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TL TIẾNG ANH Professional engineering english in use HGGH FGG BF SD GGR FG ĐG SF GT FB FB GG GGGG H HN GFGDR FBF GNFNFN FGNFGN Nhiệm vụ cơ bản của đồ án này là thiết kế hệ thống thiết bị cô đặc nước cam bằng phương pháp lạnh hay phương pháp kết tinh dung môi với năng suất đã cho (5000 tấnnăm). Đồ án này bao gồm các phần chính như sau : Ø Giới thiệu tổng quan về nguyên liệu và quy trình công nghệ sản xuất sản phẩm nước cam cô đặc. Ø Tính toán cân bằng vật chất cho quy trình cô đặc. Ø Tính toán cân bằng năng lượng cho quy trình cô đặc. Ø Tính toán thiết kế thiết bị chính. Ø Tính chọn thiết bị phụ. Ø Tính giá thành sản phẩm. Ø Đánh giá hiệu quả hoạt động, ưu nhược điểm của thiết bị và phương pháp công nghệ từ đó đề xuất những giải pháp nhằm khắc phục và cải tiến phương pháp.
CAMBRIDGE rofessional English Mark Ibbotson Professional English in Use Engineering Technical English for Professionals Mark Ibbotson :·: CAMBRIDGE ::: UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo, Delhi Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521734882 © Cambridge University Press 2009 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published 2009 Produced by Kamae Design, Oxford Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library ISBN 978-0-521-73488-2 Edition with answers Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party Internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate Information regarding prices, travel timetables and other factual information given in this work are correct at the time of going to print but Cambridge University Press does not guarantee the accuracy of such information thereafter Contents INTRODUCTION 6 MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY DESIGN m Material types 28 A Metals and non-metals D Drawings 8 B Elements, compounds and mixtures c Composite materials A Drawing types and scales m Steel B Types of views used on drawings 30 D Design development 10 A Carbon steels A Initial design phase B Alloy steels c Corrosion B Collaborative development OJ Non-ferrous metals I I Design solutions 12 32 A Common non-ferrous engineering A Design objectives metals B Design calculations B Plating with non-ferrous metals m Polymers 34 MEASUREMENT A Natural and synthetic polymers I I Horizontal and vertical B Thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics measurements 14 m Minerals and ceramics 36 A Linear dimensions B Level and plumb A Mineral and ceramic engineering I I locating and setting out 16 materials A Centrelines and offsets B Glass B Grids 1m Concrete 38 a Dimensions of circles A Concrete mix design 18 B Reinforced concrete A Key dimensions of circles m Wood 40 B Pipe dimensions D Dimensional accuracy A Categories of wood 20 B Solid structural timber A Precision and tolerance c Engineered wood B Fit 1m Material properties 1 42 a Numbers and calculations 22 A Tensile strength and deformation A Decimals and fractions B Elasticity and plasticity B Addition, subtraction, multiplication c Stages in elastic and plastic and division deformation I I Area, size and mass 24 1m Material properties 2 44 A Area A Hardness B Weight, mass, volume and density B Fatigue, fracture toughness and creep IDJ Measurable parameters 26 c Basic thermal properties A Supply, demand and capacity B Input, output and efficiency Professional English in Use Engineering 3 f1!J Forming, working and STATIC AND DYNAMIC PRINCIPLES heat-treating metal 46 1m Load, stress and strain 66 A Casting, sintering and extruding A Load metal B Stress and strain B Working metal m Force, deformation and c Heat-treating metal m Material formats 48 failure 68 A Raw materials for processing A Types of force and deformation B Formats of processed materials B Types of failure MANUFACTURING AND ASSEMBLY m Structural mechanics 70 m 30 component features 50 A Statically determinate structures A 3D forms of edges and joints B Resultant forces and centre of gravity B 3D forms of holes and fasteners c Frames and trusses m Machining 1 52 ID Motion and simple A Machining and CNC machines 72 B Machining with cutting tools A Acceleration and motion fiJ Machining 2 54 B Inertia c Simple machines A Guillotining and punching IIJ Moving parts 74 8 High-temperature metal cutting techniques A Angular motion c Laser cutting and UHP waterjets B Rotary and reciprocating motion m Interconnection c Engine revs 56 D Friction A Attaching and supporting ENERGY AND TEMPERATURE B Fitting together fll Mechanical fasteners 1 58 IJB Energy 76 A Bolts A Forms of energy 8 Preload in bolted joints C Washers B Energy efficiency C Work and power fJJ Mechanical fasteners 2 60 IDJ Heat and temperature 78 A Screws A Changes of temperature and state B Screw anchors B Heat transfer c Rivets FLUIDS Em Non-mechanical joints 1 62 m Fluid containment 80 A Welding A Pipes, ducts and hoses 8 Common gas and arc welding B Tanks techniques fiJ Non-mechanical joints 2 64 C Pumps, fans and turbines A Specialized welding techniques ｾ＠ Fluid pressure 82 8 Brazing and soldering A Gauge pressure and absolute c Adhesives pressure B Hydrostatic pressure and siphonic action 4 Professional English in Use Engineering OJ Fluid dynamics 84 Appendix I 98 A Fluid dynamics and aerodynamics Three-dimensional drawings B Drag Appendix II 99 c Laminar flow and turbulent flow Shapes 0 Aerofoils MECHANISMS Appendix Ill 100 Units of measurement IIi) Engines and motors 86 Appendix IV 104 A Types and functions of engines and Chemical elements motors Appendix V 106 B Internal combustion engines Structural elements and types of load CD Transmission 1 88 A Gears Appendix VI 108 B Gear ratios C Types of gear wheel Moments ID Transmission 2 90 Appendix VII 109 A Chains, sprockets and pulleys Vapour, cooling and thermal inertia B Conversion between reciprocating Appendix VIII 110 and rotary motion The electromagnetic spectrum ELECTRICITY Appendix IX 111 GD Current, voltage and Pipe and hose fittings and valves resistance 92 Appendix X 112 A Electric current Siphonic action B Voltage and resistance c Electrical power Appendix XI 113 m Electrical supply 94 Managing rotary motion A Direct current and alternating Appendix XII 114 current Electrical and electronic components B AC generation and supply Appendix XIII 118 c DC generation and use Sensing, measuring and regulating devices em Circuits and components 96 A Simple circuits Answer key 119 B Mains AC circuits and switchboards Index 130 c Printed and integrated circuits D Electrical and electronic components Acknowledgements 143 Professional English in Use Engineering 5 Introduction Who is this book for? Professional English in Use Engineering presents around 1,500 of the most important technical words and phrases in English that engineers and engineering technicians need for their work The vocabulary has been carefully chosen to include: • terms that are essential in all fields of engineering - for example, all engineers need to discuss dimensions and tolerances, know the names of common materials, and describe how components are fitted and fixed together • language for discussing and applying key engineering concepts - for example, stress and strain, work and power, and fluid dynamics • more specific language for mechanical, electrical and civil/structural engineering This book is for professional engineers who are already familiar with engineering concepts and for students of engineering Language teachers who teach technical English will also find the explanations helpful The level of English used is intermediate to upper- intermediate (Levels B1 to B2 in the Common European Framework) You can use the book on your own for self-study, or with a teacher in the classroom, one-to-one or in groups Professional English in Use Engineering is part of the Professional English in Use series from Cambridge University Press More information on this series is available at www.cambridge.org/elt How is the book organized? The book has 45 units which are grouped into nine themes Each theme covers an important area of engineering such as Materials technology, Static and dynamic principles and Mechanisms Each unit has two pages The left-hand page explains key words and phrases and shows you how they are used in context The right-hand page has exercises which allow you to practise the new language and improve your understanding of how it is used The Over to you activities at the end of each unit (see opposite) are discussion and/or writing activities There are 13 appendices which provide the professional and student engineer with a reference of English terms used in key engineering activities For example, language for describing three-dimensional drawings and shapes, the names for the chemical elements and terms for sensing, measuring and regulating devices The answer key at the back of the book contains answers to all the exercises on the right- hand pages Most of the exercises have questions with only one correct answer The index lists all the key words and expressions presented in the book, together with the numbers of the units in which they are presented It also shows how the terms are pronounced The left-hand page This page presents the key words and phrases for each topic in bold Key vocabulary is introduced using short texts, scripts, diagrams and tables Many vocabulary items are illustrated Each unit is divided into sections {usually A and B) and each section has a specific title Some sections include notes on the key language - for example, explanations of words that have different meanings in technical English and in everyday English, and references to other units where related topics or words are covered in more detail 6 Professional English in Use Engineering The right-hand page The exercises on the right-hand page allow you to check your understanding of the words and expressions presented on the left-hand page, and to practise using them There is a wide range of different types of exercise: for example, short texts, gap fills, matching exercises, crosswords and notes to complete 'Over to you' sections An important feature of Professional English in Use Engineering is the Over to you section at the end of each unit These sections give you the opportunity to use the words and expressions you have just learned, and to relate them to your own work or studies How to use the book for self-study You can work through the book unit by unit, or use the contents page at the front of the book to choose specific units that are relevant to you Read the texts on the left-hand page and concentrate on the key words and phrases in bold If you find technical terms that are not in bold, look at the index to see if they are explained in another unit You can also look at the index to help you learn how to pronounce new words Do the exercises on the right-hand page, then check your answers in the key If you have made mistakes, go back to the left-hand page and read the texts again Do the Over to you section Try to use as many new words as possible It is best to discuss your ideas out loud and to record yourself if you can How to use the book in a classroom Teachers can use Professional English in Use Engineering to provide a framework for an 'English for Engineering' course The illustrations can often be used as a warm-up activity or as a talking point during the lesson Sometimes, the left-hand page may be used as the basis for a presentation, by either the teacher or the learners Learners can do the exercises individually or in small groups They can then compare answers with other groups or in a whole-class feedback session The Over to you sections can be used as a starting point for role plays, discussions and presentation activities, or adapted to out-of-class projects This book is also a perfect complement to Cambridge English for Engineering which focuses on communication skills for engineers More information on this title is available at www.cambridge.org/elt/englishforengineering Professional English in Use Engineering 7 Drawings - Drawing types and scales In engineering, most design information is shown on drawings Today, drawings are generally not drawn by hand They are produced on computer, using CAD (computer-aided design) systems A key factor on a drawing is the scale - that is, the size of items on the drawing in relation to their real size When all the items on a drawing are shown relative to their real size, the drawing is drawn to scale, and can be called a scale drawing An example of a scale is 1:10 (one to ten) At 1:10, an object with a length of 100 mm in real life would measure 10 mm on the drawing Most engineering designs consist of a set of drawings (a number of related drawings): • General arrangement (GA) drawings show whole devices or structures, using a small scale This means objects on the drawing are small, relative to their real size (for example, a 1:100 drawing of an entire building) • Detail drawings show parts in detail, using a large scale, such as 1:5 or 1:2 Small parts are sometimes shown in a detail as actual size (1:1}, or can be enlarged to bigger than actual size (for example, 2:1) For electrical circuits, and pipe and duct networks, it is helpful to show designs in a simplified form In this case, schematic drawings (often referred to as schematics) are used An everyday example is the map of a train network Notes: When written, drawing is often abbreviated to dwg CAD is pronounced as a word: /kred/ - Types of views used on drawings Technicians are discussing different views shown on drawings (looking at components from above, from the side, etc.), as they search for the information they require We need a view from above showing -the ge.nual a((ange.men-t of all of -the roof panels - a plan of -the w'nole area According "to ihis lis-t, -there are ･Ｎｴｶ｡ｾ＠ of all four sides of -the machine on draWing 2B So one of T'nose s'nould show -the fron-t of -the machine lhe.re s'nould be a :5e.e11a'l Through We need an e.xplode.d 1/\e.W of -the mechanism, ihe pipe, showing ihe valve Inside, showing -the componen-ts spaced ou-t on drawing % I-t's hard "to visualiz e ihis assembl'j, based on ｩＧｗｯｾ＠ eleva-tions view, as and sec-tions I-t would be clearer if we had a ｩＢｮｲ･ｾ＠ ei-ther an ob11qJe ｰｲｾｴＱｯｮ＠ or an lsome:tl1c Pfo:\eGt1on Notes: See Appendix I on page 98 for examples of three-dimensional drawings In non-technical, everyday English, engineering drawings are often called plans Section is the short form of cross-section, and is commonly used in technical contexts Two-dimensional and three-dimensional are often ｳｨｯｲｴｾｮ･､＠ to 2D and 3D 8 Professional English in Use Engineering