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Key adverbs HEA This unit deals with just some of the adverbs that are particularly frequent in an academic context You will find more in other units throughout this book Adverbs that compare adverb meaning example comparatively! in comparison with something else | Our sample was relatively! relatively comparatively small especially/particularly | more than usual The process was not especially! particularly dificult specially Tore than usual (spoken English only) | The exam was specially hard this year for a specific purpose We used specially designed equipment somewhat (opposite: | (slightly formal) a lite, slightly ‘When we tested younger boys, we considerably) obtained somewhat/considerably different results primarily mainly ‘Amir is primarily interested in bio-physics mostlyfargely almost completely (but not totally so) | The research was largely/mostly successful ‘without anything else being involved | The illness is (in)directly linked to poor housing Adverbs that relate to numbers or time There are approximately 20 varieties of bird in this species {roughly, about] There are precisely 48 different managerial posts in the company [exactly] Interviewees frequently misunderstood one of the questions [often] We eventually obtained the results we were hoping for [in the end, after some time] Ultimately we plan to repeat the experiment {finally, after other things have been completed] Adverbs that relate to how things are stated his earlier work in that itis explicitly? critical of the lof their policies was only conveyed implicitly* in his ‘condemns their handling ofa number of issues " referring to its main characteristics; also basically ? openly ? usually, also on the whole * not directly, suggested or implied rather than stated Adverbs that restrict or limit merely = exactly and nothing more: The medication will merely make the symptoms bearable; it will not cure the disease simply Note that simply can have different meanings To put it simply, the risks of this approach would seem to outweigh its advantages [plainly] The book presents difficult ideas simply, in a way appropriate for the layman [easily; someone who isn’t a specialist in the field] The exam results were simply dreadful (absolutely, without doubt] hardly ever = almost never: The tribe has hardly ever had contact with the outside world a Eventually means‘in the end’ It does not mean ‘perhaps/possibly’ Ỷ 18 Academic Vocabulary in Use `We wil perhapslpossibly (NOT eveneusly) dscover life on other planets in the future Eventually [in the end] we were able to interview all 20 children involvedin the test Exercises Look at A and B Explain the difference between the sentences in each pair 63 Heinrich’s experiments were mostly successful Heinrich’s experiments were most successful The results were somewhat surprising given the circumstances ‘The results were especially surprising given the circumstances First-year students are directly affected by the new rules relating to tuition fees First-year students are particularly affected by the new rules relating to tuition fees The study is primarily concerned with urban alienation The study is ultimately concerned with urban alienation The team eventually obtained unpredicted results The team frequently obtained unpredicted results Choose the more appropriate adverb from the options ‘What you are saying is essentially / merely true To put it basically / simply, there is specially / basically no significant difference between the two writers’ theories However, ‘one of them writes in a simply / precisely dreadful style while the other has eventually/ possibly a more impressive style than any other contemporary scientist 5.3 Change the sentences using adverbs which mean the opposite of the underlined ones There were roughly 350 people living in the village in 1958 Parents seldom complained that the school authorities failed ro inform them of changes We investigated the problem and initially found some small errors in the calculations The temperature was exactly halfa degree lower than the average Singh (1998) is explicitly critical of existing theories of economic growth Soil erosion is specifically caused by water or wind Senior citizens almost always use the internet to communicate with one another The disease is directly linked to environmental factors 5.4 Underline the adverbs in these texts Then answer the questions Marine conservationists are currently attempting to save the world’s coral reefs One plan is to literaly glue the damaged reefs back together, using coral artificially raised in underwater labs Reefs are increasingly under attack from human activity as well as from events occurring naturally, such as hurricanes and tsunamis ‘Arecent UN report wars that 30% of the ‘world’s coral reefs have been completely destroyed or are severely damaged Which adverb means ‘in the same way’? Find two pairs of adverbs that mean the opposite of each other Which adverb means the opposite of ‘a long time ago”? Which adverb means ‘more and more’? Which adverb could be substitured by seriously? Which adverb means ‘for a limited time’? FAG] Find an article of interest to you in your discipline and underline all the key adverbs.Then check BARE that you understand their meaning, H ‘Academic Vocabulary in Use 19