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Improve Your Grammar www.thestudyspace.com – the leading study skills website Study Skills How to Use Your Reading in Your The Study Skills Handbook (5th edn) Essays (3rd edn) Study Skills for International Academic Success Academic Writing Skills for How to Write Better Essays Postgraduates (2nd edn) (4th edn) Studying in English International Students Studying Law (4th edn) Ace Your Exam How to Write Your Literature The Study Success Journal Becoming a Critical Thinker Review Success in Academic Writing Be Well, Learn Well Brilliant Essays How to Write Your Undergraduate (2nd edn) The Business Student’s Phrase Book Dissertation (3rd edn) Smart Thinking Cite Them Right (11th edn) Teaching Study Skills and Critical Thinking and Persuasive Improve Your Grammar (3rd edn) The Macmillan Student Planner Supporting Learning Writing for Postgraduates Mindfulness for Students The Undergraduate Research Critical Thinking for Nursing, Presentation Skills for Students Handbook (2nd edn) Health and Social Care (3rd edn) The Work-Based Learning Student Critical Thinking Skills (3rd edn) The Principles of Writing in Dissertations and Project Reports Handbook (3rd edn) Doing Projects and Reports in Psychology Writing for Biomedical Sciences Professional Writing (4th edn) Engineering Reading at University Students The Employability Journal Reflective Writing for Nursing, Writing for Engineers (4th edn) Essentials of Essay Writing Writing for Nursing and Midwifery The Exam Skills Handbook Health and Social Work Simplify Your Study Students (3rd edn) (2nd edn) Skills for Business and Management Write it Right (2nd edn) Get Sorted Skills for Success (4th edn) Writing for Science Students The Graduate Career Guidebook Stand Out from the Crowd Writing Skills for Education Students The Student Phrase Book (2nd edn) Writing Skills for Social Work (2nd edn) The Student’s Guide to Writing Great Ways to Learn Anatomy and Students (3rd edn) You2Uni: Decide, Prepare, Apply Physiology (2nd edn) Pocket Study Skills Planning Your Essay (3rd edn) Science Study Skills Planning Your PhD Studying with Dyslexia (2nd edn) 14 Days to Exam Success (2nd edn) Posters and Presentations Success in Groupwork (2nd edn) Analyzing a Case Study Reading and Making Notes Successful Applications Brilliant Writing Tips for Students Time Management Completing Your PhD (2nd edn) Using Feedback to Boost Your Grades Doing Research (2nd edn) Referencing and Understanding Where’s Your Argument? Getting Critical (3rd edn) Where’s Your Evidence? How to Analyze Data Plagiarism (2nd edn) Writing for University (3rd edn) Managing Stress Reflective Writing (2nd edn) Planning Your Dissertation (2nd edn) Report Writing (2nd edn) 50 Ways 50 Ways to Manage Stress 50 Ways to Manage Time Effectively 50 Ways to Boost Your Grades 50 Ways to Succeed as an International Student 50 Ways to Boost Your Employability 50 Ways to Excel at Writing Research Skills Authoring a PhD The Lean PhD The Postgraduate’s Guide to The Foundations of Research (3rd Maximizing the Impacts of Research Ethics edn) Academic Research The Postgraduate Research Getting to Grips with Doctoral PhD by Published Work Handbook (2nd edn) The PhD Viva Research The PhD Writing Handbook The Professional Doctorate Getting Published Planning Your Postgraduate Research Structuring Your Research Thesis The Good Supervisor (2nd edn) For a complete listing of all our titles in this area please visit https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/academic/ study-skills Improve Your Grammar The Essential Guide to Accurate Writing Third Edition Vanessa Jakeman Mark Harrison Ken Paterson BLOOMSBURY ACADEMIC Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 50 Bedford Square, London, WC1B 3DP, UK 1385 Broadway, New York, NY 10018, USA 29 Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin 2, Ireland BLOOMSBURY, BLOOMSBURY ACADEMIC and the Diana logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc First published in Great Britain 2012 This edition published 2022 Copyright © Vanessa Jakeman, Mark Harrison and Ken Paterson, 2022 Vanessa Jakeman, Mark Harrison and Ken Paterson have asserted their right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as Authors of this work All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers Bloomsbury Publishing Plc does not have any control over, or responsibility for, any third-party websites referred to or in this book All internet addresses given in this book were correct at the time of going to press The author and publisher regret any inconvenience caused if addresses have changed or sites have ceased to exist, but can accept no responsibility for any such changes A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Harrison, Mark, 1955– author | Jakeman, Vanessa author | Paterson, Ken, 1958– author Title: Improve your grammar : the essential guide to accurate writing / Mark Harrison, Vanessa Jakeman, Ken Paterson Description: Third edition | London ; New York : Bloomsbury Academic, 2022 | Series: Bloomsbury study skills | Includes index | Summary: “Featuring clear guidance, plenty of examples, and short, targeted exercises in every unit, this guide is all a student needs to master the nuts and bolts of English grammar and tackle their written assignments with confidence”– Provided by publisher Identifiers: LCCN 2021047534 (print) | LCCN 2021047535 Subjects: LCSH: English language–Grammar–Handbooks, manuals, etc Classification: LCC PE1112 H34 2022 (print) | LCC PE1112 (ebook) | DDC 428.2–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021047534 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021047535 ISBN: HB: 978 -1- 350 9 - 3 362- 0 PB: 978 -1- 350 9 - 3 36 3 -7 ePDF: 978 -1- 350 9 - 3 365 -1 eBook: 978 -1- 350 9 - 3 36 4 - 4 Series: Bloomsbury Study Skills Typeset by Integra Software Services Pvt Ltd To find out more about our authors and books visit www.bloomsbury.com and sign up for our newsletters The authors would like to dedicate this book to Morgan Terry Contents Introduction1 How to use this book2 as a student as a tutor ▶▶Key terms 1 Parts of speech4 explanation of grammar terms: nouns verbs: tense, auxiliary, modal, participle, infinitive, gerund adjectives adverbs prepositions pronouns articles linking words and phrases 2 Parts of a sentence6 rules for forming sentences: subject, verb and object clauses ▶▶Key grammar 3 Singular or plural subjects and verbs8 singular verbs with singular subjects (One member of the panel was opposed to the proposal.) plural verbs with plural subjects (Most members of the panel were in favour of the proposal.) group nouns (police, government, etc.) + singular/plural verbs the number of/a number of/half of/50 per cent of/the majority of/the average + singular/ plural verbs 4 Correct tense formation10 present continuous (it is happening) and present simple (it happens) past simple (it happened) and present perfect (it has happened) past continuous (it was happening) and present perfect continuous (it has been happening) past perfect simple (it had happened) and past perfect continuous (it had been happening) special use of tenses in academic writing (as Godfrey explains) 5 Using more than one verb tense12 using the correct combination of verb tenses (The groups went into separate rooms so that they couldn’t hear each other.) reporting information (They reported that the results would have important effects.) vi Improve Your Grammar 6 Modal verbs14 should, must and have to ought to should have done (not should of done) could do and managed to do/was able to do/succeeded in doing did not need to and need not have must not have done and cannot have done 7 Using the passive16 active and passive verbs (The voters of Merthyr Tydfil elected Keir Hardie/Keir Hardie was elected by the voters of Merthyr Tydfil.) forming the passive why the passive is used passives with reporting verbs (Winston Churchill was known to suffer from short periods of depression.) 8 Direct and indirect questions18 direct questions (Why did it happen?) indirect questions (Nobody is sure why it happened.) 9 Conditionals (If …)20 ‘real’ conditionals (If you are self-employed, submitting a tax return is a legal requirement.) provided that/as long as unless ‘speculative’ conditionals (If fast broadband access were available, it would help local businesses.) had … (Had the company spent more on research, it might have remained competitive.) even if if it had not been for/Had it not been for/But for/Without (If it had not been for/But for the oil leak, BP would have made record profits.) if … were to/If it were not for (If the company were to relocate …/If it were not for its increased export sales …) 10 Using adverbs22 using an adverb (change rapidly/change extremely rapidly) forming adverbs adverbs for commenting (Clearly, this situation could not continue.) 11 Emphasising24 Only by … (Only by encouraging drivers to scale down the size of their cars will America succeed in reducing its dependence on oil.) What … (What the UK needs is a Minister of Transport with real vision.) It was … that/who (It was the tour operator who had to take responsibility.) emphatic adverbs (undoubtedly, entirely, indeed, quite, whatsoever) reflexive pronouns (The hotel can only improve if the management itself recognises the problem.) 12 Negative words and phrases26 no sooner … than/hardly … when (No sooner had one crisis passed than another arose.) on no account/under no circumstances/at no time/in no way (At no time did anyone consider the repercussions of this action.) Contents vii not since/not until/only when (Not until/Only when the economy improved did their popularity begin to rise.) neither … nor no matter how/what/who, etc (No matter how hard they tried, they could not improve the economy.) no, no one, nothing + positive verb (The policy pleased no one.) any, anyone, anything + negative verb (The policy did not please anyone.) double negatives 13 Gerunds and infinitives28 verb + ’-ing’ (avoid spending, suggest changing, etc.) verbs + infinitive (refuse to accept, fail to improve, etc.) verb + object + infinitive (Militant union officials warned/advised their colleagues not to accept the terms.) to + ’-ing’ (Managers were not accustomed to listening.) 14 Articles: a/an, the30 using a/an (He gave an opinion.) using and not using the (The opinion he gave was controversial./Opinions on this issue vary.) 15 Relative clauses: who, which, that, etc.32 defining relative clauses (A patent is a legal document that grants a monopoly.) non-defining relative clauses (Grace Hopper, who was born in 1906 in New York, developed machine-independent programming languages.) who and whom (Stephen Hawking is the physicist with whom the general public is most familiar.) whose (The Anti-Vivisection League is an organisation whose opposition to experiments on animals is well known.) of which, to which, in which (A European conference on embryo research, whose details/the details of which have not yet been announced, is likely to be held in Milan next year.) where (The treatment of anorexia nervosa and bulimia is an area in which/where there is a great deal of disagreement.) 16 Comparing and contrasting34 comparative adjectives (better) and superlative adjectives (best) comparative adverbs (more efficiently) and superlative adverbs (most efficiently) … than (better than/more efficiently than) (not) as … as (not as quickly as) 17 Describing similarities and differences36 modifying adjectives and adverbs (much greater than, slightly less powerful than, just as effective as) numerical comparisons (twice as many as, six times greater than) alike/like/similar, resemble in the same way/similarly, similarity, in common dissimilar/different/unlike, differ in contrast to/contrary to 18 Using noun phrases38 nouns instead of verbs, adjectives or phrases (coverage, sustainability, implementation) nouns using ’-ing’ forms (the cleaning of …) viii Improve Your Grammar nouns with compound adjectives (state-run organisations) nouns with ‘that ’ clauses (discuss the view that the plan was not feasible) ▶▶Key punctuation 19 Commas (1): correct uses40 commas between parts of a sentence other correct uses of commas (He was born in Turku, the third largest city in Finland.) 20 Commas (2): incorrect uses42 when not to use a comma in a sentence (The Department of Education announced, that there would be reforms.) comma ‘splicing’ – incorrectly using a comma between two complete sentences (Graphic design can be seen in many places in modern life, it extends well beyond the world of advertising.) 21 Colons and semicolons44 colons before lists, quotations and explanations the only uses of semicolons colons and semicolons for lists 22 Hyphens, dashes and brackets46 hyphens for words that have more than one part (semi-detached, state-of-the-art) using dashes in sentences and lists using brackets for extra information when either dashes or brackets may be used 23 Apostrophes48 correct and incorrect uses of apostrophes with nouns, numbers, capital letters, verbs, etc common mistakes with apostrophes 24 Inverted commas50 use and position of inverted commas for quotations other uses, e.g for terms and titles 25 Capital letters52 for people, places, job titles, places of study, courses, events, organisations, etc as abbreviations for names of organisations, documents, qualifications, etc (CNN, CV, BA) ▶▶Connections within sentences 26 Linking: contrasting54 although/while/whereas even though/whilst/nevertheless despite/in spite of however 27 Linking: adding56 also/as well in addition to/as well as moreover/furthermore/in addition not only … but also … with (The company had a very successful year, with profits of £3.2m.) Contents ix