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interactive student edition Level Green These ocean cliffs on the Victoria coast in Australia are called the Twelve Apostles They form a background for wild horses running through a field The inset photo is a model of an aspirin molecule These elements represent the Earth, life, and physical sciences, respectively Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without prior written permission of the publisher The National Geographic features were designed and developed by the National Geographic Society’s Education Division Copyright © National Geographic Society.The name “National Geographic Society” and the Yellow Border Rectangle are trademarks of the Society, and their use, without prior written permission, is strictly prohibited The “Science and Society” and the “Science and History” features that appear in this book were designed and developed by TIME School Publishing, a division of TIME Magazine.TIME and the red border are trademarks of Time Inc All rights reserved Send all inquiries to: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, OH 43240-4027 ISBN: 978-0-07-877808-7 MHID: 0-07-877808-5 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 079/043 09 08 07 Contents In Brief Earth’s Materials 2 Contents In Brief Chapter 1 The Nature of Science 4 Chapter 2 Minerals 28 Chapter 3 Rocks 56 Earth’s Atmosphere and Beyond 86 Chapter 4 Atmosphere 88 Chapter 5 Weather 116 Chapter 6 Climate 146 Chapter 7 Earth in Space 176 The Basis of Life 210 Chapter 8 Life’s Structure and Classification 212 Chapter 9 Cell Processes 244 Chapter 10 Cell Reproduction 274 Chapter 11 Heredity 304 Chapter 12 Adaptations over Time 332 Human Body Systems 362 Chapter 13 Circulation and Immunity 364 Chapter 14 Digestion, Respiration, and Excretion 398 Chapter 15 Support, Movement, and Responses 432 Chapter 16 Regulation and Reproduction 466 The Interdependence of Life 496 Chapter 17 Plants 498 Chapter 18 Interactions of Living Things 530 Chapter 19 Conserving Resources 558 Matter and Energy 590 Chapter 20 Properties and Changes of Matter 592 Chapter 21 Substances, Mixtures, and Solubility 618 Chapter 22 States of Matter 650 Chapter 23 Newton’s Laws of Motion 682 Chapter 24 Energy and Energy Resources 714 iii Education Division Authors Washington, D.C Edward Ortleb Alton Biggs Science Consultant Biology Teacher St Louis, MO Allen High School Peter Rillero, PhD Allen, TX Associate Professor of Science Education Lucy Daniel, PhD Arizona State University West Phoenix, AZ Teacher/Consultant Rutherford County Schools Susan Leach Snyder Rutherfordton, NC Retired Teacher/Consultant Jones Middle School Ralph M Feather Jr., PhD Upper Arlington, OH Assistant Professor Dinah Zike Department of Educational Studies Educational Consultant and Secondary Education Dinah-Might Activities, Inc Bloomsburg University Bloomsburg, PA San Antonio, TX Series Consultants CONTENT Alton J Banks, PhD Michael A Hoggarth, PhD Linda McGaw Director of the Faculty Center Department of Life and Science Program Coordinator Earth Sciences Advanced Placement Strategies, Inc for Teaching and Learning Otterbein College North Carolina State University Westerville, OH Dallas, TX Raleigh, NC Jerome A Jackson, PhD Madelaine Meek Whitaker Eminent Scholar in Science Physics Consultant Editor Jack Cooper Ennis High School Program Director Lebanon, OH Center for Science, Mathematics, Ennis, TX Robert Nierste and Technology Education Science Department Head Sandra K Enger, PhD Florida Gulf Coast University Hendrick Middle School, Plano ISD Associate Director, Associate Professor Fort Meyers, FL Plano, TX UAH Institute for Science Education William C Keel, PhD Connie Rizzo, MD, PhD Huntsville, AL Department of Physics Department of Science/Math Marymount Manhattan College David G Haase, PhD and Astronomy North Carolina State University University of Alabama New York, NY Raleigh, NC Tuscaloosa, AL iv Dominic Salinas, PhD READING SAFETY Middle School Science Supervisor Elizabeth Babich Aileen Duc, PhD Caddo Parish Schools Special Education Teacher Science 8 Teacher Shreveport, LA Mashpee Public Schools Hendrick Middle School, Plano ISD Cheryl Wistrom Mashpee, MA Plano, TX St Joseph’s College Barry Barto Sandra West, PhD Rensselaer, IN Special Education Teacher Department of Biology John F Kennedy Elementary Texas State University-San Marcos Carl Zorn, PhD Staff Scientist Manistee, MI San Marcos, TX Jefferson Laboratory Carol A Senf, PhD ACTIVITY TESTERS Newport News, VA School of Literature, Communication, and Culture Nerma Coats Henderson MATH Georgia Institute of Technology Pickerington Lakeview Jr High Michael Hopper, DEng Atlanta, GA School Manager of Aircraft Certification Pickerington, OH Rachel Swaters-Kissinger L-3 Communications Science Teacher Mary Helen Mariscal-Cholka Greenville, TX William D Slider Middle School John Boise Middle School Teri Willard, EdD Warsaw, MO El Paso, TX Mathematics Curriculum Writer Science Kit and Boreal Belgrade, MT Laboratories Tonawanda, NY Deidre Adams Reviewers Karen Curry West Vigo Middle School East Wake Middle School William Blair West Terre Haute, IN Retired Teacher Raleigh, NC J Marshall Middle School Sharla Adams Billerica, MA Joanne Davis IPC Teacher Murphy High School Tom Bright Allen High School Concord High School Murphy, NC Allen, TX Charlotte, NC Robin Dillon Maureen Barrett Hanover Central High School Thomas E Harrington Middle School Lois Burdette Green Bank Elementary-Middle Cedar Lake, IN Mt Laurel, NJ School Anthony J DiSipio, Jr John Barry Green Bank, WV 8th Grade Science Seeger Jr.-Sr High School Marcia Chackan Octorana Middle School West Lebanon, IN Pine Crest School Atglen, PA Boca Raton, FL Desiree Bishop Sandra Everhart Environmental Studies Center Obioma Chukwu Dauphin/Enterprise Jr High Schools Mobile County Public Schools J.H Rose High School Enterprise, AL Mobile, AL Greenville, NC v Mary Ferneau Michael Mansour Mark Sailer Westview Middle School Board Member Pioneer Jr.-Sr High School Goose Creek, SC National Middle Level Science Royal Center, IN Teacher’s Association Cory Fish Joanne Stickney Burkholder Middle School John Page Middle School Monticello Middle School Madison Heights, MI Henderson, NV Monticello, NY Mary Helen Mariscal-Cholka Linda V Forsyth William D Slider Middle School Dee Stout Retired Teacher Penn State University El Paso, TX University Park, PA Merrill Middle School Denver, CO Michelle Mazeika Darcy Vetro-Ravndal Whiting Middle School Hillsborough High School George Gabb Great Bridge Middle School Whiting, IN Tampa, FL Chesapeake Public Schools Joe McConnell Karen Watkins Chesapeake, VA Speedway Jr High School Perry Meridian Middle School Annette D’Urso Garcia Indianapolis, IN Indianapolis, IN Kearney Middle School Commerce City, CO Sharon Mitchell Clabe Webb William D Slider Middle School Permian High School Nerma Coats Henderson Pickerington Lakeview Jr El Paso, TX Ector County ISD High School Odessa, TX Pickerington, OH Amy Morgan Berry Middle School Alison Welch Lynne Huskey William D Slider Middle School Chase Middle School Hoover, AL El Paso, TX Forest City, NC Norma Neely, EdD Associate Director for Regional Kim Wimpey Maria E Kelly North Gwinnett High School Principal Projects Texas Rural Systemic Initiative Suwanee, GA Nativity School Catholic Diocese of Arlington Austin, TX Kate Ziegler Durant Road Middle School Burke, VA Annette Parrott Lakeside High School Raleigh, NC Atlanta, GA Nora M Prestinari Burchett Saint Luke School McLean, VA vi Teacher Advisory Board The Teacher Advisory Board gave the authors, editorial staff, and design team feedback on the content and design of the Student Edition They provided valuable input in the development of the 2008 edition of Glencoe Science Level Green John Gonzales Marie Renner Rubidel Peoples Challenger Middle School Diley Middle School Meacham Middle School Tucson, AZ Pickerington, OH Fort Worth, TX Rachel Shively Nelson Farrier Kristi Ramsey Aptakisic Jr High School Hamlin Middle School Navasota Jr High School Buffalo Grove, IL Springfield, OR Navasota, TX Roger Pratt Jeff Remington Manistique High School Palmyra Middle School Manistique, MI Palmyra, PA Kirtina Hile Erin Peters Northmor Jr High/High School Williamsburg Middle School Galion, OH Arlington, VA Student Advisory Board The Student Advisory Board gave the authors, editorial staff, and design team feedback on the design of the Student Edition We thank these students for their hard work and creative suggestions in making the 2008 edition of Glencoe Science Level Green student friendly Jack Andrews Addison Owen Reynoldsburg Jr High School Davis Middle School Reynoldsburg, OH Dublin, OH Peter Arnold Teriana Patrick Hastings Middle School Eastmoor Middle School Upper Arlington, OH Columbus, OH Emily Barbe Ashley Ruz Perry Middle School Karrar Middle School Worthington, OH Dublin, OH Kirsty Bateman Hilliard Heritage Middle School Hilliard, OH Andre Brown Spanish Emersion Academy Columbus, OH Chris Dundon The Glencoe middle school science Student Heritage Middle School Advisory Board taking a timeout at COSI, Westerville, OH a science museum in Columbus, Ohio Ryan Manafee Monroe Middle School Columbus, OH vii Why do I need Before You Read my science book? G Chapter Opener Science is occurring all around you, Have you ever been in class and and the opening photo of each chapter will preview the not understood all of what was science you will be learning about The Chapter presented? Or, you understood Preview will give you an idea of what you will be everything in class, but at home, learning about, and you can try the Launch Lab to got stuck on how to answer a help get your brain headed in the right direction The question? Maybe you just Foldables exercise is a fun way to keep you organized wondered when you were ever going to use this stuff? G Section Opener Chapters are divided into two to four sections The As You Read in the margin of the first These next few pages page of each section will let you know what is most are designed to help you important in the section It is divided into four parts understand everything your What You’ll Learn will tell you the major topics you science book can be used will be covering Why It’s Important will remind you for besides a paperweight! why you are studying this in the first place! The Review Vocabulary word is a word you already know, either from your science studies or your prior knowl- edge The New Vocabulary words are words that you need to learn to understand this section These words will be in boldfaced print and highlighted in the section Make a note to yourself to recognize these words as you are reading the section Science Vocabulary Make the following Foldable to help you understand the vocabulary terms in this chapter As You Read STEP 1 Fold a vertical sheet of notebook G Headings Each section has a title paper from side to in large red letters, and is further side divided into blue titles and small red titles at the begin- STEP 2 Cut along every third line of only the nings of some paragraphs top layer to form tabs To help you study, make an outline of the headings and STEP 3 Label each tab with a vocabulary subheadings word from the chapter G Margins In the margins of Build Vocabulary As you read the chapter, list your text, you will find many helpful the vocabulary words on the tabs As you learn resources The Science Online exercises and the definitions, write them under the tab for Integrate activities help you explore the topics each vocabulary word you are studying MiniLabs reinforce the sci- ence concepts you have learned Look For G Building Skills You also will find an At the beginning of Applying Math or Applying Science activity every section in each chapter This gives you extra prac- tice using your new knowledge, and helps prepare you for standardized tests G Student Resources At the end of the book you will find Student Resources to help you throughout your studies These include Science, Technology, and Math Skill Hand- books, an English/Spanish Glossary, and an Index Also, use your Foldables as a resource It will help you organize information, and review before a test G In Class Remember, you can always ask your teacher to explain anything you don’t understand ix