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Kinh Tế - Quản Lý - Báo cáo khoa học, luận văn tiến sĩ, luận văn thạc sĩ, nghiên cứu - Kiểm toán 3 8 TAP CHi KHOA H Q C PHAP LY V i g T NAM S6 04(l25)2g^ CHONG ClJVA CHl}NG C J D I £ N TtT THEO QUY DINH CtTA PHAP L U A T T6 T U N G D A N S U VlfiT NAM vA THUC TifiN A P D U N G N G U Y E N H A I ^ Vy Giam ddc. ki^m tra vfe dSn sy, kinh doanh - dniong mji, Toa an nhOn fto^'''' '''' "° Department of Civil, Business, Commerce Cassation and Supervision of die Supreme Peop e EmaJ, anhailinhgmail com T o m tdt ChUng cU trong f y vt^c ddn su la nhUng tai liiu, nhang tinh tidt cd th4t tin W'''' md cdch khdch quan duac duong sU va cd nhdn, co quan, td chUc cung cdp cho loa an ho4c Toa dn tu mmh thu th4p theo th-A tuc do phdp ludt quy djnh. Qua do, Toa an se dUng lam cdn ai digidi quyit vu viSc ddn sU mdt cdch khdch quan, toan di^n. lu thuc tiin gidi quyit cdc vu viic ddn sU cho thdy tf li dn bi htiy, bi stia qua nhtiu cdp xet xil xudt phdt tU viic chua xdc dinh ddy dU chUng cti vd chua ddnh dting chUng cU dichUng minh cho tmh tiit khdch quan trong vif viic ddn sU. Bdi viit tdp trung nghiSn cUu ngudn chUng cU vdt chdt vd chiing ai diSn til theo quy dinh ciia phdp luit td tung ddn su va thuc tiin xdc dmh ngudn chiing cU cang nhu ddnh gid chUng cU. Tfl khoa: chUng ai, chUng ai diin tii, chiing cU v4t chdt Abstract Evidence in a dvd case or matter is any matter of fact which is handed over or produced to the court by the parties, agencies, organizations or other individuab in the litigation process or collected by the court according to the order and procedures prescribed by this Code and used by the court as the basis for ascertaining objective details of the case as well as whether the parties'''' claims or protests are welt-grounded and lauful. From the practice of resolving civil cases, it was found that case cancellation and case modification rates after being through many levels of trial stem from the insuffiaence and unrightfiil judgement of evidence to prove the objective circumstances in civil matters. This article focuses on researching material evidetKe and electronic evidence in accordance with the civil procedure law and the practice of identifying evidence sources and evatuatmg evidence. K e y w o r d s : evidence, electronic evidence, material evidence N g a y nhn bai: 2 1 0 2 2 0 1 9 N g a y d u y e t ddng: 1 5 0 4 2 0 1 9 1. Q u y d i n h vfe c h i i n g c i i v a n g u d n c h d n g cU t h e o q u y d i n h c d a p h a p l u a t t d t u n g d a n s u B d luat T d t u n g d a n sil ( B L T T D S ) n a m 2 0 1 5 (co h i ^ u lUc chi h a n h tU n g a y 0 1 7 2 0 1 6 ) g 6 m 5 1 7 diSu, d i l d c b 6 c u e t h a n h 10 p h i n , 4 2 c h u o n g . S o vdi B o lut T d t u n g d a n sU n a m 2 0 0 4 (dttdc siia d6i, h6 s u n g n a m 2011) thi B L T T D S n a m 2 0 1 5 g i a nguyfin 6 3 di''''^u; siia d 6 i , h6 s u n g 3 5 0 di^u- ^ ^ s u n g m d i 104 difeu; bai b o 07 difeu. T r o n g B L T T D S n S m 2 0 1 5 , cac q u y d i n h vfe c h ^ n g c d , c h U n g m i n h dU0c nfiu tai C h U d n g V I I g b m 20 difeu (tij Difeu 9 1 dfen Difeu 110) v a siia d 6 i t o a n b 6 2 0 difeu. LUAT TO TVNG D A N STJ Chdng cU duoc xem la phUOng tifen quan trong d^ cac cd quan ti^''''n hanh t6 tung lam sang to n6i dung, tinh ti^t nhim giai quy^t vy vi6c din sy mOt each diing dSn. Chdng cd trong vu vi^c d^n sd la nhilng g^ cd th^t dUdc dddng sy va cd quan, td chdc, ca nhin khac giao ndp, xuSit trinh cho Toa an trong qua trinh td tung hoac do Toa an thu th^p dUdc theo thii tyc do Bd luat nay quy dinh va dugc Tda an sd dyng lam can cd d^ xac dinh cac tmh ait khach quan cua vu an cQng nhu xac djnh yfeu c^u hay sd phan ddi cda dddng sd la cd cSn cd va hop phap.'''' Cd th^ hi^u, chdng cd la nhdng gi tdn tai trong th^ gidi vat ch^t, thfe" gidi tinh thin ma con ngddi cd thi nhin bifet duOc; chdng cd ludn chda ddng sU that khach quan. Tuy nhifen, quy dinh cua BLTTDS nam 2015 chda thfe hien ro cac vin dfe vfe ban chit cda chdng cd cUng nhu cac chu thfe cd quyfen va trach nhifem thu th^p chdng cd, sd dung chdng cd dfe chdng minh. Myc dich cua vifec sd dung chiing cd la nh^m xac djnh cac thdng tin, tinh tife''''t, sd kifen khach quan cua vy vi^c dan svT. Do dd, chdng cd cd th^ dddc hifeu la nhflng thdng tin, sy ki^n, tinh tifet cd that, duoc thu thgp theo mdt trinh tu do phap luat quy d;nh do cac dddng sd, ca nhan, cd quan, td chdc khac giao ndp cho Tda an hojc do Tda an thu th^p dudc Tda an sd dung lam can cd dfe xac dinh cac tinh tifet khach quan cua vy vifec dan sU. BLTTDS nam 2015 quy dinh chdng cd ddOc thu th^p td cac ngudn sau day; i.l. Tai tiiu doc dupc, nghe duac, nhin dupc, da liiu diin tdi Theo quy dinh cda BLTTDS nam 2015, cac tai H^u doc ddOc, nghe dddc, nhin ddOc la ngudn chdng cd, td cac tai hfeu dd cd thfe tim ra cac chdng cd. Song cac tai lifeu doc dddc, nghe dddc, nhin duoc cd the ddOc Tba an sd dung la chdng cd phai thda man nhflng yfeu cau nhat dinh. Hdi ddng T h ^ phan Tda an nhan dan tdi cao hddng dan xac dinh; "cdc tdi liiu doc duac ndi dung phdi la bdn chi''''nh hogc hdn sao co cdng chiing, chdng thuc hap phdp hoic do ca quan, td ehUc ed thdm quyin cung cdp, xdc nhdn. Bdn chinh co thi Id bdn gdc ho4c bdn dupc dUng lam ca s3 Up ra cdc bdn sao"? BLTTDS nam 2015 quy djnh; "Tdi liiu doc duoc ndi dung duac coi la chiing ed niu Id bdn chinh ha4c bdn sao ed cdng chUng, chiing thuc hgp phdp ho4c do ca quan, td chiic co thdm quyin cung cdp, xdc nhdn"? Nhd v^y, cac tai hfeu doc dddc gdm: (i) ban chinh; (ii) ban sao cd cdng chdng, chdng thyc hop phap; (iii) tai li^u do cd quan, td chdc cd th^m quyfen cung c^p, xac nhjn. Theo Td difen tife''''ng Vifet, ban gdc ddOc hifeu la "bdn viit ddu tiin, la vdn bdn phdp ly dupc diing dUdm cO sd Idp ra cdc bdn sao".'''' DiSu 93 BLTTDS nam 2015. Di^m a khoin 2 Diu 3 Nghj quyi^t sd 042012NQ-HDTP cda H(>i dong Tldm phan Tda an nhan dan tdi cao. Khoan 1 Di^u 95 BLTTDS nam 2015. Homing Phfi (chu bifin), TU diin tiing Vi(t, Nxb. D^ NSng, 1998, tr. 28, 40 TAP CHi KHOA HOC PHAP LY VlgT NAM s6 0 4 ( 1 2 ^ ^ ^ Bfen canh dd, nghi dinh cua Chinh phd quy dinh vfe tham quyfen, thd tuc dp ban sao tU sd gdc; chdng thdc ban sao td ban chinh; chdng thiJc ch k)?; chdng thUc hop ddng, giao dich; gia trj phap ly cda ban sao ddOc ^^P sd gdc, ban sao dudc chUng thdc td ban chinh, chd ky ddOc chdng thdc v^ hop ddng, giao djch ddOc chdng thyc; quan ly nha nddc vfe chdng "^^''''^^, td chiic bdn do hddng dSn xac dinh; "bdn chinh Id nhUnggidy td, vdn bdn do cO quart.. CO thdra quy^n cdp l^n ddu, cdp Ui, cdp khi ddng ky hi; nhUnggidy td, vdttj cd nhdn tu Idp co xdc nh4n vd dong ddu cda co quan, tS chiic cd thdm quyen^ '''' ,, , "bdn sao la bdn chifp tU bdn chinh ho4c bdn ddnh mdy co ndi dung ddy du, c xdc nhu ndi dung ghi trong sd gdc" .^ , Nhd vay, ban chinh la ban gdc, la ban dau tifen, la ban dddc ddng dfe lam ra ban sao. NgUdc lai, ban sao la ban ddOc lam ra td ban 6c hay dddc chep lai td ban gdc. Vi du, ban hop ddng vay tai san do hai bfen Up ra^ cung ky vao va ddOc cac ben thUa nhan hay ban sao cua hdp dbng vay tai san do dddc sao cd cdng chdng ddOc xac dinh la chdng cd trong vu an tranh chap vfe hdp ddng vay tai san. Tuy nhien, xac dinh thfe nao la ban chinh hay ban gdc va ban dddc dung lam cd sd lap ra cac ban sao? Gia trj ban gdc va ban dUdc dung lam cO sd lap ra ban sao la mdt vi ndi dung tUdng td nhU ban gdc, nhung vfe hinh thdc ban gdc va ban dimg lam cd sd dfe Ijp ra ban sao khdng phai la gidng nhau. Bfen c?nh dd, Hdi ddng Tham phan Tda an nhan dan tdi cao hddng dan xac dinh: "cdc tai liiu nghe dupe, nhin dupe phdi duac xudt trinh kem theo vdn bdn xdc nhdn xudt xU eda tdi liiu dd hogc vdn bdn v^ sU viic liin quan tdi viic thu dm, thu hinh dd. Cdc tdi liiu nay co thi la bdng ghi dm, dia ghi dm, bang ghi htnh, dia ghi hinh, phim, dnh... Niu dudng su khdng xudt trinh cdc vdn bdn niu trin, thi tdi liiu nghe dupc, nhin duac md dudng su giao ndp khdng duac eoi la chiing cU".'''''''' Vl du 1: trong vy tai nan gjao thdng, ngddi bi h?i hoac ngUOi dai difen hdp phap cua ngddi hi h^i ddOc mdt ngddi cung cap bSng ghi hinh vfe hifen trdbng vu tai nan giao thdng. Trong trddng hop nay, cting vdi viec giao ndp bang ghi hinh dd, ngddi bi hai hoac ngudi dai difen hop phap cda ngudi bi hai phai xuat trinh cho Tda an ban xac nhjn cda ngddi da cung dp cho minh vfe xua''''t xd cua bang ghi hinh dd. Vi du 2: 6 n g A cho dng B vay nam trifeu ddng vdi thdi han 12 thang. Vifec vay tai san khdng lap thanh van ban, nhdng dddc dng A ghi ani lai toan bd ndi dung thda thu^n vfe viec vay tai san, vifec giao nhan tifen va thdi difem thanh toan nd gida dng A va dng B dfe lam bang chdng cho viec vay tai san cua dng B. Dfen h^n tra nO, dng B khdng tra sd tifen dd cho 6ng A. Khoan 5 va 6 DiSu 2 Ngh) djnh sd 232025ND-CP ngay 1622015 ciia Chinh phii. Di^m b klioan 2 D.u 3 cua Nghj quy^t sd 042012NQ-HDTP. i-''''JAl 1 0 TUNG D A N S V Ong A khdi kifen dng B ra Tda an. Trong trddng hop nay, cung vdi vifec giao ndp bang ghi am, dng A phai gdi van ban trinh bay vfe sd vifec hfen quan tdi vifec thu am dd. Tie''''p thu quy dinh trfen, BLTTDS nam 2015 quy dinh: "tdi liiu nghe duac, nhin duac dupc eai Id chUng cd niu duac xudt tnnh kem theo vdn bdn trinh bay cda ngubi eo tdi li^u dd v^ xudt xU cda tdi liiu niu ho tu thu dm, thu hinh hoqe vdn bdn cd xdc nhdn cda ngu''''ai da cung cdp cho ngubi xudt trinh vi xudt xU cda tdi liiu dd ho4c vdn bdn vi sU viic liin quan tdi viic thu dm, thu htnh dd"? Nhu vg.y, cac tai lieu nghe dUdc, nhin dddc la cac tai Heu ghi am, ghi hinh, nhdng nd chi la chUng cd khi dUOc xuat trinh kem theo van ban xac nhan xuit xd cda cac tai heu dd ho.c van ban vfe sd vifec Uen quan tdi viec ghi im, ghi hinh dd. Cung vdi sy phat tnfen cua khoa hoc, cdng nghe, cac tai Hfeu nghe dddc, nhin ddOc la mdt loai ngubn chdng cU phong phd va da dang. So sanh cac tai Ufeu nghe ddOc, nhin ddOc khac vdi cac tai heu doc ddOc d chd nd khdng phai la nhdng van ban thdng thddng ma nd la nhdng phdOng ti^n mang ti''''nh cdng nghe. N h d chdng ta bife''''t, con ngddi cd nam giac quan la thinh giac, vi giac, thi gjac, khdu giac va xUc giac. Cac tai lieu doc dddc, nghe dddc, nhin ddOc la ngudn chdng cd dddc nhan bifet thdng qua giac quan thj giac va thinh giac. Vay, cd th^ cd nhdng ngudn chUng cd khac se ddOc nhjn bifet thdng qua giac quan cdn lai la vi giac, khdu giac va xdc giac cdn chda dddc thda nhan nhd: mdi hddng, vi cay dang hay cam nhan dau thddng... Chdng cd difen td dUOc BLTTDS nam 2015 ghi nhan la mdt ngudn chdng cd trong giai quy^t vy vic dan sd, tuy nhien, BLTTDS nam 2015 lai khdng dda ra khai nifem vfe chdng cd difen td. Theo Luat Giao dich di^n td nim 2005 thi "Du liiu Id thdng tin dudi dq.ng ky hi^u, chu viit, chU si, hinh dnh, dm thanh hade dmg tuang tu" va "Thdng di^p da liiu Id thdng tin duac t^o ra, duaegiii di, duac nhdn vd dupc luu tra bngphuong tiin diin t