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English for Law Students is designed • to meet the students’ needs in acquiring both language through law and law through language; • to strengthen their reading and writing skills; • to develop the students’ ability to analyse, summerise and interpret legal texts concerning particular legal area or issue; • to introduce common law terms, concepts and institutions to the students of a different law system; • to increase their competence in legal language usage; • to provide thought provoking materials; • to encourage analytical approach to and comparative studies of current legal issues and reforms; • to equip students with linguistic tools to advance in their scholarly activity. English for Law Students contains five UNITS: History and Sources of English Law, Constitution, Monarchy, Parliament, The Executive. Each unit includes a number of texts on a particular theme followed by LANGUAGE PRACTICE AND COMPREHENSION CHECK with TASKS ranging from word building to complicated legal vocabulary, grammar, syntax, discussion points. They focus on reading comprehension,speaking and writing activities. Each unit ends with the task to write an essay based on the texts of the unit on one of the exam questions. The KEY at the end of the book gives the answers to some exercises. The GLOSSARY provides definitions for most legal terms used in the units. English for Law Students is designed for all those who strive for academic excellence and professional success.
M.V Lomonosov Moscow State University Law School Department of Foreign Languages ENGLISH FOR LAW STUDENTS UNIVERSIT Y COURSE Part I ÌỴĐÊÂÀ 2014 УДК 802/809.1 ББК 81.2 E 58 Edited by Tatiana Tarasova CONTRIBUTORS: Natalya Berezhneva Asya Goloborodko Dina Karpova Tatiana Tarasova REVIEWED BY Eugenia Yakovleva Professor of Linguistics Suren Avakjan Professor of Law E 58 English for Law Students: University Course / Ed by T. Tarasova Part I. – Moscow: STATUT, 2014 – 343 p [Английский язык для студентовюристов. – М.: Статут, 2014 – На английском языке] ISBN 978-5-8354-0978-5 (Part I; softback) ISBN 978-5-8354-0977-8 ENGLISH FOR LAW STUDENTS is a part of the university course of legal English for academic purposes It is addressed to law students of noncommon law countries It is aimed at teaching students to understand the language of English law, its fundamental concepts and institutions Its goal is to enable students to deal with different types of legal texts, to become knowledgeable in current legal issues, to use proper English legal terms with regard to their own legal systems The final objective is to stimulate students’ interest in law and language Although English for Law Students is designed as a part of the university course of legal English it can also be useful for students of the humanities, economics, social and political sciences, etc in their self-study of English law and language ISBN 978-5-8354-0978-5 (Part I) ISBN 978-5-8354-0977-8 УДК 802/809.1 ББК 81.2 â Contributors, 2013 â ôằ (Statut Publishing House), 2013 CON T E N TS Foreword UNIT I HISTORY AND SOURCES OF ENGLISH LAW Text Case Law Text How Do Judges Really Decide Cases? .19 Text Equity .30 UNIT II CONSTITUTION Text The Development of the uk Constitution 38 Text Evolution of the british constitution in the 17-th century 44 Text Structure of the UK Constitution 52 Text Constitutionalism 63 Text Separation of Powers 71 Text Separation of powers in the united kingdom 79 Text The Rule of Law 84 Text Federal and unitary constitutions 95 UNIT III MONARCHY Text Nature of the crown .107 Text Functions of Monarchy 118 Text Personal Powers of the monarch .124 Text The Royal Prerogative .136 Text Dwindling power of the crown .141 Text A Right Royal Argument 147 Text Referendum set to Back the Queen of Australia .150 UNIT IV PARLIAMENT Text Rise of english parliament 157 Text Formation of two houses of parliament 162 Text Legal history of parliament .164 Text British parliament today 172 Text Composition of parliament .187 Text Composition of the modern house of lords 202 Text Composition of the modern house of commons 224 Text Meeting of Parliament .236 Text Types of legislation 240 Text 10 Passage of a Public Bill Introduced by the Government into the House of Commons 242 Text 11 Parliamentary privilege 249 UNIT V THE EXECUTIVE Text Parliamentary government .259 Text Cabinet and prime minister 268 Text Growth of the executive 272 Text ‘Hollowed-out government’ 277 Glossary .291 Keys 326 References 342 FOR E WOR D English for Law Students is designed • to meet the students’ needs in acquiring both language through law and law through language; • to strengthen their reading and writing skills; • to develop the students’ ability to analyse, summerise and interpret legal texts concerning particular legal area or issue; • to introduce common law terms, concepts and institutions to the students of a different law system; • to increase their competence in legal language usage; • to provide thought provoking materials; • to encourage analytical approach to and comparative studies of current legal issues and reforms; • to equip students with linguistic tools to advance in their scholarly activity English for Law Students contains five UNITS: History and Sources of English Law, Constitution, Monarchy, Parliament, The Executive Each unit includes a number of texts on a particular theme followed by LANGUAGE PRACTICE AND COMPREHENSION CHECK with TASKS ranging from word building to complicated legal vocabulary, grammar, syntax, discussion points They focus on reading comprehension, speaking and writing activities Each unit ends with the task to write an essay based on the texts of the unit on one of the exam questions The KEY at the end of the book gives the answers to some exercises The GLOSSARY provides definitions for most legal terms used in the units English for Law Students is designed for all those who strive for academic excellence and professional success UNIT I HISTORY AND SOURCES OF ENGLISH LAW TEXT CASE LAW The word source can mean several different things with regard to law, but for our purposes it primarily describes the means by which the law comes into existence English law stems from seven main sources, though these vary a great deal in importance The basis of English law today is case law, a mass of judge-made decisions which lays down rules to be followed in future cases For many centuries it was the main form of law and it is still very important today However, the most important form of law, in the sense that it prevails over most of the others, is statute, or Act of Parliament, which today is the source of most major changes in the law As well as being a source of law in their own right, statutes contribute to case law, since the courts occasionally have to interpret statutory provisions, and such decisions lay down new precedents Delegated legislation is a related source, laying down detailed rules made to implement the broader provisions of statutes An increasingly important source of law is the legislation of the European Community, which is the only type of law that can take precedence over statutes in the UK, and is increasingly influencing the decisions of the courts in interpreting statutes HISTORY AND SOURCES OF ENGLISH LAW Finally, custom, equity and obligations relating to international treaties are minor sources of law, though Britain’s obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights have produced notable contributions to law reform Before the Norman conquest, different areas of England were governed by different systems of law, often adapted from those of the various invaders who had settled there; roughly speaking, Dane law applied in the north, Mercian law around the midlands, and Wessex law in the south and west Each was based largely on local custom, and even within the larger areas, these customs, and hence the law, varied from place to place The king had little control over the country as a whole, and there was no effective central government When William the Conqueror gained the English throne in 1066, he established a strong central government and began, among other things, to standardize the law Representatives of the king were sent out to the countryside to check local administration, and were given the job of adjudicating in local disputes, according to local law When these ‘itinerant justices’ returned to Westminster, they were able to discuss the various customs of different parts of the country and, by a process of sifting, reject unreasonable ones and accept those that seemed rational, to form a consistent body of rules During this process – which went on for around two centuries – the principle of stare decisis (‘let the decision stand’) grew up Whenever a new problem of law came to be decided, the decision formed a rule to be followed in all similar cases, making the law more predictable The result of all this was that by about 1250, a ‘common law’ had been produced, that ruled the whole country, would be applied consistently and could be used to predict what the courts might decide in a particular case It contained many of what are now basic points of English law – the fact that murder is a crime, for example UNIT I The principles behind this ‘common law’ are still used today in creating case law (which is in fact often known as common law) From the basic idea of stare decisis, a hierarchy of precedent grew up, in line with the hierarchy of the modern court system, so that, in general, a judge must follow decisions made in courts which are higher up the hierarchy than his or her own This process was made easier by the establishment of a regular system of publication of reports of cases in the higher courts The body of decisions made by the higher courts, which the lower ones must respect, is known as case law Case law comes from the decisions made by judges in the cases before them (the decisions of juries not make case law) In deciding a case, there are two basic tasks; first, establishing what the facts are, meaning what actually happened; and secondly, how the law applies to those facts It is the second task that can make case law, and the idea is that once a decision has been made on how the law applies to a particular set of facts, similar facts in later cases should be treated in the same way, following the principle of stare decisis described above This is obviously fairer than allowing each judge to interpret the law differently, and also provides predictability, which makes it easier for people to live within the law The judges listen to the evidence and the legal argument and then prepare a written decision as to which party wins, based on what they believe the facts were, and how the law applies to them This decision is known as the judgment, and is usually long, containing quite a lot of comment which is not strictly relevant to the case, as well as an explanation of the legal principles on which the judge has made a decision The explanation of the legal principles on which the decision is made is called the ratio decidendi – Latin for the ‘reason for deciding’ It is this part of the judgment, known as binding precedent, which forms case law All the parts of the judgment which not form part of the ratio decidendi of the case are called obiter dicta – which is Latin for ‘things said by the way’ HISTORY AND SOURCES OF ENGLISH LAW These are often discussions of hypothetical situations: for example, the judge might say ‘Jones did this, but if he had done that, my decision would have been ’ None of the obiter dicta forms part of the case law, though judges in later cases may be influenced by it, and it is said to be a persuasive precedent LANGUAGE PRACTICE AND COMPREHENSION CHECK case court case case law to stem from to lay down statute to interpret precedence ACTIVE VOCABULARY possible crime and its investigation by the police legal action or crime law as established by precedents to derive from, to originate to declare or start firmly law passed by a law making body to place a particular meaning on the right to be put or dealt with before others, especially because of the greater importance to take precedence to give precedence to apply the law to effect; be directly related justice fair treatment ( in law ) magistrate title given to High Court judge itinerant justice traveling justice evidence the answers given in the court of law judgment a decision made by a court in respect of the matter before it TASK I a) Complete the following sentences using the above words: This rule does not … to your particular case UNIT I The police all they can to bring criminals to … He passed … on the guilty man … were sent out to the countryside to check the local administration In the dispute over custody of the child, the court decided to … … to mother`s claims My … against the local council will be heard today The police have a clear … against the prisoner The witness gave her … in a clear firm voice b) Learn the following legal terms and Latin expressions: • Source of law Something (such as a constitution, treaty, statute, or custom) that provides authority for legislation and for judicial decisions; a point of origin for law or legal analysis • Ratio decidendi [Latin ‘the reason for deciding’] The principle or rule of law on which a court’s decision is founded The rule of law on which a later court thinks that a previous court founded its decision; a general rule without which a case must have been decided otherwise • Obiter dictum [Latin ‘something said in passing’] A judicial comment made while delivering a judicial opinion, but one that is unnecessary to the decision in the case and therefore not precedential (although it may be considered persuasive) Often shortened to dictum • Stare decisis [Latin ‘to stand by things decided’] The doctrine of precedent, under which a court must follow earlier judicial decisions when the same points arise again in litigation • Precedent The making of law by a court in recognizing and applying new rules while administering justice 2. A decided case that furnishes a basis for determining later cases involving similar facts or issues 10 KEYS TASK III 1) a system or body of usages, laws, or regulations; single laws or usages if their operation is of vital importance and vast scope 2) an organized society, established either by law or the authority of individuals, for promoting any object, public or social TASK IV Evolutionary – evolution – evolve Comparative – comparison – compare Different – difference – differ/differentiate Constituent – constitution – constitute Notional – notion – notify Descriptive – description – describe Successive – succession – succeed Powerful – power – empower Expendable – expenditure – expend Alterative – alteration – alter Discoverable – discovery – discover Significant – significance – signify Distinctive – distinction – distinguish TASK VI 1) c; 2) b; 3) a; 4) b; 5) c; 6) b; 7) a; 8) a Text TASK II To limit/to restrain exercise of power/governmental powers To make/to enforce laws To police rights To set/to place limits To override individual liberties To apply ideas/ prejudices/laws To interpret legislation To settle disputes To obtain protection To remove provisions TASK III 1) c;2) a; 3) b; 4) b; 5) c; 6) c; 7) c; 8) b; 9) b 330 UNIT II Text TASK I Tyranny – tyrannous – tyrannize Power – powerful – empower Function – functional – function Government – governmental – govern Center – central – centralize Separation – separate – separate Difference – different – differ Division – divisional – divide Reflection – reflective – reflect Influence – influential – influence Generalization – general – generalize Risk – risky – risk Weakness – weak – weaken Extent (extension) – extend – extensive Distinction – distinct (distinctive) – distinguish Harmony – harmonious – harmonize Contest – contentious – contend Dominate – dominant – dominate TASK II a) Ancient theory; influential version; classical doctrine; powerful government; different interests, kinds, senses; pragmatic compromise; efficient working; proper sphere (of action); foreign affairs; weak government b) ancient law and practice; more influential power players; foreign relations; a weak position; two ‘classical’ exponents; a more powerful bargaining position; different attitudes and expectations; a new and pragmatic way; efficient execution; 10 a ‘proper balance’ TASK III a) To combat tyranny; to propose a version; to divide the functions; to veto legislation; to settle disputes; to override veto; to enforce laws; to interpret legislation, the law; to enact laws; to apply the law b) to settle major questions; could override the common law; 3. a deeply divided society; to interpret and enforce fundamental law; 5. enforced by the Information Commissioner; not also apply to, or within; the devolution enacted; to combat corruption; could veto proposed laws; 10 other reforms proposed 331 KEYS TASK IV a) Democracy – the form of government in which the sovereign power resides in and exercised by the whole body of free citizens directly or indirectly through a system of representation, as distinguished from a monarchy, aristocracy, or oligarchy The term meaning literally ‘government by the people’ is often employed loosely, often tendentiously, often vaguely Originally a Greek term democracy was understood by the Greeks in a very different sense from the current understanding: Greek democracy was a limited institution – limited to clan members, who were citizens, a huge population of slaves and other subordinate classes were disfranchised Tyranny – arbitrary or despotic government; the severe and autocratic exercise of sovereign power, either vested constitutionally in one ruler, or usurped by him by breaking down the division and distribution of governmental powers Convention – 1) a term applied to constitutional rules which are observed although they not have the force of law 2) A name given to such meetings of the Houses of Lords and Commons as take place by their own authority, without being summoned by the Sovereign This can only take place during great national crises Thus, in 1660, the Convention Parliament met, which restored King Charles the Second; and in 1688, the Lords and Commons met to dispose of the Crown and kingdom in favour of the Prince of Orange 3) A treaty with a foreign power Checks and balances – arrangement of governmental powers whereby powers of one governmental branch curb or control those of other branches b) deliberative democracy; constitutional conventions; greater separation of powers; new checks and balances; few checks and balances; tyranny, tyranny; traditional executive-legislative-judicial ‘separationof-powers’ model; ‘checks and balances’; Constitutional Convention; 9. democracy; 10 tyranny; 11 representative democracy; direct democracy; 12 a constitutional convention; 13 constitutional ‘convention’; 14 separation of powers; 15 separation of powers; 16 faith in democracy; 17 tyranny; 18. constitutional conventions; 19 separation of powers Text TASK II b; c; b; b; c; a; b 332 UNIT II TASK III a) others; Each; another; Each; the other; each other; either; each other; another; each, neither, the other Text TASK I a) to describe – description; to require – requirement; to reject – rejection; to achieve – achievement; to identify – identification (identity); to clarify – clarification (clarity); to pronounce – pronouncement; to declare – declaration; to state – statement; to maintain – maintenance; to obey – obedience; to refuse – refusal; to violate – violation; to export – export; to regard – regard; to appoint – appointment; to imagine – imagination TASK IV developed; applied; honouring; changing; analyzed; inducing; called; involving; developed; interpreting; being challenged; construed; upholding; contained TASK VI immoral, illegal, unaccepted, indirectly, to devalue, to misuse, invalid, non-democratic, impersonal TASK VII rights and duties; better or worse; public or private; guilt or innocence; followed or preceded; to acquit or to convict; chaos or order; wholly or partly; war and peace; crime and punishment; to break a law or to obey the law; contrary to or in accordance with Text TASK III b)1) federal; 2) Federal; 3) Federal; 4) federal, federal; 5) federal, federal; 6) federal; 7) federal, federal; 8) federal, federal; 9) federal; 10) unitary; 11) unitary; 12) unitary; 13) unitary 333 KEYS UNIT III Text TASK II b) exercise power; power; powers conferred; power; power, had delegated; undermine; may assume power; undermine; had conferred powers; may be delegated; assumed authority; 10 undermines; 11 to exercise power without authority; 12 power granted c) authorities; power, authority; power, authority; authority; authorities; authority; authority; powers; powers, powers; 10. authority; 11 powers; 12 authority; 13 powers; 14 authority; 15. authorities; 16 powers, powers, powers; 17 authority; 18 power, powers; 19 power; 20 powers; 21 authority; 22 powers; 23 authority TASK III alternative view; obscure concept; ceremonial and symbolic function; political significance; official capacity; executive power; corporation sole; legal powers TASK V 1. However, the Crown in its official capacity must be separated from the Queen since under the Crown Proceedings Act 1947 the Crown can be sued but not the Queen in her personal capacity 2. A corporation sole is an office, which is a person separate from the individual who holds the office at any given time and which therefore exists permanently, not being affected by the death of the office holder 3. However, the crown is an obscure concept, particularly as to whether the Crown and the Queen are the same TASK VII possesses; is exempt; has entered; are funded; are funded; can be increased Text TASK II can, must; have to; should; must; might; should, should; must; could, could, could; can; 10 have to; 11 must 334 UNIT III TASK III to abolish elections; to propose legislation; to exercise power / a personal choice; to appoint a prime minister; to influence opinion; to form a government; to produce an overall majority; to dissolve Parliament; to summon the leader; to advise a dissolution; to determine the electorate’s preference; to give assent; to command a majority; to dismiss a government TASK V a) Powers exercised by the Crown derive from three sources: statute, private law and the royal prerogative Powers exercisable by other government bodies derive only from statute, except in the case of the police who have common law powers Statutory powers make up the bulk of Crown powers and are usually conferred directly on individual ministers The Crown also has inherent prerogative powers which are peculiar to itself In practice these are also exercised by ministers In addition the Crown is recognised as a person by the common law and so has the same capacity to make contracts, own property, etc as a private individual This has been described as the ‘third source’ of powers exercised by the Crown (see Harris, 1992) By contrast, public bodies such as local authorities that are creatures of statute can only what statute authorises and cannot rely on the ordinary law b) lingering, antiquity, unresolved, finally, permissive, strictly, uneasily TASK VI 1. Before looking at the Royal Prerogatives… 2. In this connection Daintith has distinguished… 3. For example, to all intents and purposes… 4. It could be argued that… 5. Parliament can in principle supervise Crown contracts TASK VII usually; directly; lawfully; properly; ultimately; finally; 7. notably Text TASK II Some prerogative powers, for example dissolving Parliament and granting honours and titles, fall into categories that have traditionally been exempt 335 KEYS from parliamentary scrutiny on the ground that they involve the personal discretion of the monarch, even though the monarch must usually act on the advice of the prime minister TASK III 1. in; by 2. on 3. upon 4. with 5. over; on; in Text TASK II to levy to declare to dissolve to prevent to restore to give up to exercise to appoint taxes wars Parliament criticism the monarchy the right the powers prime ministers Text TASK II make up to form (something) as a whole put forward to offer, suggest (something as an idea) for consideration to back up to support something or someone die out to cease to exist, disappear date back to/from to have existed since pass down to give or leave to people who are younger or come later 336 UNIT IV UNIT IV PARLIAMENT Text TASK I to grant/ to give Aid; to meet expenses; to persuade barons; to get one’s assent; to summon barons/knights; to hold Parliament; to deal with emergency TASK V a) 1. to provoke; 2. to convoke; 3. to invoke; 4. to revoke; 5. to evoke b) provoke; provoked; convokes; revoked; invoked; revoked; provoke; provoked; revoke; 10 evoked; 11 revoked Text TASK III were summoned; went on, had appeared; be considered; approved; being considered; was made; emanated; starting; giving; increasing; were granted; stipulated; securing Text TASK I 1) powerful, useful, forceful, skillful, lawful, purposeful, rightful 2) influential, functional, commercial, original, official, pyramidal, judicial 3) theoretical, monarchical, systematical, practical, historical, periodical 4) wealthy 5) customary, parliamentary 6) favorable, reasonable 7) bodily, kingly 8) basic 9) decisive TASK II b) conferred; gathered; adopted; granted, granted; transfer; conferred; enact, enacted, enacted; dismissed; aspires, develop; 337 KEYS 10. originated; 11 evolved, to dismiss; 12 dismiss; 13 developed; 14 summoned, enacted TASK III a) simplify – complicate; the rise – the fall; descendants – ancestors; superior – inferior; separate – mixed; reject – approve; the beginning – the end; the majority – the minority b) questionable; inferior; considerable; efficient; superior, inferior, useless; separate; harmonious; superior, official; 9. harmonious; 10 superior, superior; 11 superior; 12 insignificant TASK V that; which; which; who; which; which; that; that Text TASK I b) executive; principal; elections; succession; legislation, veto, subject; binding, void; subjects; void; legislation; 10 to legislate; 11. legislation, legislator; 12 legislatures, principles; 13 subjects, legislative; 14 legislate; 15 summoned; 16 subjects; 17 executive; 18 election TASK IV legislate; successive; legislature; succeed; executive; 6. summoned; summons; void; binding; 10 legalized TASK VI authority; organization; a large amount; organ; corpse; 6. the main part; legal body Text TASK III a) to stand as; understanding; long standing; understand; 5. notwithstanding; stands; standing; understanding; feudal understanding; 10 understandable, stand; 11 standards; 12 to stand; 13. standing; 14 stands down; 15 withstand 338 UNIT IV Text TASK III a) withhold; withhold; upholding; holder; holder; holder, holder; holder, holders; holder; holder; 10 holder; 11 holding; 12. holder; 13 hold; 14 holdings; 15 hold; 16 holding; 17 held; 18 withhold; 19 to hold Text TASK II b) institution; 2.nominating; ineligible, eligible; institutions, nominations, nominations; eligible; nomination; disqualified; 8. nominating; qualified; 10 eligible; 11 dissolved, dissolved; 12. nomination; 13. ineligible; 14 delaying power; 15 eligible; 16 delaying power; 17 disqualified; 18 suffrage; 19 power to delay TASK VI of, of; of, by, of, for, for, under; into; over, of, of, for, in; 5. forward, of, to of; by/in, in; by, of, in Text TASK II b) adjourned; prorogued; adjourned; prorogued; prorogue; adjourned; adjourned; prorogue; adjourn; 10 adjourn TASK VI developed; increased; are exercised; include; choosing; sustaining; supplying; authorizing; supervising; debating; govern; checks; controls; approves; amends; criticizes; vetoes Text 11 TASK II a) parliamentary procedure; parliamentary control; parliamentary privilege; parliamentary majority; parliamentary committees; parliamentary business; parliamentary privilege; parliamentary timetable; parliamentary commissioner 339 KEYS UNIT V THE EXECUTIVE Text TASK II democratic government; effective government; new government; Government intervention; successive Governments Government functions; Government activities; Government departments; Government departments; central Government; Her Majesty’s Government; 9. government policy; 10 Government bills TASK V 1) government; 2) government; 3) Parliament; 4) government; 5) government; 6) government; 7) Parliament; 8) Parliament; 9) government; 10) Parliament; 11) government; 12) government; 13) Parliament; 14) Parliament; 15) government;16) Parliament; 17) Parliament; 18) Parliament; 19) government; 20) Parliament; 21) Parliament; 22) Parliament TASK VI b) the Government; the Cabinet; the Government; the Cabinet; the Government; the Cabinet; Cabinet, government, the executive Text TASK III 1. of; by 2. to; with; of; during 3. from; in; of 4. of; to; with; by 5. by; for; upon; in Text TASK II means; is divided; work; are expected; does not involve; is called; are not allowed; is intended; relied; has been shown; have had; are not involved; were; were employed 340 UNIT V Text TASK III b) 1) government; 2) government; 3) State; 4) Governments; 5) state; 6) state; 7) government; government; 8) state; 9) government; 10) state; 11) states; 12) government REFERENCES Alder John Constitutional and Administrative Law 2009 (Palgrave Macmillan Law Masters) Black's Law Dictionary 9-th еd / Bryan A Garner (еditor in сhief) WEST Thomson Reuters, 2009 Collins Dictionary of British History HarperCollins Publishers Ltd, 1997 Garner Bryan A A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage Oxford University Press 2001 Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture Longman, 2005 Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary of Law / Еd by L.P Wood USA, 1996 Oxford Dictionary of Law / Еd by Elizabeth A Martin Oxford University Press, 1997 JURIST's Paper Chase New York Law Journal 10 NLJ Legal Times 11 Texas Lawyer Daily News 12 The AmLaw Daily 13 The AmLaw Litigation Daily 14 The National Law Journal 15 http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ 16 http://www.investopedia.com/ 17 http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ 18 http://www.multitran.ru/ 19 http://dictionary.law.com/ 20 http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ 21 http://dictionary.findlaw.com/ 22 http://definitions.uslegal.com/ ENGLISH FOR LAW STUDENTS UNIVERSITY COURSE PART I Художественное оформление: В.В Самойлова Компьютерная верстка: А.А Науменко Подписано в печать 17.10.2013 Формат 60х90 /16 Бумага офсетная Гарнитура Newton Печать офсетная Усл печ л 21,5 Доп тираж 500 экз Заказ № Издательство «Статут»: 119454, г Москва, ул Лобачевского, д 92, корп 2; тел.: +7(495) 649-18-06 E-mail: book@estatut.ru www.estatut.ru ISBN 978-5-8354-0978-5