[...]... a part of ‘diamond’ and do not have a firm role to be incorporated into the core structure of ‘diamond’ For example, he (Contd.) 232 TRANSFORMATIVE ORGANIZATIONS historical contexts of the geography, and these historically differentiated cultures are one of the essential shapers of the comparative and competitive advantage of nations Therefore, these cultural attributes can be thought of as transformative. .. regarded as another virtue in China Its root originates from the notion of Li (ceremony, propriety, rituals, and rules of conduct) Being one of Confucian’s ‘Five Constant Virtues’, li is a ritual of technicalities, which, like all technicalities, are important, not as the indices of a state of mind or of heart, but as individual parts of a complex whole (Smith, 1894) Like the other virtues, li or li mao... implications of the correlations of Japanese and various local business models in terms of the theory of ‘management geography’ Next we explain our theory of ‘management geography’, and verify the theory by comparing three types of business models corresponding to three major regions The Theory Our theory is based on a set of tiered concepts ordered hierarchically according to their chain of dependence... of the traditional paternalistic values, the expectations of the employees, social pressure and the old way of management have all made it hard for them to be tough Conclusion The influence of culture is an extremely complicated phenomenon To understand the influence of the Chinese culture over the behavior and mind set of the Chinese managers, one needs to have a systematic view Such factors are often... between the legitimate cultivation of reciprocal friendship and the corrupt practice of bribery is also difficult to draw, especially where there is a tendency to inflate the cost of the former Moreover, the prolonged practice of orthodox Marxism, which was often far away from reality, often forced people to go around the rules and use guan xi to get things done 222 TRANSFORMATIVE ORGANIZATIONS Therefore,... defeated the US invasion of Vietnam More recently, tens of thousands of youngsters taking to the streets to protest NATO’s accidental bombing of the Chinese Embassy in Yugoslavia in another example of their strong sense of national pride In the Westerners’ eyes, there are two types of patriotism in China One is truly patriotic These people are proud of being a Chinese and are willing to defend their country... governances, management systems) in four regions 244 TRANSFORMATIVE ORGANIZATIONS Our analysis does not presume an environmental determinism The degrees of application and adaptation of hybrid factories are also affected by strategic efforts’ of the parent companies and bringing-in of ‘results’ elements from the parent plants Judging from the concerns of a management model, however, the final matter is... Anglo-Saxon who have behaviors typical of the American model (Dore, 1971) In future research, one needs to further explain the change of the socio-cultural framework of the UK toward an East Asian pattern At any rate, this kind of change has nothing to do with any change of geographical location In our analysis, we use very recent data about the changes of hybrid structures of Japanese transplants in the US... industries, which the successful leaders can take advantage of and which the governments can enhance (Porter, 1990:124 ff.) Thus, much importance is on geographic location factors at the level of the nations which exert great influence on the strategies of leaders or the policies of governments However, he falls short of fully incorporating the role of culture and the co-relationship between location and... from Shang Shu, The Book of History, one of the four major books of Confucius DEVELOPMENT OF CHINESE MANAGERIAL BEHAVIOR 225 Personalism is people or relationship oriented It emphasizes building specific trust-bonds between individuals and interpersonal harmony Again, its historical roots lie in the core value of Confucianism, which defines a person being embedded in all kinds of relationships with others . rules of conduct). Being one of Confucians Five Constant Virtues, li is a ritual of technicalities, which, like all technicalities, are important, not as the indices of a state of mind or of. the prolonged practice of orthodox Marxism, which was often far away from reality, often forced people to go around the rules and use guan xi to get things done. 222 TRANSFORMATIVE ORGANIZATIONS Therefore,. ways of thinking as for as they can. DEVELOPMENT OF CHINESE MANAGERIAL BEHAVIOR 217 5. LEFTIST IDEOLOGICAL TREND The leftist ideological trend, which started in the 1 950 s among the leading body of