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CHUYÊN ĐỀ 9: THỂ BỊ ĐỘNG A. TÓM TẮT KIẾN THỨC 1. Cách chuyển chung: Câu bị động có công thức chung là: BE + Ved PII Trong đó, “be” được chia theo thời tương ứng với các thời Simple, dùng “be + being” với các thời tiếp diễn, và “Have has had + been” với các thời hoàn thành: QUÁ KHỨ HIỆN TẠI TƯƠNG LAI ĐƠN Was were Am is are Will be TIẾP DIỄN Was were + being Am is are + being (không có BĐ) HOÀN THÀNH Had been Have has been Will have been
CHUYÊN ĐỀ 9: THỂ BỊ ĐỘNG A TÓM TẮT KIẾN THỨC Cách chuyển chung: Câu bị động có cơng thức chung là: BE + Ved/ PII Trong đó, “be” chia theo thời tương ứng với thời Simple, dùng “be + being” với thời tiếp diễn, “Have/ has/ had + been” với thời hoàn thành: QUÁ KHỨ HIỆN TẠI TƯƠNG LAI ĐƠN Was/ were Am/ is/ are Will be TIẾP DIỄN Was/ were + being Am/ is/ are + being (khơng có BĐ) HỒN THÀNH Had been Have/ has been Will have been Để chuyển câu chủ động sang bị động, ta áp dụng quy tắc sau: Quy tắc: Khi biến đổi câu từ chủ động sang bị động ta làm theo bước sau: 1. Xác định S, V, O và của V trong câu chủ động 2. Lấy O trong câu chủ động làm S của câu bị động Lấy S trong câu chủ động làm O và đặt sau “By” trong câu bị động 3. Biến đổi V chính câu chủ động thành PII (Past Participle) câu bị động 4. Thêm Be vào trước P2 trong câu bị động (Be phải chia theo thời của V chính câu chủ động chia theo số S câu bị động) I/ CÁCH CHUYỂN SANG CÂU BỊ ĐỘNG THEO TỪNG THỜI Áp dụng theo chuyển nêu trên, ta có bảng cơng thức bị động theo thời sau: ĐƠN QUÁ KHỨ CĐ: S1 + Ved/ PI + O1 HIỆN TẠI CĐ: S1 + Vs/es + O1 TƯƠNG LAI CĐ: S1 + will V + O1 BĐ: S(O1) + was/ were + Ved/ PII + by O(S1) BĐ: S(O1) + am/ is/ are + Ved/ PII + by O(S1) TIẾP CĐ: S1 + was/ were CĐ: S1 + am/ is/ are DIỄN Ving + O1 Ving + O1 BĐ: S(O1) + was/ were BĐ: S(O1) + am/ is/ + being + Ved/ PII + by are + being + Ved/ O(S1) PII + by O(S1) HOÀN CĐ: S1 + had Ved/ PII CĐ: S1 + have/ has + THÀNH + O1 Ved/ PII + O1 BĐ: S(O1) + had been + BĐ: S(O1) + have/ Ved/ PII + by O(S1) has + been + Ved/ PII + by O(S1) BĐ: S(O1) + will be + Ved/ PII + by O(S1) CĐ: S1 + will be Ving + O1 BĐ: khơng có CĐ: S1 + will have Ved/ PII + O1 BĐ: S(O1) + will have been + Ved/ PII + by O(S1) Có thể thấy thời hoàn thành tiếp diễn tương lai tiếp diễn khơng có bị động, thể be-being-been tồn liền câu tiếng anh II/ CÁC CẤU TRÚC BỊ ĐỘNG ĐẶC BIỆT Bị động với câu có tân ngữ Cấu trúc chủ động dạng là: S – V – O(sb) – O(st) Trong đó: O(sb) tân ngữ GIÁN TIẾP người O(st) tân ngữ TRỰC TIẾP vật VD: Với câu: “She gave me the book.” Có cách để chuyển sang thể bị động: Cách 1: Lấy tân ngữ gián tiếp người làm chủ ngữ S(sb) + be + VpII + O(st) VD: I was given the book by her Cách 2: Lấy tân ngữ trực tiêp vật làm chủ ngữ S(st) + be + VpII + GIỚI TỪ + O(sb) VD: The book was given TO me by her Các động từ thường áp dụng công thức là: Give sb st => Sb be given st => St be given TO sb Show sb st => Sb be shown st => St be shown TO sb Send sb st => Sb be sent st => St be sent TO sb Offer sb st => Sb be offered st => St be offered TO sb Cook sb st => Sb be cooked st => St be cooked FOR sb Choose sb st => Sb be chosen st => St be chosen FOR sb Buy sb st => Sb be bought st => St be bought FOR sb Make sb st => Sb be made st => St be made FOR sb Cấu trúc bị động kép Cấu trúc chủ động: They/ people + V tường thuật (say/ think/ believe/ suppose/…) + that S V O Có cách chuyển sang dạng bị động: Cách 1: Dùng chủ ngữ giả “It” It + Be + PII tường thuật (said/ thought/ believed/ supposed/…) + that + S V O Với dạng này, ta chuyển vế thành bị động mệnh đề sau that giữ nguyên Động từ TOBE chia số theo chủ ngữ “It” theo thời ban đầu động từ tường thuật Cách 2: Dùng chủ ngữ mệnh đề sau “that” S + Be + PII tường thuật (said/ thought/ believed/ supposed/…) + to V/ have PII Thời động từ TOBE tuân theo thời động từ tường thuật câu gốc, số hay số nhiều chia theo chủ ngữ Vế sau dùng TO V V tường thuật V mệnh đề thời, dùng TO HAVE PII có lệch thời giữ động từ Bị động với LET, MAKE, HAVE, GET CHỦ ĐỘNG Let sb st Make sb st Have sb st Get sb TO st BỊ ĐỘNG Let st be done by sb Make st be done by sb Have st done Get st done VD: My mother let me buy that toy => My mother let that toy be bought by me My parents make me study Spanish => My parents make Spanish be studied by me Bị động động từ theo sau V-ing Ta dùng dạng Ving sau động từ sau: Admit (thừa nhận) Avoid (tránh) Consider (coi như) Delay (hoãn) Deny (phủ nhận) Detest/ hate (ghét) Dread (sợ) Enjoy (thích thú) Excuse (xin lỗi) Fancy (thích) Imagine (tưởng tượng) Finish (kết thúc) Forgive (tha thứ) Imagine (tưởng tượng) Keep (cứ trì) Mind (ngại) Miss (bỏ lỡ) Pardon (bỏ qua) Postpone (trì hỗn) Practise (thực hành) Propose (đề nghị) Resent (phật ý) Resist (khăng khăng) Risk (liều mạng) Suggest (gợi ý) Try (cố gắng) Khi chuyển sang thể bị động, ta giữ nguyên chủ thể động từ bảng trên, chuyển bị động vế sau theo công thức: Cấu trúc chủ động: S + V + sb Ving + st => Bị động: S + V + sb/st + being + P2 VD: I suggest opening a new shoe shop => I suggest a new shoe shop being opened She admitted stealing the jewelry => She admitted the jewelry being stolen Bị động động từ theo sau V (khuyết thiếu) To V CẤU TRÚC: Chủ động: S + can/ should/ must/ had to/ used to/ be able to/… + V + O => Bị động: S + can/ should/ must/ had to/ used to/ be able to/… + be Ved/ PII VD: You can turn on the air-conditioner => The air-conditioner can be turned on (by you) He is able to lift that heavy box with one hand => That heavy box is able to be lifted with one hand by him Bị động động từ tri giác SEE, SMELL, WATCH, NOTICE, HEAR, LOOK CẤU TRÚC CHUNG: Chứng kiến phần hành động: ĐT tri giác + O + V-ing (Ai chứng kiến người khác làm thấy phần hành động hành động diễn bị hành động khác xen vào) => Bị động: S + be + P2 + Ving Chứng kiến toàn hành động: ĐT tri giác + O + V (Ai chứng kiến người khác làm từ đầu đến cuối) => Bị động: S + be + P2 + to +V CHÚ Ý: riêng động từ: feel, find, catch sử dụng cơng thức VD: We saw her following us when we passed the shop => She was seen following us when we passed the shop He noticed a girl sing a beautiful song in the park => A girl was noticed to sing a beautiful song in the park Bị động SUGGEST, REQUIRE, REQUEST, ORDER, DEMAND, INSIST, RECOMMEND CẤU TRÚC: Chủ động: S + suggest/ recommend/ order/ require + that + S + (should) + V O => Bị động: It + was/ will be/ has been/ is + P2 + that + S + (should) + be + P2 Trong đó: ● "be" khơng đổi động từ mệnh đề câu chủ động dạng V nguyên thể ● Should lược bỏ VD: He suggested that she (should) buy a new car => He suggested that a new car (should) be bought Bị động cấu trúc chủ ngữ giả " IT" CẤU TRÚC: Chủ động: It + be + adj + for sb + to st => Bị động: It + be + adj + for st + to be done VD: It is impossible for me to finish this task in one hour => It is impossible for this task to be finished in one hour Các trường hợp đặc biệt 1/ It's your duty to + V => Bị động: You're supposed to + V VD: It's your duty to clean the floor today => You are supposed to clean the floor today 2/ It's impossible to + V => Bị động: S + can't + be + P2 VD: It's impossible to reach the manager by phone today => The manager can't be reached by phone today 3/ It's necessary to + V => Bị động: S + should/ must + be +P2 VD: It's necessary for you to revise for the test => This test should/ must be revised for by you 4/ Mệnh lệnh thức + Object => Bị động: S + should/must + be +P2 VD: Take off your shoes! => Your shoes should be taken off B BÀI TẬP VẬN DỤNG Exercise 1: Chuyển câu sau sang thể bị động theo thời thích hợp (khẳng định) Cats usually eat fish _ They are playing chess in the room now _ Harry has visited my house several times _ John took the pill this morning _ My parents were watching a TV show at this time yesterday _ We had known that family for years before they moved away _ They will widen this road soon _ She is going to sell her house next month _ The students will be taking an important test at this time tomorrow _ 10 I will have received a gift from my pen pal by this Sunday _ 11 My father will punish my sister 12 Alan opened a coffee shop last year 13 His brother has painted the fence so far 14 Anna is reading a book at the moment 15 They use computers at school for education purpose 16 A good teacher is going to teach us German next month 17 We can buy postcards in all tourist resorts _ 18 We were making a cake in the kitchen when the disaster struck the town _ 19 They had crossed the bridge before you called them _ 20 By Saturday, Julie will have finished her monthly report for the company _ Exercise 2: Chuyển câu sau sang thể bị động theo thời thích hợp (phủ định) My close friend didn’t give me a bar of chocolate on Valentine Day _ Peter hasn’t won a lottery so far this year _ The teacher isn’t explaining the lesson at present _ The MC won’t interview the president on the tonight news I hadn’t offered Peter some CD games before he asked My mother wasn’t cleaning the floor while I was studying He doesn’t drink beer so often Bing and Lisa weren’t studying Math at that time They aren’t going to buy that sofa 10 We don’t have to grow vegetables in our garden Exercise 3: Chuyển câu sau sang thể bị động theo thời thích hợp (nghi vấn) Do Vietnamese eat durians? Did Alex apply for that position? Is your uncle going to visit Hanoi next month? Have you cooked that dish before? Will customers comment on our new product? Are they fixing the bike at this time? Was Alice doing her homework at p.m yesterday? Had their brothers won the match before time was up? Will you prepare for dinner tonight? 10 Will she have completed her phone call by six thirty? Exercise 4: Chuyển câu tân ngữ sau sang thể bị động Her mom will give her a new book this afternoon She _ The children didn’t show him their paintings He Could you send me your CV via email? I My girlfriend is cooking some spaghetti for me in the kitchen Some spaghetti Ivan’s parents are going to choose him a suitable university A suitable university _ The employers don’t offer the position to ones who are not qualified The position Aunt Helen has bought my younger brother a new shirt lately My younger brother _ I was making a collage for my daddy when he stepped into my room A collage Exercise 5: Chuyển câu sau sang thể bị động kép theo cách People believe that he is a hero => It _ => He _ They said that the novel is worth reading => It => The novel _ They claim that English is spoken all over the world => It => English _ People think that drinking soda is not good for health => It => Drinking soda _ They say that watching Youtube videos spoils young children => It _ => Watching Youtube videos People suppose that this man caused the accident => It => This man _ People believe that violet rays are harmful to human => It => Violet rays They once thought that the earth was square => It => The earth _ Exercise 6: Chọn đáp án A A The examiner let test paper by all the students be done B done C to be done D The robber admitted the money by him and his accomplices steal B be stolen C being stolen D to be stolen A A A A A Clara used to high score at school be given B give C gave D given They were seen _ the school gate by the security crossed B cross C being crossed D crossing The doctor recommended that his blood pressure every month checked B be checked C is checked D to check Students are supposed all home assignments before class to finish B finish C finishing D finished He suggests a party in celebration for their victory organized B be organized C organizing D being organized I am going to have my laptop tomorrow A repairing B repaired C repair D to be repaired She didn’t mind her belongings _ between close friends A to be shared B being shared C shared D share 10 We were warned not alone by people A going B to going C to go D gone 11 Traffic law must _ by all residents A follow B followed C be followed D being followed 12 Charles imagined his house _ into by a gang of burglars A broken B be broken C was broken D being broken 13 The boss made the work _ by him in two hours A be completed B complete C to complete D completing 14 The company requires that interpersonal skills by all attendees A to be met B be meet C are met D be met 15 It is difficult for the game _ due to bad weather A to continue B to be continued C continues D continued 16 They finally admitted that our conversation at that time A being recorded B was recorded C recorded D to be recorded 17 The local authority is getting a new hospital near the airport A to be built B be built C built D being built 18 An electrical fault could have by the fire A caused B to be caused C been caused D be caused 19 The prisoner is thought by climbing over the wall A to be escaped B to have escaped C escaping D that escaped 20 We noticed three men after the explosion A arresting B to be arrested C being arrested D were arrested ĐÁP ÁN Exercise 1: Fish are usually eaten by cats Chess is being played by them in the room now My house has been visited by Harry several times The pill was taken by John this morning A TV show was being watched by my parents at this time yesterday That family had been known by us before they moved away This road will be widened soon Her house is going to be sold by her next month An important test will be taken by the students at this time tomorrow 10 A gift from my pen pal will have been received by me by this Sunday 11 My sister will be punished 12 A coffee shop was opened by Alan last year 13 The fence has been painted by his brother so far 14 A book is being read by Anna at the moment 15 Computers are used at school for education purpose 16 We are going to be taught German by a good teacher next month 17 Postcards can be bought in all tourist resorts 18 A cake was being made by us in the kitchen when the disaster struck the town 19 The bridge had been crossed by them before you call them 20 By Saturday, Julie’s monthly report for the company will have been finished Exercise 2: A bar of chocolate wasn’t given to me by my close friend on Valentine Day A lottery hasn’t been won by Peter so far this year The lesson isn’t being explained by the teacher at the moment The president won’t be interviewed by the MC on the tonight news Peter hadn’t been offered some CD games by me before he asked The floor wasn’t being cleaned while I was studying Beer isn’t drunk by him so often Math wasn’t being studied by Bing and Lisa at that time That sofa isn’t going to be bought 10 Vegetables don’t have to be grown in our garden Exercise 3: Are durians eaten by Vietnamese? Was the position applied for by Alex? Is Hanoi going to be visited by your uncle next month? Has that dish been cooked by you before? Will out new product be commented on by customers? Is the bike being fixed at this time? Was her homework being done by Alice at p.m yesterday? Had the match been won by their brother before time was up? Will dinned be prepared by you tonight? 10 Will her phone call have been completed by six thirty? Exercise 4: She will be given a new book by her mom this afternoon He wasn’t shown their paintings by the children Could I be sent your CV via email? Some spaghetti is being cooked for me in the kitchen A suitable university is going to be chosen for Ivan by his parents The position isn’t offered to ones who are not qualified My younger brother has been bought a new shirt lately A collage was being made for my daddy when he stepped into my room Exercise 5: It is believed that he is a hero He is believed to be a hero It was said that the novel was worth reading The novel was said to be worth reading It is claimed that English is spoken all over the world English is claimed to be spoken all over the world It is thought that drinking soda is not good for our health Drinking soda is thought to be not good for our health It is said that watching Youtube videos spoils young children Watching Youtube videos is said to spoil young children It is supposed that this man caused the accident This man is supposed to have caused the accident It is believed that violet rays are harmful to human Violet rays are believed to be harmful to human 8 It was once thought that the earth was square The earth was once thought to be square Exercise 6: A A 11 C 16 A C D 12 D 17 A A B 13 A 18 C D B 14 D 19 B B 10 C 15 B 20 C