ELECTRIC VEHICLES – THE BENEFITS AND BARRIERS Edited by Seref Soylu Electric Vehicles – The Benefits and Barriers Edited by Seref Soylu Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Ivana Lorkovic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright Alila Sao Mai, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published August, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Electric Vehicles – The Benefits and Barriers, Edited by Seref Soylu p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-287-6 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Chapter 1 A Survey on Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicle Technology 1 Samuel E. de Lucena Chapter 2 Electric Vehicles in an Urban Context: Environmental Benefits and Techno-Economic Barriers 19 Adolfo Perujo, Christian Thiel and Françoise Nemry Chapter 3 Plug-in Electric Vehicles a Century Later – Historical lessons on what is different, what is not? 35 D. J. Santini Chapter 4 What is the Role of Electric Vehicles in a Low Carbon Transport in China? 63 Jing Yang, Wei Shen and Aling Zhang Chapter 5 Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles 73 Vít Bršlica Chapter 6 Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicles 93 Nicola Briguglio, Laura Andaloro, Marco Ferraro and Vincenzo Antonucci Chapter 7 Supercapacitors as a Power Source in Electrical Vehicles 119 Zoran Stević and Mirjana Rajčić-Vujasinović Chapter 8 Integration of Electric Vehicles in the Electric Utility Systems 135 Cristina Camus, Jorge Esteves and Tiago Farias VI Contents Chapter 9 Communication with and for Electric Vehicles 159 Jonas Fluhr and Theo Lutz Chapter 10 Applications of SR Drive Systems on Electric Vehicles 173 Wang Yan, Yin Tianming and Yin Haochun Chapter 11 LiFePO 4 Cathode Material 199 Borong Wu, Yonghuan Ren and Ning Li Chapter 12 An Integrated Electric Vehicle Curriculum 217 Francisco J. Perez-Pinal Preface Internal combustion engines have experienced an enjoyed monopoly for almost a century as power sources of road transport vehicles. But, in the same period, vehicle ownership and mileages increased to a level that the resulting petroleum based fuel consumption, urban air pollutants and green house gas emissions (the challenging triad) have became great concern especially for past a few decades. There have been several regulations issued to be remedy for the challenging triad, but even in the most developed countries, the challenging triad has been still one of the biggest threats for sustainable transport and development of urban agglomerations. Development in internal combustion engines and their fuels was very fast in the early decades of the 20 th century, but today internal combustion engines are at their mature levels that any further development to increase engine efficiency and minimize the emissions is expected to be very little if ever possible. Any improvement in engine and fuel technology for better efficiency and emissions either increases the cost to uncompetitive levels or brings additional environmental problems when especially considering life cycle of the engines and fuels. Electric vehicles, on the other hand, are becoming promising alternatives to be remedy for the challenging triad and sustainable transport as they use centrally generated electricity as a power source. It is well known that power generation at centralized plant is much more efficient and its emissions can be controlled much easier than those emitted from internal combustion engines that scattered all over the world. Additionally, an electric vehicle can convert the vehicle’s kinetic energy to electrical energy and store it during braking and coasting. All these benefits of electrical vehicles are starting to justify, a century later, attention of industry, academia and policy makers again as promising alternatives for urban transport. Nowadays, industry and academia are striving to overcome the challenging barriers that block widespread use of electric vehicles. Lifetime, energy density and power density, weight, cost of battery packs are major barriers to overcome. In this sense there is growing demand for knowledge to overcome the barriers and optimize the components and energy management system of electrical vehicles. X Preface In this book, theoretical basis and design guidelines for electric vehicles have been emphasized chapter by chapter with valuable contribution of many researchers who work on both technical and regulatory sides of the field. Multidisciplinary research results from electrical engineering, chemical engineering and mechanical engineering were examined and merged together to make this book a guide for industry, academia and policy maker. To be effective chapters of the book were designed in a logical order. It started with the examination of historical development of electrical vehicles. Then, an overview of the electrical vehicle technology with the benefits and barriers was presented. After that current state of the art technology and promising alternatives for electrical vehicle components were examined. Finally, to establish the required knowledge for overcoming the major barriers electrical vehicles, the state of the art curriculum from technician to PhD education was introduced. As the editor of this book, I would like to express my gratitude to the chapter authors for submitting such a valuable works that already published or presented in prestigious journals and conferences. I hope you will get maximum benefit from this book to take the urban transport system to a sustainable level. Seref Soylu, PhD Sakarya University Department of Environmental Engineering, Sakarya, Turkey [...]... masses), m, and the gravity, g, the resistance force, Fres, the electric motor must be capable of surpassing increases with vehicle’s speed, V, and the road’s grade,  A Survey on Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicle Technology 9 Fig 8 Architecture of series HEV Fres = F0 + rV + dV2 + mg sin  On the other hand, as indicated by Eq 2, the motor’s torque is proportional to the inertia, J, and the first... for Electric Energy for Production of Hydrogen Fuel and/ or Recharging of Battery Electric Automobile 18 Electric Vehicles – The Benefits and Barriers Fleets in New Zealand and the United States International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol.35, pp 11284-11290 Lucena, S E de; Marcelino, M A & Grandinetti, F J (2007) Low-Cost PWM Speed Controller for an Electric Mini-Baja Type Vehicle Journal of the Brazilian... of the vehicle fleet is made up of electric vehicles Then the number of vehicles evolves in time assuming that the forecasted market share follows a logistic trend calibrated on the trend that methane (CNG) and Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) powered vehicles have had in the period 2000-2009 This assumption is based on the idea that from the consumer perspective the electric technology has fairly the. .. appeal as the other “alternative” ones Scenario (2) assumed in 2010 that 1% of the vehicle fleet is made up of electric vehicles Then the number of vehicles evolves in time assuming that the forecasted market share follows a logistic trend double than the one calibrated on the trend that CNG and LPG powered vehicles had in the period 2000-2009 This assumption is based on the idea that from the consumer... show the impact on the electric supply system of a wider penetration of electric vehicles on the vehicle market, also according to the scenarios forecasted in Clement et al (2007-2008) and in Hadley and Tsvetkova (2008) With these assumptions the authors arrived to an EV-fleet share in the area of study in 2030 of 1.55 and 3.09% for scenarios (1) and (2) respectively The second study addresses the market... controller may enable up to the following six different operation modes: electric motor on and ICE off; ICE on and electric motor off; electric motor on and ICE on, with both of them cooperating to propel the vehicle; ICE on supplying power to drive the vehicle and to drive the electric machine that, in this case, runs as generator to recharge the batteries with energy coming from the fuel tank (maximum... motor driver It all depends on the motor type and ratings and on the battery voltage, energy and power density For maximum efficiency, the vehicle’s kinetic energy must be converted to electrical energy by the motor/generator and stored in the battery pack via the power converter, whenever the break pedal is pressed and during coasting Of course, the electronic detail of the power converter (e.g., topology,... economic 20 Electric Vehicles – The Benefits and Barriers competitiveness (a recent study on the subject showed that the external costs of road traffic congestion alone amount to about 1.25% of the EU GDP) and it also increases the inefficiency of an overcrowded transport infrastructure Electric vehicles (EV) might offer a step change technology based on the much higher efficiency of electric motors compared... based on either the energy converter type(s) used to propel the vehicles or the vehicles power and function (Chan, 2007; Maggetto & van Mierlo, 2000) When referring to the energy converter types, by far the most used EV classification, two big classes are distinguished, as depicted in Fig 3, namely: battery electric vehicles (BEVs), also named pure electric vehicle, and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs)... potentially less eco-friendly than PHEVs While the latter can take advantage of the ubiquitous power grid, Fig 9 Recharging methods for HEVs 10 Electric Vehicles – The Benefits and Barriers the impact they can cause to the grid is far from being negligible and depends on the way charging and discharging (as PHEVs can return stored energy to the grid) are done: controlled or not by utilities companies (Clement-Nyns . ELECTRIC VEHICLES – THE BENEFITS AND BARRIERS Edited by Seref Soylu Electric Vehicles – The Benefits and Barriers Edited by Seref Soylu. viewpoint. The small delivery vehicle segment is intended mainly for city use. However, Electric Vehicles – The Benefits and Barriers 6 unlike the second family car segment, vehicles of the former. over the world. Additionally, an electric vehicle can convert the vehicle’s kinetic energy to electrical energy and store it during braking and coasting. All these benefits of electrical vehicles