g 2 H oac, b an se lam ttf va n khi nao b an d a n g co gang th a y doi h o a c cai tien mQt tinh h u o n g , n h im g k h o n g trtfc tiep dieu k h ie n viec thtfc hien P han ld n nhtfng ngtfdi tron g vai tro p h u ta d

1 Hoang Phe, Tit dien Tichg Viet, NXB Da Ring, 2000.

: Nguyen Trpng The, Tit van quan li/, NXBLD, HN, 1995, tr.13.

14 G I A O T R I N H T H A M V A N T A M LI

cac to chtfc da thtfc stf la nhtfng nha ttf van, du cho ho khong chinh thtfc dtfQc gQi la nhtfng nha ttf vans.

T re n th e gidi, kh ai n iem ttf va n k h o n g d o n thu'an chi hieu theo n g h la ch o ldi k h u y e n (nhtf co n g v ie c cua mQt c h u y e n gia, h a y co van), la stf k h u y e n b ao tu* mQt to chirc h a y nhtfng ngtfdi co trinh dQ ch u y e n m o n v'e mQt linh vtfc c y the, nhtf mQt h in h thtfc gop y kien T r o n g do, ngtfdi xin ttf v a n th tfdng la ngtfdi ch u dQng, tich ctfc, con ngtfdi dtfQc ttf van thi co the la ngtfdi t h y dQng tron g viec giai q uy et v a n de cua hQ.

Hiep hQi T h a m van Hoa Ki (1998) da dinh nghia ttf van la: moi

chuyen nghiep va ngtfdi, nhom ngtfdi hoac mQt chinh the xa hQi can dtfQc giup dd, trong dd nha ttf van cung cap stf giup dd cho than chu trong viec xac dinh va giai quvet mQt van de lien quan den cong viec h o§c ngtfdi khac.

Vi du: MQt giao vien chu nhiem mdi niQt nha ttf van den de giai quyet nhtfng van de mau thuan trong sinh hoat chung cua nhom sinh vien do co giao phu trach (chtf

khong phai van de tam li cua co giao phu trach) Hay, mQt ngtfdi can dtfQc ttf van (la mQt ngtfdi lanh dao, hay quan li cua mQt to chirc) mdi nha ttf van den moi trtfdng cua hQ vdi ki VQng rang nha ttf van nay - mQt chuyen gia, se giai quyet van de dang ton tai trong cQ quan cua ngtfdi quan li do N h a ttf van dtfQc thue nhtf mQt ngtfdi huan luven, ngtfdi co van “co tri thtfc va cac ki nang chuven m on de giai quyet van de cho ngtfdi k h a c ”.

Co the giai nghia hoat dQng ttf van nhtf sau: N ha tir van dirQc

mQt ngtfdi de nghi cung cap dich vy giup dd trtfc tiep cho mQt ngtfdi, nhom, to chirc hoac cQng dong vdi no ltfc trQ giu p cho ca

Thao luan trirong hop

Nha trtfdng de nghj ban giup dd cho mQt hoc sinh ldp 7, hoc sinh nay da may Tan gay go danh ban, trong ldp pha binh, cai hon vdi giao vien, den ldp khong chuain bj bai

Ban se gap ai va lam nhir the nao trong vai tro la:

1 Nha ttf vain 2 Nha tham van

Dan theo Tai lieu v'e edng tac tham van, HN, Unicef Yi£t Nam, 2002.

CHl T O N G I: T h a m van t a m li la m o t khoa hoc ufng dung 15

n h an (n h o m h o a c he th o n g do) vtfQt q ua nhtfng k h o k h a n cua hQ Hay, co th e d jn h nghia d o n gian hon : T oi (nha ttf v a n - ngtfdi thu" nhat) va b an (mQt ngtfdi, mQt n h o m ngtfdi, h o ac co th e la nha th a m van chtfa dtfQc hanh ngh'e dQC l£p - ngtfdi thtf hai) noi c h u y e n v'e a n h / ch j ay (hay he th on g to chtfc ay - ngtfdi h o ac van de thtf ba) vcri m u c dich tao nen mQt so stf th a y doi.

N h tf vgy, ttf van lien quan den mQt m di qua n he tay ba tron g

do trQng ta m la ngtfdi xin ttf van va ben thtf ba (co th e la mQt ngtfdi h o a c mQt to chtfc) Ttf van vdi mQt ngtfdi v'e ngtfdi kh ac k h o n g chi lien q uan den ba ca nhan ch in h (nha ttf van, ngtfdi dtfQc ttf va n va “ngtfdi k h a c ”) m a con lien q u a n den m oi trtfdng m a “ngtfdi k h a c ” d a n g ton tai tron g do (E.D N e u k ru g , 1999).

H o at dQng ttf va n co the dien ra tro n g cac cO quan, trtfdng hQC, d o a n h n g h ie p va bat cu* noi nao ton tai ngtfdi dtfQc ttf van, ngtfdi m u o n cai th ien tinh hinh co va n de h o a c m u o n x e m xet nhtfng cach thtfc m d i cho viec t^o nen stf th a y doi tich c u t tron g c o n g v ie c cua m inh.

T re n th e gidi, n h a ttf van thtfdng co goc dao tao tu1 mQt nha th a m va n c h u y e n sau Doi vdi mQt so nha th a m van, viec la m ttf va n lai la vai tro ch in h cua hQ Du la mQt n h a th a m va n tr o n g mQt to c h u t cQng don g, h a y tai cac trtfdng dai hQC, cao d an g thi cong v ie c ttf v a n lu o n tr d th anh mQt phan dtfQc m o n g dQi va can thiet tr o n g trach n h ie m ch u y en m on cua nha th a m van N h a th a m van co th e ttf v a n cho nhtfng nha th am van khac, h o a c ttf van cho nhtfng ngtfdi q u a n ly, cac d o n vi tro n g cac trtfdng hqc; cac giam d oc cu a cac cQ sd th a m k h a m va tat ca cac cQ q u a n b ao g o m bQ y te, ch in h q u y e n , hQi d o n g m u c stf

Co the noi, khai niem ttf van doi khi dong nghia vdi khai niem co van, chuyen gia T rong tieng Viet, co van dtfQc hieu la ngtfdi thtfdng xuyen dtfQc hoi y kien de tham khao giai quyet cong viec Stf khac nhau gitfa th am van va co van dtfQc the hien rat ro trong bang so sanh du’di d ay 1:

1 Tai lieu tap huan I op dao tao giang vien ve cong tac tham van, Unicef, quven 1,

2002, trang 24.

16 G I A O T R I N H T H A M V A N T A M LI

Phan biet tham van va c6 v ln

- La cuqc noi ch u y en m a n g tinh ca n han gitfa nha th a m van vdi mpt h o ac vai ngtfdi d an g can stf ho trQ de doi m at vd i kh o kh an h o ac th ach thufc tro n g cuqc song

n h am vao ngtfdi dtfQc th a m van.

- La cuqc noi ch uy en gitfa | mQt “ch uyen g ia ” v'e mQt linh

nhi'eu ngtfdi d an g can ldi kh uyen h a y chi d an v'e linh vtfc ay TrQng tam thtfdng ta p trun g vao n h a co van - N h a th a m van giup th an chu

sang to van de, xe m xet cac giai p hap k h a thi va giu p than chu dtfa ra ltfa chQn toi tfu nhat.

- N h a co v a n g iu p th a n chu ra q uy et d inh b a n g cach dtfa ra nhtfng ldi k h u y e n v'e “ m at ch u y en m o n ” cho th an chu.

- M oi q uan he th a m van quyet dinh ket qua th am van Vi va y nha th a m va n phai x a y dtfng long tin noi th an chu va co thai dQ ch ap nhan, th au cam va k h o n g p h an xet.

- Moi quan he gitfa ngtfdi co van va than chu kh ong quyet djnh ket qua co van, m a kien thtfc, stf hieu biet cua ngtfdi co van v'e linh vtfc than chu dang can co van mdi la yeu to quyet djnh.

- T h a m van la mQt qua trinh gom nhi'eu cuqc noi chuyen lien tiep de than chu n han biet va dtfOng dau dtfQc van de cua minh.

- Q ua trinh co van co th e chi dien ra tro n g mQt Tan gap gd gitfa than chu va ngtfdi co van.

- N h a th am van the hien stf tin ttfdng vao kh a nang ttf giai quyet van de cua th an chu, vai tro cua nha th a m van chi la “htfdng d a o ” cho th an chu.

- Ngtfdi co van noi vdi t h a n chu v'e nhtfng quyet d jn h m a hQ cho la p h u hQp n h a t ddi

chu. - N h a th a m van co kien thtfc v'e cach ctf xtf va phat trien cua con ngtfdi Hq co cac ki nang nghe va giao tiep, co k h a n an g khai thac

- Ngtfdi co van co kien thtfc

! ve nhtfng linh vtfc n h at dinh

va co kha nang tru y en dat

| nhtfng kien thitc do d en nstfdi

C H U O N G I: T h a m van t a m If la m o t khoa hoc ting du ng 1 7

van de va cam xu c cua than chu can ho trQ h a y h ud n g dan trong linh vtfc do.

- N h a th am van phai thau cam vdi nhting cam giac va cam xtic cua than chii b an g thai dQ chap nh£n tuyet doi.

- N g u d i co va n d ua ra nhtfng ld i k h u y e n tot nhat cho th an chu n h u n g k h o n g q uan tam den v ie c ch uyen tai stf th a u cam , ch ap nh&n

Khi nha tu" van sir dtfng kien thtic cua minh de dtfa ra nhtfng gQi y va ldi khuyen, h ay chju trach nhiem tim ra mQt “cach dieu tri” hudng den stf th ay doi cua to chtic, nha tu van co the trQ thanh chuyen gia, co van, ngirdi hitdng dan, ngtfdi huan luyen va/ hoac ngudi giao dtfc NgtfQc lai, khi nha ttf van trQ giup than chu sir dtfng nhtfng nguon ltfc cua chinh hQ trong to chtic de thay doi, thi nha ttf van la ngtfdi dieu dinh va/ ho$c ngtfdi tao dieu kien thu£n lQi, ngtfdi CQng tac Trong trtfdng hQp nay, nha ttf van hoat dQng nhtf mQt ngtfdi tao dieu kien thu£n lgi cho qua trinh thay doi bang cach lam viec cung vdi cac ca nhan lien quan, cung cap cac tai lieu va cac giai phap.

6 V ie t N a m , do h o at dQng th a m v a n con k h a m d i m e v a ttf phat, v ie c d u n g kh a i n iem chtfa dtfQc th o n g nhat tr o n g x a hQi nen th u g t ngtf T h a m v a n dtfQc ch u n g toi sir dtfng tr o n g cu o n tai lieu n a y co n g h ia tie n g A n h la C o u n se lin g v a thu£t ngtf Ttf v a n la C o n s u lta tio n H ai kh ai niem n ay da dtfQc th o n g n h at cach gQi tr o n g HQi th a o v e C o n g tac th a m van tre em, do U n ic e f ket hQp v d i U y b a n D an s o -G ia dinh V iet N a m (ten cu) to chtic, th a n g

JKG TAM KOC LIEU

18 G I A O T R I N H T H A M V A N T A M U

3 Tham van tam li

T h a m van (Counseling Psychology) la mot thuat ngtf k h o n g con xa la d Viet N am trong k h o a n g 10 - 15 n am lai day T u y nhien, cho den n a y van con dang ton tai nhi'eu cach hieu k h ac nhau lien quan tdi thuat ngtf nay K h on g rieng gi 0 Viet N am m a tai cac ntfdc phtfOng T a y va Bac My, thu^t ngtf th am van cung dtfQc hieu d nhi'eu mu’c do k h ac nhau Doi khi, no chi

nhim g hoat d on g cua ngtfdi giup d o th ong thtfdng, h o a c cua tinh nguyen vien, ho dtfQc xem nhtf la ngtfdi lam co n g tac trQ giup Hay no noi den nhtfng ngtfdi lam th am van ch uyen ngh iep tai cac benh vien, trung tam, dich vu - xa hQi, hoac cac trtfdng h o c vd i nen tang kien thtic v'e tam li hoc, cong tac xa hoi hoac cac n ganh khac.

T r o n g chtfOng nay, chting toi m u o n de c | p d en th a m v a n vdi ttf cach la mQt h o a t d o n g trQ giu p m a n g tin h c h u y e n n gh iep , tro n g dd doi hoi n h a th a m van co kien thtic sau v'e ta m li v a h a n h vi con ngtfdi n h a m giai q uy et nhtfng va n de cua cuqc s o n g x a hQi dtfQc coi la n g u y e n n h an n a y sinh nhtfng roi loan ta m li ca n dtfQc giu p dd d cac ca nhan T h e o M ie lk e J (19 9 9 ), y e u to ta m li la dQng cO ro ret thtic d ay con ngtfdi tim den th a m van D o d o k h a i n iem th a m v a n noi d en stf trQ gitip tam li, chti k h o n g d o n t h u a n la stf hoi d ap v'e th o n g tin, kien th tic1 V i vay, kh ai n ie m t h a m v a n tro n g giao trin h n a y dtfQc h ieu la th a m va n ta m li.

H iep hQi cac n h a th a m van H oa Ki (A CA , 1997) ch o rang: T h a m v a n la stf ap dtfng n g u y e n tac tam li, stic kh o e tinh th a n h a y n g u y e n ta c v'e stf p h a t trien con ngtfdi th o n g q ua cac c h ie n ltfQc can th ie p mQt cach co h e th o n g v'e n h an thtic, xtic cam , h a n h vi, t§p tr u n g v a o stf la n h m an h , stf phat trien ca n han p h at trien n g h e n g h ie p cu n g nhtf van de b e n h lv.

Dinh nghia ciia Hiep hoi T h a m van H oa Ki cung xac dinh rang

q ua trinh th am van dtfQc hieu nhtf la mQt m oi quan he ttf nguvsjn

H oat dQng tham van bao gom viec lang nghe doi twang trinh bay van de cua ho, lam cho ho cam thay de chiu, giup ho nhan biet van de va tim ra cac gidi phap cho cac van de do.

1 Dan theo Tai lieu ve cong tac tham van, HN, Unicef Yi£t Nam, 2002.

C H U O N G I: T h a m van t a m If la m o t khoa hoc ting dung 19

gitfa nha th am van va kh ach hang Trong moi quan he nay n h a tham van giup kh ach h ang ttf xac djnh va ttf giai quyet van de cua minh.

P.K O n n e r cho rang th am van la qua trinh, vi v£y no doi hoi cac n h a th a m v a n phai danh thdi gian nhat d jnh v a sir dtfng cac ki n an g mQt cach th u an thtfc de giup d d doi ttfQng/than chu tim hieu, xac d;nh van de va trien khai cac giai phap trong dieu kien cho phep T h a m van la mQt kh oa hpc thtfc h a n h n h am giup con ngtfdi vtfQt qua dtfdc nhtfng kh o khan cua m inh, giup ho co k h a nang hoat d png doc l£p trong xa hoi ban g chinh k i nang song va nang m o t q u a tr in h ttfQng tac gitfa n h a th a m v a n (ngtfdi co ch u y e n m o n v a ki n a n g t h a m van , co cac p h a m ch at d$o du'c cu a n gh e t h a m v a n v a dtfQc p h a p lu£t thiTa nh&n) v d i th a n ch u (con gQi la k h a c h h a n g - ngtfdi d an g co va n de k h o k h a n v e ta m li m u o n dtfQc g iu p d d ) T h o n g q u a cac ki n a n g trao doi v a ch ia se ta m tin h (dtfa tr e n c a c n g u y e n tac d$o du'c v a m o i q u a n h e m a n g tin h c£n doi vd i cac doi ttfdng k h o kh an v e tam li co n h u cau dtfQc giu p dd B a n g cach t§p tr u n g v a o n h im g trai

' P.K Odhner, Gi&i thieu thirc hanh CTXH, giao trinh t§p huan, modun II, tr.45.: Tran Thj Minh Dut, Ban ve thuat ngif Tu van, Tgp chi D^i hoc va Giao dye chuyen

nghiep, 2000.

Triet li cua sy giup d&

- Giup than chu nhin van de nhu: no von co.

- Giup than chu tit gidi quyet van de cua minh.- M ot nghe giup ngu"&i khac giup d d chinh ho.

20 G I A O T R I N H T H A M V A N T A M Li

n gh iem , cam xuc, su y nghl, h a n h vi cua th a n ch u vd i n h im g d ap ting mQt cach co chu dinh, n h a th a m v a n t^o ra stf k h a m pha, ch ap n h an ho$c th ach thirc d th an chu, g iu p hQ ttf d$t tcri mQt mire dQ th ich hQp v'e k h a n an g h o a t dQng d<?c l£p tr o n g x a hoi N htf v$y, th a m van vd i ttf cach la mQt ngh'e, mQt d ich v y trQ g iu p tinh than, doi hoi n h a th a m van phai trai q u a mQt q u a tr in h d ao tao li th u y e t v a thtfc h a n h co g ia m sat, vi t h a m v a n k h o n g p h ai la giai dap, cho ld i k h u y e n , h u d n g con n g u d i d e n ca c chuain m tfc xa hQi ch u n g ch u n g m a ai, lu c nay luc khac, c u n g co th e la m dtfQc.

R ich ard N e lsso n (1997) cu n g cho rang m y c tieu cu a t h a m v a n la htfd ng tdi th a y doi cach thirc cam nh£n, s u y n g h i va h a n h dQng cua con ngtfdi de g iu p hQ tao nen mQt cuqc s o n g to t d e p hQn Do v£y, th eo ong, th a m v a n la mQt q ua trin h can th ie p giai q u y e t v a n de v d i mQt m oi q u a n he, mQt qua trin h ttfQng ta c d ac b ie t gitfa ngtfdi la m th a m v a n va th an chu O n g cho ra n g t h a m v a n co the dtfQc sir dtfng d n h im g cap dQ k h a c nhau N o co th e la d a n g h o a t dQng m a n g tin h ch u y e n sau ciia cac n h a ta m li hQC, can stf xa hQi, nhtfng no c u n g co the la mQt p han co n g v ie c ciia g ia o vien , y ta, h a y dieu dtfdng, cac n h a tinh n g u y e n vien.

Co th e noi h o at dQng th a m van p h an a n h n h u cau ciia n h im g n g u d i tim k ie m stf giu p d d tam li T h a m va n tr d th a n h mQt ngh'e ch u y e n n g h ie p x u at p h at tir nhu cau n ay ciia xa hQi N o ta p tr u n g v a o g iu p d d n g u d i k h a c giai q uyet cac k h o k h a n ta m li ciia hQ V d i cach h ie u nay, k h a i n iem "T h am va n ta m li" th tfdng dtfQc gQi n g a n gQn la "T h a m van".

B an ch at cu a th a m v a n la h o at dQng h a y p h u o n g p h a p trQ g iu p ngtfdi co v a n de ttf giai q u y et va n de ciia ch in h m in h chir k h o n g phai la h o a t dQng dtfa ra ldi k h u y e n m a c h u n g ta th tfd n g hieu Stf tr d g iu p d d a y dtfQc the hien q u a v ie c giu p ngtfdi co v a n de h ieu dtfQc ch in h hQ, h o a n canh ciia hQ, p h at h u y dtfQc ti'em nang, n a n g ltfc v o n co ciia ch inh m inh V d i y nghia nay, th a m v a n con co tac d u n g giu p doi ttfQng n a n g cao k h a n a n g doi p h o vd i v a n de tr o n g cuqc song.

C H U O N G I: T h a m van t a m If la m o t khoa hoc ting dung 21

T o a n b o q u a trin h th a m va n the hien of cac giai d o a n hQp tac k h a c n h a u doi h o i v ie c sir d u n g cac k i n a n g k h a c n h a u cu a n ha th a m v an N h a th a m va n can co th d i gian de h ie u v a n de cua th a n ch u v a co n ngtfdi th a n chu C u n g nhtf vay, th a n chu can co

Vi va y n h a th a m van kh on g the dtfa ra nhtfng p han xet, nhtfng giai dap, h a y ldi kh u y e n chi sau 15 - 20 ph ut trd ch uyen vd i than chu Q u a trinh chia se trong tham van doi hoi stf tich ctfc hQp tac gitfa n h a th a m va n va than chu T ro n g dd, n h a th am van b a y to stf lSng nghe, th au hieu con than chu noi ra dtfQc tam stf cua minh N h a th a m va n gitip cho than chu thay dtfQc stf xao trQn nQi tam cua hQ T h a n chu k h o n g chi hieu ro stf kien, h oan canh gay ra van de m a q u a n trQng h a n y thtic dtfQc con ngtfdi m in h trong tinh h u o n g co va n de Dieu dd gitip cho th an chu vtfQt q ua dtfQc nhtfng trd ngai ta m li de nhin van v'e cua m inh nhtf no d an g co V ie c nay cu n g d o n g h a n h vd i qua trinh tim ti'em n an g cua th an chu de dtfa ra dtfQc cac phtfQng an giai quyet van d'e cua minh.

M iic d ich cua q u a trinh th am v a n la p h a i k h a i gQi dtfQc nhtfng tie m n an g, m a t m a n h cua than chu D ieu n a y d o n g n gh ia vd i viec n h a th a m v a n ch ap n han th an chu, dQng vien, k h ic h le, cu n g co nhtfng gia tri cu a th a n chu Ro rang rang, kh i th a n chu ttf tim den n h a th am va n de dtfQc gitip dd, chia se, co con em khong nghe l&i em, hom nao no cung di hoc ve muon, dieu nay lam em rat cau

N h a th a m van: Chf can danh nhieu th&i gian chia se v&i con hem Chf khong nen cau v&i chau, vi lam the chi khoet sau them sit ngan cach giita chf va chau.

22 G I A O T R I N H T H A M V A N T A M Li

Dieu q uan trQng la n ha th a m van co k h a n a n g nhu1 th e nao de giu p th an chu diTQng d au diTQc va n d'e cua hQ V i th e n h a th a m va n co th e can chi ra nhtfng ti'em n a n g cua th a n ch u de g iu p h o tin vao b an th an va k h a n an g cua m inh N h a t h a m v a n co th e chi ra nhi'eu h a n , cu th e hQn ti'em n an g cua th an ch u k h i h ieu nhi'eu h a n ve th an chu cua m inh V d i n h im g th an ch u ty ti, it tr o n g c£y vao b an than, n h a th a m van co the noi:

- T oi b iet ch i la n g it& i co trach n hiem v& i ba n th a n va gia din h m in h (h o a c ch i la n git& i b iet hy sin h ban th a n ; c h i la n g it& i d a m ditcfng dau v&i kho kha n ; ch f la n g it& i b ie t can n h a c tn t& c k h i d i den m ot q u y et din h ; ch i la n g it& i p h u n it co Idng bao d u n g ; n g it& i co long tit trong ca o ), vi va y ch u n g ta se xem x e t ca c g id i p h a p , chj se can n h a c x e m ca ch g id i q u y e t nao la to t n h a t cho van de cua chi.

N o i to m lai, qua trinh th am van n h a m g iu p ch o th a n ch u t y chju trac h n h ie m vdi c u q c ddi cua m inh, ty tim cach giai q uv et cac v a n de cua m in h , v a n ha th a m van chi la n g u d i soi s a n g va n d'e, giu p v e m § t th o n g tin, giai toa cac xu c cam g a y anh h u d n g tieu

eye d en cac q u u y e t djnh cua th an chu, chu" k h o n g d u a ra ldi k h u y e n h a y q u y et d inh hQ v a n d'e cho th an chu T h a m v a n la tien trin h giu p d d chu" k h o n g la m hQ cho th an chu Q u a trin h ty q u y e t se giu p th a n chu m a n h len, d am nghi v a d u o n g dau v d i v a n de k h o k h a n cu a ch in h m inh.

II MOI LIEN HE NGHE NGHIEP TRONG CAC NGANH TRQf GIUP

C ac h in h thirc dao tao n gu di trQ giup ch u y en n g h ie p th tfd n g dtfQc n h a c d e n ttfQng utig vdi co n g viec hQ la m tron g xa hQi la tri lieu ta m li, th a m van, trQ giup xa h Q i , ttf va n sure k h o e ta m th a n v.v T u y n h ien , nhtfng cong viec n ay dan xen nhau, co s y giao th o a v a doi kh i k h o co the la m rach roi V i du, n gan h T a m li h o c (d£c b ie t la c h u y e n n g a n h T a m li hQC L am sang) d ao tao nhtfng ngtfdi la m n g h e tri lieu tam li, ca ngtfdi lam th am v a n ta m li \ a n g a n h T h a m v a n dao tao ngtfdi lam co n g v i e c th am v an va c u n g

dao tao ngtfdi la m tri lieu tam li TtfQng ttf nhtf vay tr o n g n gan h

C H U O N G I: T h a m van ta m li la m o t khoa hoc ufng dung 23

C o n g tac xa hoi, n h im g ch uyen gia cong tac xa hoi co b a n g th a c si thtfc h a n h c u n g lam co n g tac th am van h a y tri lieu ta m li C ac b ac si tam th an c u n g co chtic n an g tri lieu tam li h a y th a m van Cac n h a ta m th an h o c la ngtfdi dtfQc dao t$o tot tro n g viec phat hien va dieu trj ta m b en h , va dtfQc dao tao toi thieu ve ki thu^t th am va n ca n han , n h o m , k i th uat trj lieu tam li, k i th u at dinh ltfQng tam li, stf p h at trien con ngtfdi va th am va n ngh'e nghiep.

l Tam li hQC va tham van tam li

T h e o R a y m o n d Lloyd R ich m o n d 1, hau het nhtfng ngtfdi dtfQc gQi la nha tam li h oc (dac biet d H oa Ky) deu co trinh do tien si, dtfQc dao tao chuyen sau ve thtfc h an h tri lieu tam li Hq co kha nang phat hien va chtia tri cac loai van de ve cam xtic, co k h a n a n g nghien ctiu va ltfQng gia

tron g th am va n ca n h an va nhom , cung nhtf co kien thtic v'e tam b en h hoc T ro n g thtfc h an h trQ gitip con ngtfdi, cac n h a tam li hoc co nhtfng chtic d anh dtfQc cap bang/chting chi ngh'e: n h a tam li lam sang, n h a tam li hQC tham van, nha tam li h o c dtfdng va nha p han ta m hoc T at ca nhtfng ngtfdi co m ot trong cac chtic d anh nay deu co th e lam co n g v iec tri lieu tam li.

Khi noi v e stf k h a c nhau gitfa nha th a m v a n v a n h a tam li h oc lam san g (ngtfdi la m tri lieu tam li), TS San F ran cisco dat cau hoi: “ K h ac n h a u gitia tam li lam san g va th a m v a n ta m li la g i? ” T h e o ong, cau tra ld i k h o n g he d o n gian b d i vi n g a n h ta m li h oc co the dtfQc ting dtfng theo nhi'eu cach k h a c nhau V i vay, viec chi ra stf k h a c n h a u gitia tam li lam sang va tam li th a m v a n la k h o n g d o n gian MQt so ngtfdi h o c tam li h oc n h im g la m viec nhtf mQt n ha th a m v an , mQt so la m viec nhtf m ot n h a tri lieu va sd k h a c la n h a ta m li hoc V a th eo San Francisco, m£c du cac chtfOng trinh d ao tao th a m v a n th tfdng d ay cac li th u yet tri lieu ta m li k h a c n hau N h tfn g d ao tao va g iam sat ve thtfc h a n h tri lieu ta m li

T h a o l u a n

Bang stf hieu biet ciia minh, hay chi ra stf

1 Raymond Lloyd Richmond, Clinical and Counseling - and Licensure, Ph.D San

Francisco, California USA Psychology, Copyright©i997 - 2009.

24 G I A O TR'INH T H A M V A N T A M LI

thtfdng k h o n g dtfdc b a o h a m tro n g d ao tgo th a m van N o i ch u n g , tr o n g kh i trj lieu ta m li htfdng den nhtfng t h a y doi p h u t ta p tro n g tinh cach v a thtfdng la m v ie c vdi cac x u n g d<?t v o thirc, thi th am va n htfd ng den nhtfng tinh h u d n g t u t th d i va bi gidi h an Hien n ay cac chtfOng trin h dao tao tren th e gidi c h u y e n ve th a m va n thtfdng d ay cac li th u y e t trj lieu ta m li k h a c nhau Nhi'eu nha th a m van p h u nh£n stf p h a n biet gitfa th a m v a n va tri lieu tam li do mQt so chtfOng trinh dao t^o th a m van da rat chu trQng vao tri lieu ta m li.

O M y, mQt ngtfdi co b an g tien si th a m v a n co th e dtfQc chtfng nh£n la mQt N h a ta m li hQC MQt ngtfdi vd i b a n g th a c si th a m van, d mQt so b an g, co th e trd th an h N h a th a m v a n c h u y e n n g h iep dtfQc co n g n h a n (L ice n sed Profession al C o u n se lo r) T re n thtfc te, de p h an b ie t stf k h a c n h au r$ch roi gitfa n h a th a m van , n h a trj lieu (tot n g h ie p n g a n h ta m li hQC la m sang) la rat p h u t tap 1

T h a m v a n ta m li la mQt ngh'e ch u y en n gh iep N o x u a t phat k h o n g p h ai tir p h o n g k h a m benh, m a tir mdi trtfd n g xa hQi v d i cac v a n d'e xa hQi T h a m v a n t§p tr u n g vao g iu p d d ngtfdi k h a c giai q u y et cac k h o k h a n h a y cac van d'e lien q uan d en trtfdng h o c h o a c gia dinh T r o n g k h u n g canh nay, n h a th a m va n la “ ngtfdi giai q u y et v a n d'e” th o n g q ua nhtfng ldi k h u y e n trtfc tiep h a y nhtfng htfdng d an gian tiep n h a m giu p th an chii co nhtfng q u y e t d in h hQp ly T h a m va n co n g u o n goc lien q uan d en linh vtfc giao due, m£c du cac n h a th a m v a n co b an g tam li hQc Nhi'eu ch iron g trin h ta m li hQc th tfdng chi dao tao tien si T a m li hQc th a m v an , mQt n h a n h cu a ta m li hQc, t£p tru n g vao viec thtfc h a n h th a m v an Ben c^nh do, n h ieu n h a ta m li hQc th a m v a n dtfQc d ao tao ve h tfd n g n gh iep , mQt k h ia can h cua ta m li hQc giu p ca n h a n k h a m p h a ra xu htfd n g ngh'e n g h ie p ciia c u q c ddi m inh.

R a y m o n d L loyd R ic h m o n d cho ran g th a m va n th tfd n g lien q u a n d en nhtfng v a n d'e “th o n g th tfd n g ” h o n la cac va n d'e roi lo a n ta m than N o gan vd i viec ra quyet dinh va nhtfng h a n h dQng cu th e nen lam V a n de ciia th an chu t i p tru n g v a o nhtfng stf kien hien tai - nhtfng va n d'e nam tron g binh dien y thirc, su y nghi li

1 h ttp : ; \ m v , g u id e to p s y c h o lo g y c o m c ln _ c n s h tm - 2

CH J O N G I: T h a m van t a m If la m o t khoa hoc ting dung 25

tri, horn la vao nhtfng stf kien da xay ra tron g qua k h ti v d i nhting van d'e th u o c v'e v o thtic (m §c du khi xem xet cac stf kien g a y ra ton thtfQng ch o th a n chu, nha th am van van tr d lai n g u o n goc qua k h ti cua va n d'e) Trj lieu tam li n h am m u c dich th a y doi su y nghi, cam x u c va h a n h vi cua th an chu tti kern thich nghi sang thich nghi h o n Khai n iem “N ha" tri heu tam li la thu£t ngti goi theo thdi q u e n n M m chi co n g viec cua ngtfdi trQ giup Trj lieu ta m li chi la cach thtic, phtfQng phap tac dQng, m a mQt n h a ta m li hoc, n h a ta m th an h o c h a y mQt nhan vien co n g ta c xa hoi dtfQc chting n h §n d eu co th e h a n h ngh'e tri lieu tam li M a c du th u o c co the dtfQc d u n g ket hQp tron g tri heu tam li va la th an h p h an quan trQng neu th an chu "bi b en h thtic the", nhtfng th u o c k h o n g the dtfQc coi la th a n h p h a n cua tri lieu tam li, b di tri lieu tam li thtfc stf phtf th u o c v a o viec th an chu sti dtfng nhting trai n g h ie m tam li cu a m in h de m a n g lai nhtfng th a y doi nhtf m o n g ddi, chti k h o n g phai la th uoc.

T r o n g c o n g tac dao tao nha th am va n hien n ay tren the gidi, th u at n gti th a m v a n va tri lieu tam li dtfQc trin h b a y mQt cach g'an nhtf ttfQng d o n g tr o n g da so cac sach giao k h o a d H o a Ky Hau h e t nhtin g g ia o trin h n ay deu sti d u n g cac trtfdng phai li th u yet cu a ta m li h o c d an h cho nghien ctiu va thtfc h a n h th a m va n h o §c tri lieu ta m li T h e o E.D N euk ru g, ch u n g ta co the th a y nhting q u y e n sach g ia o k h o a v'e li th u yet th a m va n v a tri heu ta m li, tr o n g dd co n h tin g li th u yet gio n g nhau, k h o n g th e p h a n biet dtfQc V i dtf, C H P atterson, ngtfdi v iet giao trin h noi tie n g "Ly th u y e t th a m v a n v a tri lieu" da tu yen bo ran g th a m va n v a tri lieu c u n g dtfQc sti d iin g tron g sach cua o n g vi dtfdng nhtf k h o n g the co b at cti stf p h a n b ie t ro ret nao gitia c h u n g (P atterso n , 1993) TtfQng ttf, B a ru th va H u b er (1985) da noi ran g h o sti dtfng th u at n gti th a m v a n v a trj lieu ta m li mQt each n g a n g b a n g x u y e n suot cac sach cu a hQ C o re y (1996), tron g tac p h a m noi tieng: "Ly th u y e t v a thtfc h a n h th a m van va tri lieu ta m li" da k h o n g noi v'e v a n d'e n a y m a ch o n v ie c sti dtfng cac th u at ngtf th a m v a n v a trj lieu ta m li h o a n ddi ch o nhau C on C R o gers tr o n g cac sach ve th a m v a n cua m in h c u n g cho rang stf k h a c b iet gitia hai th u at ngti n a y la k h o n g d a n g k e doi vd i nhting ngtfdi co chting chi h a n h n g h e trQ giup Ddi vdi linh vtfc th am van va tri lieu ta m li, hien

26 G I A O T R I N H T H A M V A N T A M U

n a y tren th e gid i va n chtfa co stf p h a n biet ro rang T h a m chi co nhi'eu ch u y e n gia trQ g iu p h a n g dau tren th e gidi cho ra n g th a m va n va tri lieu ta m li dtfdc sir dtfng n h u n h au h o a c th ay th e cho nhau tro n g 7 0 % tr u d n g h d p (R- R ich m o n ).

X et trong mQt chuoi hoat dQng trQ giup lien tiep tren, khai niem h u d n g dan lien quan den stf ltfa chQn giai p h ap thich hQp cho mQt van d'e, n h u chQn ngh'e, chQn trudng, chQn m o n hQc v a thtfdng gan vdi mdi trud n g hQc dudng, gan vdi giao dtfc, htfdng nghiep Cong tac h u d n g dan th u d n g cho ldi kh uyen theo kieu ngtfdi ld n tuoi bao ngudi nho tuoi, ngtfdi thieu kinh n ghiem nghe ldi ngtfdi co kinh nghiem , h a n la giup than chu tao ra mQt stf th a y doi b a n g chinh kha nang cua hQ 6 H oa Ky, cong tac htfdng dan thtfdng do cac n h a tam li hQc hQc dtfdng thtfc hien (hQ toi thieu phai co trinh do th a c si) Vdi chirc nang d anh gia va ttf van cho viec giao dtf c nhtfng hQc sinh dac biet, nen hQ k h o n g phai luc nao ho cung dtfQc cap phep de la m tham van va tri lieu tam li (Todd & Borhart, 1994).

Khi th an ch u co nan d'e can trQ giup, N e u k r u g ch o ran g ran h gidi gitfa th a m va n va tri lieu thtfdng the hien mQt each ttfQng doi nhtf sau:

Cong tac hipong d in , tham v l n va tri lieu tam li trong m o t chuoi tro> giup lien tiep

H tfd ng d an <— > T h a m van <-— > T ri lieu T a m li

- T h a y d o i h a n h vi <— > - C au true lai nhan- Van d e ben n g o a i <— > ca ch

- N g a y bay gicr, tai day <— > - Van d e ben trong

- M a n g tinh ngan ngita <— > - B a y g ia va sau do

- T ap ti'ung va o s it g&i <— > - Vo th itc

kha nang thay d oi cua than chii

C H U O N G I: T h a m van ta m If la m o t khoa hoc ting dung 27

T r o n g p h g m vi cua co n g ta c thtfc h a n h trj lieu ta m li, v ie c cap p h e p h a n h ngh'e d oc l£p la co gidi han V e trin h do thtfc h a n h , m o t n h a tri h ? u tam li phai co trin h do cao v'e ta m li h o c la m san g, c o n g ta c xa hoi, h o a c th a m va n tam li, vi c o n g v ie c cua ho lien q u a n d en v ie c d an h gia, ch an d o an v a dieu ch in h nhtfng h a n h vi sai lech, stf b at ltfc va noi lo lan g cu n g nhtf la m ta n g stf th ic h n g h i cu a con ngtfdi va stf p h at trien n h an cach T h e o N e u k r u g , neu so sa n h v'e phtfOng dien x u at p h a t d ie m cua ngh'e th a m v a n , cac n h a th a m van tam li lam viec nhi'eu hOn v d i bo ph£n d an ctf ttfOng doi m a n h khoe, con nhtfng n h a ta m li h o c la m s a n g thi la m v ie c vd i b o ph£n nho d an so co k h o k h a n v'e ta m li V i v£y c o n g v ie c cua nha tri lieu ta m li th tfd n g d b en h vien , la m v ie c c u n g vd i cac y ta, b ac si ta m th an C o n n h a th a m v a n la m v ie c n g o a i tru t$i cac tr u n g tam , d ich v u trO g iu p con ngtfdi tr o n g c o n g d o n g , xa hoi N g a y nay, stf k h a c b ie t gitfa nha

ta m li h o c th a m v a n va tam li lam san g la rat nho O H o a Ky,

m o t n h a ta m li la m sa n g m u o n tr d th a n h m o t n h a th a m v a n ta m li thi p h ai d at dtfQc trin h do tien si tir m ot chtfOng tr in h do H iep h o i T a m li H o a Ki c h u a n h o a va h o a n th a n h nhtfng d ieu k ie n bo s u n g do m o t u y b a n cap p h e p q u y dinh.

T r e n th e gid i, thu£t ngtf "n ha tri lieu ta m li" k h o n g ket h o p v d i b a t cu" lin h vtfc c y the nao cua co n g ta c d ao tao thtfc h a n h sue k h o e t a m th a n D o dd, hau nhtf cac b a n g d H o a Ki k h o n g cap g ia y p h e p ch o c h u t d a n h "n ha tri lieu ta m l i ” v a k e t q u a la b a t cir ca n h a n n a o c u n g co the ttf cho m in h la "n h a ta m li tri lieu" V e trin h do thtfc h a n h , m o t ngtfdi la m tri lieu ta m li p h ai to t n gh iep d trin h d o cao v e n g a n h T a m li h oc, C o n g ta c xa hoi, T h a m va n h o a c T a m th a n h o c v a la m v ie c tr o n g lin h vtfc s u t k h o e ta m th a n h o a c thtfc h a n h d cac cO sd ttf n h an v'e th a m v a n h o n n h a n v a gia d in h v d i cac ca n h a n v a n h o m

T h e o c h u n g toi, d anh gia stf k h a c nhau tro n g c o n g viec cua n h a th a m va n va n h a tri lieu d V iet N a m phai nhin tu1 b oi canh d ao t£0 va c o n g viec thtfc te m a ho d an g lam V i dii nhtf d V iet N a m hien nay, viec m o t ngtfdi d an g lam th a m va n h a y tri lieu tai cac c o sd la k h o n g co tieu chi k ie m soat Ho co the tot ngh iep tir V a n , Bao chi, Lich sir, Xa hoi hoc Khi tro n g xa hoi van con

28 G I A O T R I N H T H A M V A N T A M LI

n h ieu ngtfdi d a n g la m th a m va n n h im g k h o n g tot n g h ie p tir n g a n h T a m li hQc, thi v ie c mQt ngtfdi tot n gh iep n g a n h T a m li hQc, b a t ke tir T rtfd n g Dai hQc Sir p h a m h a y T rtfd n g Dai h o c K h oa hQc X a hQi va N h a n v a n deu d a n g tran trQng, v a deu ch o la co trin h dQ d o n g d a n g tr o n g co n g v ie c trQ g iu p ta m li ngtfdi khac T u y nhien, n eu p h a n tich cu the n h im g kien thirc, k i n a n g m a sinh vien ta m li hQc da hQc, thi ro rang sinh vien K h o a T a m li, Trtfdng Dai hQc S u p h a m se la m v ie c n h u mQt giao v ie n d a y t a m li to t h o n la la m n h a th a m van C u n g n h u vay, neu x e m xet cac m o n h o c ciia sinh vien Bq m o n L am san g va Bq m o n T h a m v a n thuQC Khoa T a m li hQc, T rtfd n g Dai hQc K h oa hQc X a hQi va N h a n van , Dai hQc Q u o c gia H a NQi, thi co the noi la co n g v ie c tri lieu h a y th am va n ciia hQ gan nhtf la n gan g nhau T r o n g trtfd n g hQp nay, 70% co n g v ie c cua hQ la g io n g nhau, va sinh v ie n hai b<? m o n n a y co trin h dQ th a m v a n v a tri lieu gan nhtf nhau Stf k h a c n h a u ch u t it d d ay la sinh vien bQ m o n L am sang hQc n a n g h o n ve cac phtfQng p h ap tri lieu v a sinh vien chii yeu den ca c b e n h v ien ta m th an thtfc tap C on sinh vien b£> m on th a m van, hQ hQc n a n g h o n v e cac k i n a n g T h a m v a n v a hQ chu yeu den cac cQ sd th a m v a n tr o n g CQng d o n g thtfc tap, v a lam q ue n vd i n h ieu loai h in h th a m van k h a c n h au (th a m va n trtfc tiep, th a m v a n q u a thtf, d ie n th o ai, chat) T u y nhien, v a n cai b a n g cir n h an h a y th a c si ta m li h o c , tot n gh iep tai T rtfd n g Dai hQc k h o a hQc X a hQi v a N h a n van , D ai hQc Q u o c gia H a NQi, xet ve lau dai, sinh vien thuQC Bq m o n L am sang h a y th a m v a n k h o n g the la m viec d lin h vtfc n g h ie n ciru h a y k in h d o a n h tot nhtf sinh vien Bq m o n X a hQi h a y Q u a n tri k in h d oan h , v a d ieu n a y c u n g phai nhin ngtfQc lai M a c dii sir p h a n h o a c h u y e n n g a n h cua sinh vien m d i d d an g b an dau, k h a c n h au k h o a n g 36 0 g id hQc (24 tin chi cho m oi b<? m o n ) Co the noi n g a y doi vd i sin h v ien tro n g cim g mQt khoa, ngtfdi h o c ch u y e n n g a n h th a m v a n v a la m sa n g co th e la m cim g mQt c o n g viec "n htf n h a u ” - thtfc h a n h trQ g iu p nhtfng roi loan tam li C o n sinh vien cac bQ m o n k h a c tr o n g kh o a, xet th eo cac m o n hQc dtfQc d ay h ie n nay thi h ie u q u a c o n g v ie c co the k h o n g b an g, n eu nhir cac s in h vien n a y m u o n la m co n g v ie c ch am chtfa ta m li cho ngtfdi co roi loan.

C H U O N G I: T h a m van tam If la m o t khoa hoc ufng dung 29

2 Tham van va cong tac xa h$i

M §c du cac nhan vien cong tac xa hpi (can stf xa hQi) truyen thong lam viec n h u nhting ngtfdi benh vtfc cho ngtfdi ngheo va tung quan, nhtfng ngay tu1 nam 1900 cach thtic tiep can trao doi tam tinh vdi ngtfdi ngheo da dtfQc M ary Richmon xem nhtf la hinh thtic trQ giup co hieu qua va tong ket thanh phtfQng phap trQ gitip ca nhan P h u on g phap nay da dtfQc dtfa vao chtfOng trinh dao tao nhan vien trQ giup lam viec vdi ca nhan T u y nhien van ton tai stf phan biet ve li thuyet chu yeu gitia thac si cong tac xa hQi va thac si tham van, nhtfng theo E N eukrug (1999), hai vi tri nay ttfQng dong nhau h o n la khac biet nhau V di nhting khoa dao tao them v'e cong tac giam sat thtfc hanh, cac nhan vien cong tac xa hQi co the hoat dQng nhtf mQt nha tham van h o§c trd thanh nhan vien cong tac xa hQi lam sang dtfQc cap phep T u y nhien, vi ket qua dat dtfQc cua cong tac xa hQi truyen thong la m a n g lai stf trQ giup cho nhting ngtfdi bj thiet thdi va lam viec vdi gia dinh va he thong xa hQi nen cac nhan vien cong tac xa hQi thtfdng dtfQc thue bdi cac dich v y ctiu trQ tre em, cac co quan bao cap ciia chinh phu, h a y trong cac to chtic CQng dong, cac dich vu danh cho gia dinh, thtic h an h trong cac benh vien, cac trung tam stic khoe tam than h a y cac nha tam cho nhtfng ngtfdi vo gia ctf; nhtfng ngtfdi khac co the lam viec trong vai tro cua ngtfdi quan li cac to chtic dich v y xa hQi Nhi'eu nhan vien cong tac xa hQi lam cong viec tri lieu tam li ca nhan va cac lieu phap gia dinh trong to chtic, m a it lam viec nhtf chtic danh cua mQt nha tham van hay nha tri lieu dQC lap tren cac doi ttfQng co ton thtfOng tam li V a cho du cac nhan vien cong tac xa hQi dtfQc dao tao khai quat ve cac ki thuat tham van nhtfng hQ thtfdng k h on g di sau vao linh vtfc tham van ngh'e - linh vtfc ddi hoi sti dtfng thong thao nhieu h o n ve cac trac nghiem tam li.

III DOI TlTONG, M UC DICH, NHIEM VU VA HIEU QUA CUA

30 G I A O T R I N H T H A M V A N T A M LI

h a n h vi va cac n g u y e n n h an g a y ra ch u n g d cac ca n han va n h o m n gu d i co k h o k h a n ta m li n h a m trQ g iu p ch o hQ so n g tot h o n Co the noi, th an chu v a n an d'e cua th a n ch u ch in h la d oi ttfQng n g h ien cutf va thtfc h a n h giup dd cua th a m van.

D o i v d i lin h vtfc thtfc h a n h th a m v a n , k h i ca n h a n ho£ c mQt n h o m ngtfdi c a m t h a y co v a n d'e m a k h o n g ttf g ia i q u y e t dtfQc, nhtfng hQ lai co n h u cau dUQc g iu p d d mQt c a c h c h u y e n n g h ie p , thi hQ ca n d e n n h a t h a m van

T h o n g thtfdng mQt ngtfdi noi rang hQ d a n g co van d'e, dieu n ay co n gh ia la ngtfdi do d an g k h o n g biet phai cam n hgn nhtf th e nao, phai lam gi trtfdc mQt stf kien x a y ra vd i hQ N htfng kinh n gh iem , h ieu b ie t trtfdc d ay cua hQ v'e van d'e d a n g x a y ra co th e k h o n g giup gi dUQc ch o hQ V i v£y hQ can den stf giup d d (co the la n h a th a m vain ch uyen

n g h iep h o a c k h o n g ) Trtfdc mQt stf viec, ngtfdi n a y co th e ca m nh£n ran g v a n d'e la q u a ldn, ngtfdi k h a c thi ch o ran g c h a n g co v a n d'e gi ca, ran g dd la ch uyen v d van V i v£y, kh i g iu p d d th an chu, n h a th a m v a n can tach b ach stf cam nh^n “co v a n d e ” cua th an chu v a stf cam n h an “k h o n g co v a n d'e” cua n h a t h a m v a n (Vain d'e n a y se dUQc x e m k i tron g ph'an n an de cua th a n ch u d chtfOng 3).

2 M uc dich cua tham van

- M u c d ich ch u n g ciia tham van

• Cai tien, cu n g co (v'e m at sure kh o e tinh th an) giu p th a n chu s o n g tot h o n

• N g a n ngira, tran h k h o n g de van d'e x a y ra toi te h o n

• G iu p giai q uy et van d'e ctf the.

Cuoc tham van dwefe goi la thanh cong khi than chii cam thay co the dito'ng dau v&i van de ciia minh ma khong can den siX trcf giup tiep theo ciia nha tham van hay le thuoc vao ngw&i khac trong gidi quyet van de.

C H U O N G I: T h a m van t a m If la m o t khoa hoc ufng dung 31

• G iu p th a y doi h an h vi, nhan cach (lam giam h o a c b ie n m at trieu c h u n g va phat trien cac ki n an g im g pho, giai q u y et van de n h a m tao kh a n an g thich nghi tot nhat tro n g m oi trtfdng th an chu d a n g song) Dieu nay lien q uan den tri lieu ta m li.

- C a c m u c d eu cu the

• G iu p th a n chu giam b d t cac cam xu c tieu ctfc tr o n g h oan can h k h o k h a n va cam th a y thoai m ai khi tro ch u y e n v'e nan d'e cua m inh.

• G iu p th an chu tang th em hieu b iet v'e b a n th a n va h o a n can h cua h(?; G iu p than chu biet ch ap nh^n nan d'e cua m in h n h u no d a n g co.

• G iu p th a n chu dua ra cac quyet d inh lan h m a n h v a co k h a n a n g x ir li dtfQc nan d'e.

• H u d n g dan th an chu thi hanh cac q uy et d inh cua hp v a co k h a n a n g dtf p h o n g cac tinh h u d n g tUOng ttf x a y ra tro n g ttfOng lai.

• C ac ca n h an kh i co nhu cau trp giup tu y vao cac m u c dich h o dat ra m a n h a th a m van tien h an h hoat d q n g va xac d inh th d i gian c o n g v ie c giu p do M y c tieu th a m va n lu o n lu o n d u p e x a c d inh tir th an chu va nha th a m v a n can n a m ro n hu cau th a m v a n cua th an chu V d i mQt so th an chu, stf trQ giup d o n th u a n chi la giai to a cam xuc (dat m y c dich I) V i vay, viec la n g n g h e th a n chu giai toa va sir d y n g k! n a n g th a u cam de th a n chii t h a y dUQc ton trQng, dUQc ch ap n h an la du N h im g vd i mQt so th a n chii khac, m u c tieu th a m va n k h o n g d o n th u an chi la giai toa ca m xiic, n han b iet van de cu a m in h , h a y b iet cach dtfa ra cac b ie n p h ap doi pho, m a h o n th e ntfa hQ can th a y ddi h a n h vi Do dd, nha th a m van phai d an h n h ieu th d i g ia n va ca n n h a c cac phtfOng phap tiep can de giu p th an chu dat dtfQc ca b o n m y c tieu th a m va n cua hQ.

32 G I A O T R I N H T H A M V A N T A M U

T h a o l u a n c a c t i n h h u o n g

1 Ve van de ai la ngitoi xac dinh muc dich cua c u q c tham van, toi cho rang:

a. Do chinh la trach nhiem cua khach hang. b Do chinh la trach nhiem cua nha tham van.

c Do la stf htfp tac giua khach hang va nha tham van.

d Ccf sd tham van phai quyet dinh muc dich tham van cho khach hang,

e

2 Tham van va tri lieu nen tap trung vao:

a Nhim g dieu ma khach hang da trai nghiem trong qua khuf b Nhung dieu khach hang dang trai nghiem.

c Nhimg no lye, phan dau ciia khach hang de htfdng ve ttfcrng lai d Bat cirvan de gi ma khach hang muon.

e

3 Toi cho rang nha tham van nen:

a Chu dQng va co dinh hudng.

b Chi mang tinh dinh hudng tUOng doi, de giup khach hang dinh hudng cho minh.

c La ngudi ma khach hang muon hQ nhu vay.

d Dinh hudng hay khong dinh hudng, la phu thuQC vao kha nang ttf dinh dinh hudng cua khach hang.

4 Toi dat muc tieu tham van cho cac khach hang cua toi trtfdc khi tien hanh viec tham van cho ho:

+ Dung + Sai + Vira dung, vira sai

Ldi giai thich:

5 Nhitng tieu chuan ciia toi dtfOc dat ra ngoai qua trinh tri lieu

cho khach hang:

+ Dung + Sai + Vira dung, vira sai

Ldi giai thich:

C H U O N G I: T h a m van t a m li la m o t khoa hoc ufng dung 33

3 Nhi$m vu ciia tham van

- N h ie m vu ch u n g n h a t cua tham van

• X a c d jn h v a n d'e va n gu yen nhan g a y ra • C h a n d oan , d an h gia, p han lo^i v a n d'e:

- N h ie m vu cu the

• L am th it gian cam xu c cua than chu: Khi than chu bj cang thang bcri nan d'e, nha tham van lam th u gian cam xuc cua than chu bang cach lang nghe

tich eye, co s y ung hQ va chap

nh£n thai dQ cua than chu, ho trQ va giup do de lam yen long than chu, de h(? dUQc giai toa cam xuc Khi can thiet, nha

tham van thyc hi$n mQt h? thong giup d a qua vi$c htfcfng dan than chu tim den cac dich vu ho trQ v'e luat phap, chinh sach xa hQi, y te, giao dye hoac cung cap thong tin lien quan den s y htfQng lQi cua than chu de hQ dUQc hudng cac d;ch vy ho trQ trong pham vi giup dQ cua nha tham van.

• G iu p than chii nhan dien d itg c van de, ca i thien n h itn g su y n g h i tieu c itc k h on g h a p li: T hong qua vi£c tro chuyen vdi than chu va nhtfng ngtfcri co lien quan (neu can), nha tham van thu thap thong tin, sang Iq c cac nguyen vQng, nhu cau ciia than chu; cung cap thong tin de giam thieu nhtfng quan ni£m l£ch lac, nhtfng suy nghi khong dung; giup than chu xac dinh van d'e quan trQng, phan m ang va hoach dinh van d'e; giup than chu chiu trach nhi£m trtf6c van d'e cua minh va nhan biet ti'em nang cung nhtf han che cua minh.

• G iu p than chu d ita ra ca c q u y e t d jn h tfu tien: T rtfdc mQt nan de, than chu co the kho xac dinh vi£c ltfa chQn cac giai phap, vi v£v, nha tham van co the cung than chu phan tich nhim g kho khan, tim ra cac giai phap hanh dQng va cac

Kho khan khi thtfc hanh tham van

- Khong biet cach ditng cuoc tham van nhw the nao d eh ieu qua.

-C a m thay that bai va kho xit khi than chii im lang.

34 G I A O T R I N H T H A M V A N T A M LI

giai p h a p th a y the; giu p sang Iq c h£u q u a cua m oi q u y e t d inh dtfQc d u a ra v a stf th a y the cac giai phap; cu oi cung, tim ra dtfQc cac giai p h a p hi?u qua N h a th a m v a n h u d n g d an th a n ch u d ua ra cac q uy et d inh h a n h d<?ng cu th e va b ie t cach q u a n li va n d'e.

• G iu p than chii co k e h o a c h thay d o i h a n h vi: Khi cac giai

p h a p da dtfQc ltfa chQn, n ha th a m v a n k h u y e n kh ich hQ thtfc hi$n cac k e h o a c h hQ d'e ra G iu p hQ d a n h gia dUQc nhtfng th a y doi tro n g n han t h u t , h a n h vi v a tr a n g bi cho th a n chu cac k i n a n g so n g p h u hQp de co th e th ic h nghi vdi h a n h vi h a y dieu ki£n mdi.

4 Hi$u qua ciia tham van

LQi ich m a th a n chu co dUQc khi di la m t h a m v a n hi£n nay k h o n g con la chu d'e tr a n h cai d cac n u d e co ngh'e th a m v a n phat trien C ac n g h ie n cutf cua H oa Ki tro n g h o n 4 0 n a m q u a v'e vai tro cua th a m v a n ch o th ay, hi<?u q u a cua th a m v a n dtfQc x e m xet tu" vi£c x a c d in h so ltfQng cac th an chu dtfQc cai thi£n sau t h a m van T h e o S ex to n (1993), ket qua n gh ien cutf tren th a n ch u v a nha th a m v a n da th u dtfQc nhtfng con so gan ttfQng d u o n g n h a u d cac n gh ien cutf k h a c nhau Hi£u qua th a m v a n ch o th a y x a p xi 22% th a n chu co dtfQc lQi ich d an g ke, 4 3 % co stf th a y doi v^tfa phai, va 27% dat dtfQc mQt so cai thi£n n hat dinh.

D oi v d i cac q u o c gia co dich vu th a m v a n p h a t trien chi can th an chu y thu"c r5 nhu cau can dtfQc th a m va n va san sa n g m u o n th a y doi, thi n h a th a m va n gidi co the d o n g h a n h c u n g th a n chu tro n g vi£c tim k ie m n g u o n n a n g ltfc tu" ch in h b en tr o n g con ngtfdi th an chu T h a y vi dtfa ra ldi k h u y e n h a y giai q u y e t v a n de cho th an chu, n h a th a m v a n se htfdng dan th an ch u ttf tim ra cach giai q uy et v a n d'e co h i?u q u a nhat tro n g dieu ki£n va k h a n a n g cua th a n chu, vi m u c tieu cua th a m va n la giu p ch o th an ch u trd th a n h ngtfdi ttf "dieu tri" cho ch inh m inh.

Doi vd i C Rogers, h a y A Ellis, nha th am van k h o n g th a y doi niem tin cua th an chu ban g cach "tav nao" hQ, m a giu p th an chu

nhan th av cach su y nghi, cam nhan tieu eye cua than chu anh htfang

C H U O N G I: T h a m van t am li la m o t khoa hoc ling dung 35

nhu" the nao den hanh vi cua ho; nha tham van giup than chu nh§n ra hoan canh cua minh va khuyen khich than chu dUOng dau mQt cach chu dong vdi hoan canh de d$t den sy" mdi me trong suy nghi va trong c u q c song Cac nha tham van tin rang chi khi nao than chu nhan ra dUQc vi£c minh la nan nhan trong hoan canh cua chinh minh; khi than chu hoc d U Q c cach phe phan nhung niem tin, gia trj, y nghi va ca s y thifa nhan cua minh, trd thanh ngudi co the kiem soat dUQc cuoc song cua ban than, thi khi do se t^o nen s y thay doi tich eye trong n h|n thuC va hanh vi cua chinh than chu.

Co the noi, th ong qua tham van, nha tham van co the hudng dan than chu h o ac cach thay the suy nghi kh ong co ldi b an g suy nghi m a n g tinh xay dyng, tich eye hon Neu than chu trudc day cam th ay kh o kh an trong vi£c xac dinh va b oc lo nh u n g cam xuc vui, gi£n du, sd, toi loi , thi vi£c tham van co the giup than chu h oc cach lam the nao de b o c lo cam xuc tieu eye va t y chu hanh vi Neu than chu cam thay kho kh an khi can de dat nhung n h u cau chinh dang cua minh, th ong qua tham van, than chu kh am pha ra nhung cach hanh xir m d i th ay the va t y tin trong vi£c bay to nhu cau cua minh do chinh la hi<?u q ua cua tham van.

T u y nhien, n g u d i ta van canh b ao rang neu cac n h a th a m van k h o n g t h u d n g x u y e n trau doi p h am chat va n a n g l y c ch u y e n m on thi ho co th e la m anh h u d n g tieu eye tdi th an chu M a t khac, co k h o n g it va n de n h a y cam, tinh te m a n gay ca p h ap lu at cu n g kh o co the ch am tdi Vi d y: khi n h a th am van s u d y n g m ot p h u o n g p h a p th a m van , h o ac m ot trac n gh iem tam li nao do vd i th a n chu, neu no k h o n g p h u hd p, g a y h^i cho th an chu thi k h o n g phai lu c n ao n g u d i ta c u n g chi ra dUQc loi cua n h a th a m van.

K h am p h a b an th an va th ay doi niem tin, thdi q ue n h a n h d o n g doi hoi s y k ie n n han co ki luat T ien trinh th a m v a n doi khi chi can vai b uo i, doi khi can nhieu th di gian n h u vai th an g, vai nam , vi v a y co m o t so thdi d iem than chu se cam th a y va n d'e co ve "san g sua" h o n , tot h o n , n h im g co n h u n g luc co th e th an chu con th a y toi t<? h o n tr u d c khi th am van va doi khi cu o c th a m van k h o n g he co s y tien b o nao.

X e t tir n a n g l y c cua n h a th a m van , hi£u q u a th a m va n danh cho th a n ch u se k h o co dtfQc (neu k h o n g noi la th a t b ai) k h i nha th a m v a n n h in v a n d'e ciia th an chii xuat p h at tir k in h n g h ie m ban th a n de dtfa ra ldi k h u y e n ; chat v a n th a n chu; th u y e t p h y c , ap dat y k ie n len th a n ch u h a y n h a th a m va n chi t i p tr u n g v a o nan d'e cua th a n chu, m a k h o n g nhin van d'e ciia h o m o t cach b a o quat h o n , do la co n ngtfdi th an chu vd i nhtfng n ie m tin, h a n h vi co hull tr o n g vi§c giai q u y e t n h im g k h o kh&n cu a ho N h u n g q u a n d iem trQ g iu p sau d a y se an h h u d n g tieu ctfc d e n hi£u q u a ciia qua th a m v a n la m o t ngh'e n ghiep, no doi hoi m o t q u a trin h d ao tao can b an co ch on Iq c d ngtfdi h o c n h a m giu p giai q uy et cac n g u y e n n h a n “g o c r e ” cua v a n d'e m a con n g u d i g a p phai.

T u y nhien, n h ieu n g u d i co nan d'e can trQ g iu p va n g a y ca n hutig n g u d i b in h t h u d n g tro n g xa h o i h o de co q u a n ni£m ran g th a m v a n la ch o ldi k h u y e n , cho h u d n g giai quy et V i v a v , n h a th a m v a n t h u d n g bj h ieu nh'am n h u m o t ngtfdi dtfa ra n h u n g ldi k h u y e n h o a c cac gdi y ch o th an chii de giai q u y e t cac v a n de ciia ho (g io n g nhtf co van).

Quy dieu dao dire nghe trcf giup cho rang than chii la ngit&i ra quyet dinh va chiu trach nhi$m ve ket qua hanh dong ciia ho Vi vay nha tham van khong nen bao than chii lam gi va lam nhir the nao.

1 Hoang Phe, Tir dien Tieng Viet, NXB Da Nang, 2000.

C H U O N G I: T h a m van ta m If la m o t khoa hoc ufng du ng 37

Khi n h a th a m van dtfa ra ldi k h u yen h a y b a o cho th an chu each giai q u y e t va n de, ho co the giup than chu giai th o a t dtfQc stf doi m | t vefi nhting can g th an g tam thofi T u y nhien, cach n a y se k h ie n th a n chu lo th u o c vao nha th am van, th an chu se k h o n g th a y dtfQc va n de cua m in h mQt cach thau dao V e lau dai, than ch u k h o co k h a n a n g dtfOng dau vdi va n de cua m inh V a quan trQng h o n , th a n chu tr d nen k h o n g chju trach n h i?m ve b an than va h a n h dQng cua m inh.

Vi$c dtfa ra ldi k h u y e n chuyen tai tdi th an chu m o t th on g di£p rang: “T o i h ieu va n de cua anh/chj va b iet cach phai x t i l i no n hu1 the nao A n h / c h i la m sao co the giai q u y e t dtfQc van de d d ” Khi n h a th a m v a n noi th an chu nen lam gi va lam nhtf the nao da g a y cho th a n chu stf that vQng, chan nan, va th e hi?n stf th ieu ton trQng k h a n a n g ttf giai quyet van de cua th a n chu.

V i dtf ve mQt m a u doi th oai gitia n h a t h a m v a n va t h a n chu: - T h a n chu: C ti v a o btia an, nhin th a y no la toi k h o n g sao co

th e n u o t dtfQc T oi chi m u o n ve que

- N h a th a m van: Du the nao thi b ac cu n g phai an, b o an la k h o n g tot Bac k h o n g nen chi vi gian con m a h u y h oai stic k h o e cua m in h 6 tuoi cua b a c bo an se b i su y sup stic kh o e B ac se bi om!

D o a n doi th o ai tren cho th a y nha th a m va n k h o n g h ieu th an chu, an h ta chi tap tru n g dtfa ra ldi kh u yen , khi n gh i ran g th an ch u k h o n g h ieu b o an an h htfdng the nao den stic k h o e con ngtfdi.

V e p h ia n h a th a m van, cho th an chu ldi k h u y e n noi len stf chu q u a n va n o n g vQi tro n g vi£c gitip th an chu giai q uy et van de M at k h ac, no cho th a y n h a th a m van k h o n g thtfc stf h ieu th an chu va k h o n g tin ttfdng v a o kh a n a n g cua th an chu Cac n h a th a m van k h o n g dtfQc dao tao thtfdng dtfa ra nhting ldi k h u y e n v d i mtfc d ich tran an th an chu Thtfc chat do ch inh stf ttf tran an cua nha th a m van.

H o n ai het, th an chii la ngtfdi biet ro nhat v a n de cua m inh V i vay, n h a th a m v a n k h o n g nen dtfa ldi k h u y e n h a y d inh htfdng v a n de ciia th a n chii T u y nhien, trong q ua trinh th a m van , vi£c

38 G I A O T R I N H T H A M V A N T A M LI

dtfa ra ld i k h u y e n doi khi cu n g can thiet, d | c bi?t khi th an chu k h o n g co k h a n a n g x e m xet va n d'e cua m in h do co roi loan tam li, h a y th an chu la tre em T r o n g tinh h u o n g nay, nha th a m va n co th e sir d u n g ki th u a t ch o ldi k h u yen C an ltfu y rang, vi£c nha th a m van cu n g cap th o n g tin m a n g tinh k h a c h q u a n k h a c vd i vi£c cho ldi k h u y e n h a y b a o th an chu lam gi C o th e dtfa ra vi du ve cach n ha th a m van tir choi cho ldi k h u y e n k h i th a n chii co bieu hi£n 1<? th u o c v a o n h a th a m van:

- N h a th a m van: T o i biet chi d a n g cam th a y k h o k h a n trong vi£c dtfa ra m o t q uy et djnh d u n g d an v a o lu c nay T u y nhien, k h o n g ai co th e ch o chi ldi k h u y e n h a y q u y e t d in h th a y chi dtfQc Chi co chi rndi la ngtfdi hieu ro m in h thtfc stf m o n g m u o n gi Toi se cu n g chi p h a n tich nhtfng m at m an h , m at ye u ciia tim g van d'e Con ltfa ch o n giai p h ap va thtfc hi<?n no nhtf th e n ao la q u y e t dinh cua chi T oi se d o n g h a n h cim g chi tro n g suot q u a trin h th a o gd k h o k h a n de v a n d'e ciia chi dtfQc giai q uy et tot nhat T o i tin ttfdng vao k h a n a n g cua chi.

- C h a t van than chu

Chat van la hoi can ke va yeu cau tra ldi day dii nhtfng dieu can tim hieu Trong tham van, mQt nguyen tac quan trQng la ton trQng than chii vo dieu ki?n, ton trQng than chii nhtf mQt con ngtfdi co gia tri Thai do chap nhan than chii phai dtfQc the hi£n qua cac ki nang tro chuyen, trong do ki nang hoi nham giup than chu sang to van d'e cua minh, thong qua do than chii y thirc va chap nhan thtfc trang minh dang co Dieu nay khac vdi vi£c nha tham van chat van de khai thac thong tin theo cach ma nha tham van cho la can phai the de giup than chii ki nang hoi kh o n g don thuan chi la van d'e dat cau hoi sao cho thu thap dtfQc nhieu thong tin, ma quan trong h o n la khong gav them ton thtfQng va khong lam xao tr<?n tam can ciia than chu Dac bi?t la khong the khai thac thong tin vdi giQng ciia mQt luat stf hay quan toa.

Khi n h a th a m va n chat v a n th an chii de co th o n g tin co gang

la m ch o va n d'e ciia th an chii dtfQc sang to, thi co n g h ia la ve vo thirc n h a th a m va n da b o c 1q stf k h o n g ch ap n h an , k h o n g hai long

ve va n d'e v a con ngtfdi cua th an chii Stf chat van co th e co n gav

C H U O N G I: T h a m van ta m If la m o t khoa hoc ufng dung 39

ra thai dQ de doa lam tan g lo lang, sQ hai cho th an chu Dieu nay lam ch o th an chu cam th a y k h o n g dtfQc lang nghe, k h o n g dtfQc cam th o n g va nhtf v a y se dan den stf p h o n g v£, co m in h cua than chu trtfdc nha th a m v a n va co the tien trinh th a m van se k h ep lai!

- C h i tap tru n g vao nan de cua than chii

N an d'e (van d'e nan giai) luon xuat hien tro n g cuqc song T u y nhien, k h o n g phai ca nhan nao cung giai q uy et tot nan d'e cua m inh Vi vay, ho co nhu cau tim kiem stf trQ giu p n h a tir th am van V d i n h a th a m v a n k h o n g dtfQc dao tao ch u y en n gh i?p h oac k h o n g co k in h n g h ie m , ho se chi tap trun g vao nan d'e cua than chii m a k h o n g de y nhi'eu den con ngtfdi tao ra nan d'e do Khi nha th a m va n chi tap tru n g vao nan d'e, dieu n a y g io n g nhtf chi tap tr u n g vao mQt tri£u ch im g cu the Bang mQt so tac dQng, tri?u c h im g co th e ta m th d i lang xu on g nhtfng m a m m o n g cua no van con do va kh i co dieu ki£n no lai tai phat N htf v a y n h a th a m van se k h o n g g iu p ch o th an chu co cQ hQi ttf kh a m p ha dtfQc b an than m in h , th a n chu k h o n g y thirc dtfQc con ngtfdi m in h co lien quan nhtf th e n ao d en nan de V a nhtf v | y , lan sau an h ta lai tiep t y c 1? thuQC v a o stf g iu p dd.

T h e o q u a n d ie m ciia A n th o n y Yeo (2005), th a m va n can tap tr u n g v a o con ngtfdi th an chu chir k h o n g chi tap tr u n g vao nan d'e ciia th an chii Vi£c tap trun g vao nan d'e de k h ie n n h a th a m v a n co k h u v n h h tfd n g xtf li van d'e cho than chii: “N eu nan d'e cua th an chii co n g u y e n n h an tir tai chinh, ch u n g ta de co xu htfd ng giup d d lien q u a n d en giai phap tim vi£c lam , h a y htfdng d an tim mQt n g u o n tai ch inh D ieu n ay co the giup ich cho anh ta mQt th di gian ngan, n h im g c h u n g ta da k h o n g q uan ta m du de h ieu tai sao an h ta lai roi v a o h o a n canh kh o k h a n v'e tai chinh N h tf v a y c h im g ta se k h o n g co cQ hoi giu p anh ta tran h lap lai k h o k h a n tr o n g ttfQng la i ”i.

- T h u y e t p h u c , dp cftff y Jcien len than chu

T h u y e t p h u c la vi£c la m kh ien ngtfdi k h ac phai th a y doi theo y ciia hQ D u n g trtfdc mQt van d'e, ngtfdi th u yet p h u c n h in va n d'e

1 Anthony Yeo, Ban tag giup dd, Sach da dan, trang 56.

40 G I A O T R I N H T H A M V A N T A M U

cua doi tifgrng b a n g co n m at cua ho, nghi b a n g y n gh i cu a ho cho no la d u n g th e o q u a n d ie m cua m in h T r o n g th a m v a n , th u y e t p h u c k h o n g d e m lai hi£u qua vi n ha th a m v a n d a k h o n g nhin v a n de cua th a n ch u nhu1 ch in h cach th a n ch u n hin, k h o n g q u a n tam chu Stf vi$c x a y ra d th a n ch u n a y se k h o n g g io n g v d i nhtin g dieu x a y ra d th a n ch u k h a c Do dd, cach tie p c | n c u a n h a th a m v a n ddi v d i m d i th a n ch u c u n g p h ai la cach d u y n h a t G ia i q u y e t va n de c u a th a n ch u th e o q u a n d ie m cu a n h a t h a m v a n , thtfc ch at la c a c h la m th o a m a n n h u cau cu a n h a t h a m v a n C a c h li giai m o t v a n de rie n g th e o q u a n d ie m cu a n g u d i n g o a i cuqc

th tfd n g dtfa tre n n h tin g ch u a n mtfc xa h o i - do la m o t c h u a n mtfc n h a m giai q u y e t v a n de cho nhi'eu ngtfdi T r o n g k h i t h a m v a n ca n h a n la m o t q u a tr in h lin h h o at, m e m deo, ddi h o i n h a t h a m v a n di c u n g v d i th a n ch u, tin h tien th e o ca m x u c cu a th a n ch u , ch ti k h o n g p h ai la ap d at y chi, tu" ttfd ng tti b e n n g o a i C a c ca th a m v a n th a n h c o n g c h u a b a o g id dUQc thtfc h i? n tti stf t h u y e t phiic, ap dat q u a n d ie m tti b e n ngoai.

C ac n ha th a m van tren the gidi cung dat ra nhi'eu cau hoi k h a c nhau lien q uan den hi£u qua tham van Vi dii nhu” Li£u co phai m oi v a n d'e cua th an chu deu dUQc giai quyet b a n g th a m v a n ? Li£u dich vai th a m van co dUQc binh d ang ddi vd i tat ca cac n h o m xa hoi co ldi so n g va va n h o a khac nhau? Cac p h a m chat d ao dtic va n an g ltfc ca n h an cua nha th a m van thtfc te anh hirdng nhir th e n ao den qua trin h th a m van ? Xet trong hoan canh th am va n d Vi?t N a m , khi hoat d o n g th am van chira dirge quan li chat che bdi p h a p luat thi ai/to chtic nao se dting ra b ao v£ than chu (ngirdi m at tien mat thdi gian v a co th e con bi ton thirong tam li do la m th a m v an ) \ a bao v<? n ha th a m van khi co tranh chap? Day la cau hoi d an g de cac n ganh trd giup cim g q uan tam.

CHlfCJNG I: T h a m van t a m If la m o t khoa hoc ufng dung 41

IV cAc H iNH th C T c t h a m v a n

Dtfa v a o doi tir in g , kh ach the va tinh chat cua dich vtf th am van, ngtfdi ta co the nhan di£n cac hinh thifc th am va n k h a c nhau Vi dtf, can cu" vao doi ttfQng cua stf trQ giup, ch u n g ta co th e th ay ngtfdi lam th a m va n dtfQc phan hoa v'e ch u y en m on k h a sau, nhtf th a m va n h o c dtfdng (Cac van d'e cua h o c sinh lien quan den trtfdng h o c va stf trtfdng thanh cua ca nhan); th a m v a n v'e H IV /A ID S ; th a m v a n v'e stic kh oe sinh san, sure kh o e tinh dtfc; th a m va n b a o h an h ; th am van cac van d'e v'e lam dtfng cac chat g a y n g h ie n (nhtf m a tuy, rtfQu); th am van v'e hon nhan gia dinh; th a m va n tuoi gia; th a m van stic kh oe tam th an v.v (M ot so chu d'e tr o n g n h o m n ay se dtfQc trinh b ay sau tr o n g chtfOng II - Phan noi v'e h oat dQng th a m van d Vi?t N am ).

C a c h i n h th tic t h a m van co th e dtfQc p h a n loai dtfa tr e n tin h c h a t c u a h o a t d o n g th a m van V d i cach n h in nay, co th e ch ia t h a m v a n th e o h in h thtic trtfc tiep - H in h thtic ttfQng ta c trtfc tie p m£t d o i m $t gitia n h a th a m va n v a th a n chu D a y la h in h th tic t h a m v a n p h o b ie n khi th a n chu v a n h a th a m v a n n goi tr o n g c u n g mQt p h o n g Do co th e dtfQc trtfc tie p n g h e v a n h in n h a u (vd i d ie u k i? n th a n chu k h o n g bi k h u y e t tat v'e n h in h o a c n g h e ) n e n hi£u q u a th a m va n thu dtfQc la k h a cao, k h o n g to n th d i g ia n v a n o ta o c o hQi ch o nhting p h a n h o i ttic thi v a h ai b e n n h | n b ie t dtfQc nhtfng b ieu hi£n phi n g o n n gti cua c0 the T h a n ch u t r o n g t h a m v a n trtfc tiep co th e la mQt ca n h a n , mQt n h o m ngtfdi, h a y mQt gia dinh H in h thtic th a m v a n g ia n tie p - t h a m v a n t h o n g q u a cac phtfOng ti£n tr u n g gian , nh tf q u a di£n th o a i, v ie t th tf h a y th a m v a n trtfc tu y e n (sti dtfng m a n g in te r n e t ) Dtfdi d a y c h u n g toi xin gid i thi£u mQt c a c h s o ltfQc n h a t v a i h in h th tic th a m v a n th tfd n g dtfQc sti d u n g rQng rai d ca c x a hQi co d ic h v u t h a m va n p h a t trien V i du nh tf t r o n g cac h in h th tic t h a m v a n g ia n tie p thi th a m v a n q u a m a n g in te r n e t dtfQc sti d u n g k h a p h o b ie n d cac ntfdc co h ? t h o n g d ich vu in t e r n e t p h a t tr ie n C o n tr o n g cac d ich v y t h a m v a n trtfc tiep, ca b a h in h th tic n htf th a m v a n ca n h an , th a m v a n n h o m v a gia d in h d e u p h a t tr ie n tr e n th e gidi.