Urban Transport and Hybrid Vehicles edited by Seref Soylu SC I YO Urban Transport and Hybrid Vehicles Edited by Seref Soylu Published by Sciyo Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2010 Sciyo All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by Sciyo, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Jelena Marusic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Martina Sirotic Image Copyright icetray, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published September 2010 Printed in India A free online edition of this book is available at www.sciyo.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from publication@sciyo.com Urban Transport and Hybrid Vehicles, Edited by Seref Soylu p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-100-8 SC I YO .C O M WHERE KNOWLEDGE IS FREE free online editions of Sciyo Books, Journals and Videos can be found at www.sciyo.com [...]... considered 5 Acknowledgment TEMSA R&D and Turkish Ministry of Industry and Trade are acknowledged for their contribution to this work 6 References [1] Soylu, S.; Gumrukcuoglu, M; Senturk, G.; Bal, A.; Aydınlar, B (2009) Examination Urban Transport Activities And Emissions, Adapazarı Case Study, the 17th transport and air Pollution Symposium and the third Environment and Transport Symposium, June 2-4, 2009... the demand of real-time traffic control systems (Su & YU, 2007) 14 Urban Transport and Hybrid Vehicles Because the traffic system is a complex and variable system that involves a great deal of people, the traffic flow state has high randomness and uncertainty The traditional traffic flow forecast methods such as Kalman filter, Moving Average (MA), Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) and. .. Models RMSE and Correlation Coefficients (R) Values at the Training and Testing Phase Fig 8 ERNN -10 Network Scattering Diagrams for Train and Test Output Fig 9 The Best ERNN Model Traffic Flow Graphics at the Train and Testing Phase 24 Urban Transport and Hybrid Vehicles 5.3 RBF network experiments Because of the performance of RBF network is depending on the radius of the center points and hidden... Berlin Heidelberg 28 Urban Transport and Hybrid Vehicles CHEN, B.P & MA, Z (2009), Short-term Traffic Flow Prediction Based on ANFIS, International Conference on Communication Software and Networks ICCSN 2009, pp 791-793, ISBN 978-0-7695-3522-7, IEEE SADEK, A, W (2007), Artificial Intelligence Applications in Transportation, In: Transportation Research E-C113 Artificial Intelligence in Transportation Information... University and the city center which represents typical Sakarya urban driving It is 22 km long and involves 48 bus stops and the altitude changes from 30 m to 220 m The travel time is approximately 60 minutes During the test the vehicle was driven on the route with and without its SCR system and data for vehicle speed and location, engine operation characteristics, exhaust flow-rate, exhaust emissions and. .. is dependent strongly on combustion temperature and the available oxygen As can be seen from Figure 5a and 5b, there are two common strategies to minimize NOx emissions First approach is the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) which minimizes NOx formation in the engine by lowering the oxygen concentration and maximum combustion 6 Urban Transport and Hybrid Vehicles Fig 5a EGR strategy to minimize NOx emissions... Assessment and Standards Division Office of Transportation and Air Quality U.S Environmental Protection Agency, Prepared for EPA by Southwest Research Institute EPA Contract No EP-C-05-018, February 2008 [20] Soylu, S (2009) Measurement and Modelling of Hybrid City Bus Emissions under Real world Conditions, SANTEZ Project 6th month report, Sakarya University, TURKEY http://www.sahakk.sakarya.edu.tr/hybridbus/index.html... 1250 1500 1750 Engine speed, rpm 2000 2250 Fig 10 Cycle NOx emissions to be released over engine load-speed map with SCR system 10 Urban Transport and Hybrid Vehicles most of the NOx emissions are released at 25% load and 750 rpm speed This location is the idling location and as was given in Figure 2, it is one of the most visited locations during the entire trip on this route For this reason, the total... neuron described as; (9) 18 Urban Transport and Hybrid Vehicles ⎡ x−c j Ψj = exp ⎢ − ⎢ 2σ j 2 ⎣ 2 ⎤ ⎥ ⎥ ⎦ (10) Where, cj is Gaussian function center value, and σj is its variance RBF network training has two-stage procedure In the first stage, the input data set is used to determine the center locations (cj) using unsupervised clustering algorithm such as the Kmeans algorithm and choose the radii (σj)... testing in the P-mode 19 20 Urban Transport and Hybrid Vehicles 4 Designing process ANN designing process involves four steps These are gathering the traffic data, selecting the ANN architecture, training the network, and testing the network In the training, four input variables have been used These are, hours of the day: 0-23; days of the month: 1-30; days of the week: 1-7; and years: 2001-2003 Selecting . Urban Transport and Hybrid Vehicles edited by Seref Soylu SC I YO Urban Transport and Hybrid Vehicles Edited by Seref Soylu Published by Sciyo Janeza. B. (2009). Examination Urban Transport Activities And Emissions, Adapazarı Case Study, the 17 th transport and air Pollution Symposium and the third Environment and Transport Symposium, June. regulation Urban Transport and Hybrid Vehicles 2 for heavy duty vehicles requires application of portable emissions measurement systems (PEMS) for verifying the real world in-use and off-cycle