Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development Project Technical Report (Milestone 3) Capacity Building in Applied Natural Resource Economics and Management for Vietnam (Project No 025/05VIE) Date: 11th April 2007 Contents Institute Information Project Abstract Introduction Competency Assessment and Curriculum Development Farmer Surveys Agricultural Knowledge Information System Website Implementation Plan Policy Briefs Sign-off 15 List of Annexes Annex Competency Questionnaire, Training Workshop on Natural 16 Resource Economics and Management Annex Farmer Survey Report 18 Annex Web Page Contents of the Agricultural Knowledge Information System Website 60 Institute Information Project Name Capacity Building in Applied Natural Resource Economics and Management for Vietnam Vietnamese Institution Faculty of Economics and Rural Development, Hanoi Agricultural University Gialam, Hanoi, Vietnam Vietnamese Project Team Leader Mr Tran Dinh Thao Australian Organisation Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia Australian Personnel Emeritus Professor Thomas Gordon MacAulay Date commenced January 1, 2006 Completion date (original) June 30, 2008 Completion date (revised) Reporting period Contact Officer(s) In Australia: Team Leader Name: Prof Thomas Gordon MacAulay Emeritus Professor Position: Organisation Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia Telephone: 61 9888 9600 Fax: Email: 61 9888 5821 g.macaulay@usyd.edu.au a.vervoort@usyd.edu.au In Australia: Administrative contact Ms Luda Kuchieva Name: Administration officer Position: Organisation Research Grants University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia Telephone: Fax: Email: 61 9351 7903 61 9351 3256 Telephone: Fax: 84 48 769 770 84 48 276 554 Email: tdthao@netnam.org.vn Or trandinhthaoktl@yahoo.com Luda.kuchieva@usyd.edu.au In Vietnam Name: Position: Mr Tran Dinh Thao Senior Lecturer, Head of Department Organisation Faculty of Economics and Rural Development Hanoi Agricultural University Gialam, Hanoi, Vietnam -1- Project Abstract With very rapid growth and development in Vietnam, there is a danger of overuse and mismanagement of natural resources, thus compromising sustainable development The level of knowledge, understanding and use of the principles of natural resource management (NRE) is limited in Vietnamese agriculture The designed outcome of the project is to begin to have resource management concepts used in various institutions in Vietnam (Universities, MARD, and the extension system) and to strengthen the ability to deliver knowledge, set policies and advise farmers in this area This outcome is being approached through a participatory approach using workshops in Vietnam on NRE held by the University of Sydney staff and the staff of the participating organizations Two training workshops and extension workshops each have already been held in Hanoi and Can Tho, Vietnam Two of the Vietnamese scholars have had three month visits to the University of Sydney so as to broaden their understanding of NRE In the next stage, three more extension workshops will be held at the provincial level by Vietnamese staff with participation of USYD team members, thus transferring the acquired knowledge to extension specialists and thereby to smallholder farmers In the final stage, five training workshops/field days with farmers will be conducted to demonstrate the use and application of practical knowledge and skills in resource management -2- Introduction This report has been prepared as a part of the project milestone three, which includes; The baseline for a natural resource economics curriculum at Hanoi Agricultural University (HAU) and Can Tho University and an assessment of the competency and knowledge levels of university faculty staff in natural resource economics and the available information Farmer surveys and priorities for farmer intervention in natural resource economics Documentation of an Agricultural Knowledge Information System including details of the website and an implementation plan agreed to by HAU and Can Tho University Policy briefs based on the research work of two Vietnamese research scholars Competency Assessment and Curriculum Development This project was designed to strengthen the teaching and research capacity in the field of natural resource economics in several key Vietnamese institutions of higher education This is being accomplished through assistance in curriculum development and course design and transfer of research and training expertise The first stage of the project, that is, institutional capacity building has been approached through conducting training workshops on Natural Resource Economics and Management run by staff of The University of Sydney in Hanoi and Can Tho Assistance was also provided by a group of academics at Hanoi Agricultural University (there were 26 participants), and Can Tho University (there were 19 participants) in July 2006 The aim of the workshops was to enhance the capacity of the participants to pass on the acquired knowledge to extension specialists Pre and post workshop competency tests were conducted among the participants to compare their knowledge level before and after the workshops The results were very satisfactory; in the post workshop competency tests (Refer to Annex 1) The curriculum development part of the project for the Vietnamese Institutions is currently in progress Issues of curriculum and course design have been discussed at both of the Vietnamese institutions visited by the University of Sydney team -3- members In Hanoi they met with Dr Thuy, a lecturer at Hanoi Agricultural University who teaches the unit Environmental Economics (January 2006) We had a very good discussion and reviewed the curriculum for the unit The unit content was reasonably standard, with an emphasis on theoretical concepts Even though these concepts are important and useful in grasping the problems of environmental economics, it was mutually agreed that the curriculum for this unit could benefit from incorporating more practical activities These included: exercises based on custom built MS-Excel spreadsheets, analysis and discussion of research papers, short essays on certain aspects of environmental and resource economics, etc It was agreed to consider the specific areas of environmental and resource economics that will be covered in this project and to make them available to Dr Thuy In Can Tho a meeting was held with Ms Vo Thi Lang, a lecturer in environmental economics at Can Tho University, with whom collaboration in reviewing curricula was discussed for the subjects that she was teaching Work is continuing on identifying the curriculum needs for Environmental and Resource Economics at Can Tho University Farmer Surveys The initial information for a stakeholder/beneficiary analysis of the project was collected by holding extensive discussions in Vietnam and by administering a survey on small groups of identified potential stakeholders in Vietnam (refer to the project proposal for a summary of the results of this survey) A more detailed stakeholder/beneficiary analysis using a participatory approach with a focus on smallholder farmers was planned as one of the first activities within this project which would help to identify the key concerns and needs that the farmers have in relation to the natural resources The farmer survey has been completed with a total of 90 respondents 15 participants each were interviewed from Bac Giang, Bac Lieu, Hung Yen and Soc Trang regions and another 30 participants were interviewed from Ha Tinh region The possible key interventions, as identified from the farmer survey are given below -4- Possible Key Interventions Water issues appear to raise serious concerns among the sampled farmers, suggesting that improvements in irrigation and drainage systems are high on the list of key interventions (Where irrigation systems exist, high fees have been raised as a concern.) Water quality is also an issue, with water pollution being identified as a constraint on shrimp farming Water treatment facilities may be a possible area for policy intervention Declining fish stocks were also identified as a major problem, meaning that regulatory intervention in the open access fishing industries is in urgent need of various forms of policy mechanisms to manage the stocks Regarding terrestrial farming, unclear farm boundaries and uncontrolled ruminant grazing suggest the importance of clarifying property rights, so that use of on-farm resources can be more efficiently (and sustainably) managed by the property owner It is also notable that in two surveyed provinces (Soc Trang and Bac Lieu) less than 10 per cent of the sampled farmers had access to agricultural extension services The issue of availability of extension services in those areas should be addressed Fuller details are provided in the attached farmer survey Report in Annex Agricultural Knowledge Information System Website Implementation Plan The creation of the Agricultural Knowledge Information System (AKIS) website was first proposed by the project participants during the project inception meeting in January, 2006 and again during the first round of workshops in July, 2006 The key issues identified were in relation to hosting the website, securing an appropriate domain name, general design features and content, and web administration issues The project team appointed Mr Nguyen Duy Linh of Hanoi Agricultural University as a website administrator with the primary responsibility of setting up, maintaining and updating the website This was deemed appropriate, since administering the website in Vietnam and by a Vietnamese team member was seen as a valuable contribution to the capacity building objective of the project It was also decided that Ms Annette Vervoort of The University of Sydney, will act as a web administrator and she will be responsible for uploading materials provided by the Australian team members -5- Current status The website domain name is www.resman.edu.vn and is currently operational in an initial version and is temporarily hosted on the HAU server It consists of both Vietnamese and English components The website has been publicised in the recent round of workshops The website target audience is Vietnamese academics and students in the area of natural resource and environmental economics, policymakers in this area (MARD), extension workers and farmers with some expertise in the area Currently, the website contains the description of the Projects, the materials from the first round of workshops (Powerpoint presentations), as well as useful links to internet resources Actions to be taken Updating the website contents with new material needs to be expedited, and its usage needs to be encouraged through publicising its existence The following steps have been agreed upon: Uploading the most recently available material flowing from the project (workshop materials, research papers by research scholars, workshop schedules and programs, further links, photos, etc.) This will be undertaken by Mr Linh and Ms Vervoort It is expected that the website will be fully functional by the end of 2007 with all materials and resources being posted and organised along with easy accessibility Further publicity for the website will be provided through e-mails sent to relevant institutions and agencies in Vietnam during the December 2007 to January 2008 period Usage of the website and the active involvement of the project partners, Hanoi Agricultural University, CanTho University and Hue University, will be encouraged through a letter from the project leaders, Gordon MacAulay and Tran Dinh Thao These letters will be sent to people and departments in the three participating universities and some other related organisations This step will help inform potential users about the existence and functionality of the website and encourage further dissemination of the website address, in particular, to extension agencies and officers (details of the website are provided in Annex 3) -6- Policy Briefs Two policy briefs have been prepared based on the research work of the two research scholars (Ms Do Thi Den, Can Tho University and Ms Le Thi Kim Lien, Hue Economics University) The research scholars arrived at The University of Sydney in July and completed their research projects related to the development of case studies in resource use in Vietnam Ms Do Thi Den, who arrived on 22nd July and departed on 22nd October 2006, carried out research entitled “The Efficiency of Prawn Production in the Mekong Delta” Similarly, Ms Le Thi Kim Lien, who arrived on 27th August and departed on 1st Nov 2006, undertook a research project entitled “Alternative Systems of Shrimp Culture in the Lagoon Area of Thua Thien, Hue, Vietnam” Ms Den prepared a paper and which was presented at the Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Conference, held in Queenstown, New Zealand in February 2007 and this was used as the basis for the policy brief entitled “The Efficiency of Prawn Production in the Mekong Delta.” The policy brief relating to Ms Lien’s work was entitled “Alternative Systems of Shrimp Culture in the Lagoon area of Thua Thien, Hue, Vietnam.” Both briefs identified the CARD project 025/05 VIE and points of contact in relation to the work These will be made available on the website and are provided below -7- Policy Brief (1) AusAID CARD Project 025/05 VIE The Efficiency of Prawn Production in the Mekong Delta Purpose To provide an update for relevant decision makers on recent information collected and analysed regarding the efficiency of production for prawns in the Mekong Delta, and on some factors which affect the efficiency Background Prawn farming has developed very rapidly as an industry in the Mekong Delta to the point where it supplies 60 per cent of the value of Vietnam’s annual aquatic products exports and some 29.2 per cent of the agriculture sector’s contribution to gross national product However, over the period 2003-5 some 30 per cent of the total prawn farms were experiencing economic losses (Sinh 2006) reflecting the high levels of risk involved and particularly the risk of disease outbreaks The profitability of prawn farms depends to a considerable extent on their productivity Economic efficiency has two components: technical efficiency and allocative efficiency (Farrell 1957) Technical efficiency reflects the ability of a farm to obtain maximum output from a given set of inputs using the available technology (Dey et al., 2000) The levels of technical efficiency of 193 prawn farms from Bac Lieu province were analysed A stochastic frontier model was used to determine the technical efficiency of each farm in the production of prawns Then, a second regression model was run, using the technical efficiency measures and data on the characteristics of the households and farms, to determine which factors were most likely to influence the level of technical efficiency for a household Issues • Land, and to some extent water resources, are very limited in Vietnam so that their efficient use is important to the economic growth and development of the country • Prawn farming is a new and expanding industry in the Mekong Delta The importance of measuring the level of technical efficiency of prawn aquaculture -8- Table 22: Types of training courses (%) By income By region Indicator Content - Technique - Post harvest-product maintain - Economic accounting - Marketing - Resource management 2.Location - At district - At commune - At hamlet Organizers Extension agents NGOs Research Institutes/University Company/Enterprises Others Bac Giang Hung Yen Ha Tinh Soc Trang Bac Lieu Rich By occupation Medium Poor Pure Mixed farming Average 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 22.9 16.7 60.4 2.6 94.7 2.6 20.0 76.7 3.3 0.0 100.0 0.0 50.0 50.0 0.0 19.4 61.1 19.4 17.7 60.5 21.8 0.0 100.0 0.0 17.0 55.0 28.0 19.7 74.2 6.1 18.1 62.7 19.3 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 51.4 0.0 11.4 37.1 0.0 94.7 0.0 0.0 5.3 0.0 57.1 14.3 14.3 14.3 42.9 41.7 0.0 0.0 58.3 25.0 69.4 0.0 8.3 13.9 8.3 79.7 0.8 1.6 15.4 2.4 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 80.8 1.0 1.0 14.1 3.0 74.2 0.0 6.1 15.2 4.5 74.2 0.0 6.1 15.2 4.5 - 51 - Table 23: Assessment of agricultural extension agents and other organizations (%) Indicator Provides services that are useful for farmers 1.6 React quickly to farmers requirements 1.6 Provides useful training to farmers 1.6 Helps farmers to increase income 0.0 Located near my home/is accessible 0.0 Has skilled staff 0.0 Provides services at reasonable charge 0.0 Helps farmers regardless of gender of farmer 7.9 Cares about opinion of farmers 0.0 Provides useful advice 0.0 Has a good reputation in the commune 0.0 Staff are highly approachable 0.0 Reliable 0.0 Assists farmers in selling products 0.0 Overall assessment 0.0 Note: Excellent Very good Agricultural Extension 46.0 36.5 9.5 32.8 52.5 11.5 72.6 14.5 6.5 41.3 49.2 1.6 69.8 19.0 9.5 52.4 34.9 12.7 21.3 59.0 13.1 15.9 31.7 34.9 21.0 62.9 8.1 61.9 25.4 9.5 58.7 34.9 6.3 73.0 19.0 6.3 55.6 36.5 6.3 1.7 10.2 37.3 63.1 27.7 6.2 Neither good nor bad Quite poor Very poor - 52 - 6.3 1.6 4.8 7.9 1.6 0.0 6.6 9.5 8.1 3.2 0.0 1.6 1.6 50.8 3.1 1.9 1.9 2.0 0.0 0.0 1.9 6.1 0.0 1.9 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 57.7 40.4 44.0 34.6 57.7 35.8 38.8 9.8 22.6 48.1 35.8 52.9 43.4 11.3 47.2 Others 34.6 53.8 38.0 50.0 30.8 49.1 40.8 47.1 60.4 46.2 60.4 39.2 54.7 15.1 49.1 5.8 3.8 10.0 13.5 7.7 11.3 10.2 33.3 9.4 3.8 3.8 3.9 1.9 41.5 3.8 0.0 0.0 6.0 1.9 3.8 1.9 4.1 9.8 5.7 0.0 0.0 3.9 0.0 32.1 0.0 Table 24: Level of adoption (%) Item Usefulness of training course - Useful - Not useful Adaptation/application - Apply in the farm - Not apply Rate of adoption (%) Bac Giang Hung Yen By region Ha Soc Tinh Trang By income Bac Lieu Rich Medium Poor By occupation Pure Mixed farming Average 100.0 0.0 80.0 20.0 90.0 10.0 40.0 60.0 46.7 53.3 85.7 14.3 76.1 23.9 44.4 55.6 74.1 25.9 77.8 22.2 75.6 24.4 100.0 0.0 66.79 80.0 20.0 65.00 90.0 10.0 66.15 40.0 60.0 67.69 46.7 53.3 66.43 85.7 14.3 62.31 76.1 23.9 61.54 44.4 55.6 60.00 74.1 25.9 56.71 77.8 22.2 60.56 75.6 24.4 58.24 - 53 - F Some main problems related to household resource use Table 25: Main problems in the farm (%) Problem Land allocation not completed Soil erosion Low soil fertility Soil degradation Limited area suitable for agriculture, shifting cultivation No water supply /no irrigation system Drought High irrigation fees/irrigation system Management not effective and not suitable Drainage system not effective Water contamination Lack of clean water Lack of adequate irrigation systems Forest degradation Few non-timber forest products Allocation of forest land Management of community forest not effective Very serious Serious 1.2 0.0 4.7 3.4 13.1 6.0 22.1 25.3 31.0 27.7 24.4 25.3 7.1 10.8 18.6 17.2 Not serious at all 47.6 55.4 30.2 28.7 0.0 12.3 29.6 13.6 44.4 2.3 1.2 23.3 20.0 18.6 35.3 15.1 28.2 40.7 15.3 0.0 37.8 37.8 0.0 24.4 5.8 3.5 3.3 1.1 16.3 19.8 23.3 28.1 39.5 33.7 41.1 41.6 24.4 27.9 16.7 16.9 14.0 15.1 15.6 12.4 3.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 29.9 12.9 16.1 9.7 28.7 25.8 74.2 48.4 18.4 29.0 3.2 16.1 19.5 32.3 6.5 25.8 0.0 3.2 51.6 22.6 22.6 - 54 - So so Not very serious Table 25 (Continued) Problem Lack of technical knowledge on forestry Lack of support from extension services Lack of awareness of some farmers about importance of forest management Unsustainable harvesting of forests Lack of knowledge on forest management and logging methods Lack of awareness for investment on forestry Lack of land use and management plans Boundaries not clear Uncontrolled grazing of ruminants Exhausted fish stock Water pollution as a constraint for shrimp farming Lack of water systems (intake and drainage canals) Very serious Serious So so Not very serious Not serious at all 0.0 19.4 71.0 0.0 9.7 0.0 25.8 64.5 3.2 6.5 0.0 0.0 12.9 6.5 80.6 77.4 0.0 3.2 6.5 12.9 0.0 6.5 80.6 3.2 9.7 0.0 16.1 71.0 3.2 9.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 17.4 16.7 25.8 60.0 38.4 70.0 45.2 36.0 26.7 0.0 9.7 0.0 10.5 13.3 19.4 4.0 7.0 6.7 38.9 34.4 14.4 5.6 4.5 38.2 31.5 12.4 13.5 - 55 - Table 26: The most serious problems (%) By region Item Irrigation system is not good Disease Lack of technique Lack of capital Lack of high quality breeds (crop and animal) Difficulty in marketing Lack of labour Natural disaster/calamity Lack of safe water 10 Pollution 11 Low fertility land 12 Lack of sources of feed for fish 14 Fetiliser 15 High input prices 16 Veterinary 17 Knowledge 18 Information 19 Other Bac Hung Ha Giang Yen Tinh By income Soc Bac Trang Lieu Rich By occupation Medium Poor Pure Mixed farming Average 23.3 3.3 13.3 6.7 27.0 10.8 0.0 5.4 12.2 14.3 4.1 2.0 32.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 35.0 2.5 0.0 7.5 26.5 5.9 0.0 0.0 25.4 8.5 3.8 3.8 17.6 0.0 5.9 17.6 25.0 7.4 2.8 4.6 24.7 6.8 4.1 4.1 24.9 7.2 3.3 4.4 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 23.3 6.7 10.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 13.5 0.0 35.1 8.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 2.0 0.0 22.4 0.0 2.0 0.0 6.1 2.0 8.2 2.0 2.0 16.3 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 44.0 16.0 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 0.0 5.0 12.5 25.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 0.0 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.8 23.5 20.6 11.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.9 1.5 1.5 0.0 10.0 7.7 10.0 6.2 8.5 0.8 3.1 0.8 1.5 6.2 0.8 0.0 0.0 5.9 17.6 0.0 11.8 0.0 11.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.9 0.0 5.9 0.9 1.9 0.0 7.4 11.1 15.7 7.4 5.6 0.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 4.6 2.8 1.4 0.0 1.4 15.1 8.2 6.8 5.5 9.6 1.4 4.1 0.0 2.7 4.1 0.0 1.1 1.1 0.6 10.5 9.9 12.2 6.6 7.2 0.6 2.2 0.6 1.7 4.4 1.7 - 56 - Level of use of input Table 27: Level of input use (%) Input Area of land Chemical fertilizers Pesticides Seed Labour Machinery Industrial feeds Water surface Aquaculture feeds Increased a lot 2.5 13.9 14.1 4.3 0.0 15.6 18.6 6.3 9.1 Increased a little 3.7 46.8 33.8 11.6 24.7 43.8 54.3 8.3 36.4 - 57 - Stayed the same 91.4 15.2 21.1 36.2 59.7 39.1 25.7 83.3 50.0 Decreased a little 1.2 20.3 25.4 40.6 10.4 1.6 1.4 0.0 4.5 Decreased a lot 1.2 3.8 5.6 7.2 5.2 0.0 0.0 2.1 0.0 Table 28: Level of input use by assessment of household (%) By region Item Bac Hung Ha Giang Yen Tinh Pesticides - Very high - High - Normal - Low Chemical fertilizers - Very high - High - Normal - Low By income Soc Bac Trang Lieu By occupation Rich Medium Poor Average Pure Mixed farming 33.3 51.7 8.3 6.7 32.7 43.6 5.5 18.2 11.7 55.0 24.2 9.2 28.3 55.0 8.3 8.3 14.8 53.7 18.5 13.0 50.9 27.3 9.1 12.7 17.1 59.3 12.5 11.0 12.9 38.7 45.2 3.2 33.8 39.6 14.5 12.1 4.9 71.1 15.5 8.5 22.1 52.4 14.9 10.6 33.3 51.7 8.3 6.7 32.7 43.6 5.5 18.2 11.7 55.0 24.2 9.2 28.3 55.0 8.3 8.3 14.8 53.7 18.5 13.0 50.9 27.3 9.1 12.7 17.1 59.3 12.5 11.0 12.9 38.7 45.2 3.2 33.8 39.6 14.5 12.1 4.9 71.1 15.5 8.5 22.1 52.4 14.9 10.6 - 58 - G Expectations and need of households Table 29: Some expectations and measures Indicator By region Bac Hung Ha Giang Yen Tinh Households want to attend training courses (%) Type of training courses Crop techniques Animal raising techniques Both crop and animal raising techniques Forest planting techniques Rice techniques Winter crop production techniques Fertiliser use techniques Disease prevention techniques Aquaculture raising techniques Measures for problems Investment more for irrigation Providing training courses Providing good quality inputs Loans Build drainage systems Land accumulation 10 Output subsidy 11 Input subsidy 12 New technology 100.0 100.0 25.0 50.0 4.2 20.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 18.8 25.0 25.0 18.8 0.0 0.0 12.5 0.0 0.0 Soc Bac Trang Lieu 93.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 43.2 0.0 27.0 0.0 8.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.7 21.4 5.4 78.6 13.5 60.0 0.0 0.0 20.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.0 0.0 By income 7.7 0.0 30.8 0.0 0.0 46.2 0.0 0.0 15.4 Rich 86.7 93.3 100.0 135.7 100.0 125.0 57.1 7.1 35.3 42.9 0.0 41.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.1 0.0 0.0 7.1 0.0 0.0 78.6 17.6 35.7 0.0 21.4 7.1 28.6 0.0 0.0 7.1 0.0 - 59 - 69.2 0.0 7.7 23.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 50.0 0.0 12.5 12.5 12.5 0.0 12.5 0.0 0.0 By occupation Medium Poor 95.5 88.9 106.3 100.0 31.3 30.0 27.7 10.0 3.6 10.0 4.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.4 0.0 4.8 20.0 25.3 30.0 41.7 6.3 16.7 6.3 6.3 12.5 2.1 4.2 4.2 0.0 10.0 30.0 50.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.0 0.0 Pure Mixed farming Average 96.3 107.0 28.4 23.9 4.5 7.5 0.0 0.0 3.0 4.5 28.4 97.2 108.7 37.2 34.9 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.0 18.6 96.7 107.6 31.8 28.2 3.6 4.5 0.0 0.0 1.8 5.5 24.5 41.9 7.0 11.6 11.6 4.7 7.0 4.7 7.0 4.7 26.1 4.3 30.4 17.4 8.7 13.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 36.4 6.1 18.2 13.6 6.1 9.1 3.0 4.5 3.0 Annex Contents of the Agricultural Knowledge Information System Website - 60 - - 61 - ` - 62 - - 63 - - 64 - - 65 - ... 60 Institute Information Project Name Capacity Building in Applied Natural Resource Economics and Management for Vietnam Vietnamese Institution Faculty of Economics and Rural Development, Hanoi... Rented in and rented out land Item No of households renting in land No of households having land for rent Area for renting in Area for renting out Unit Average Bac Giang Bac Lieu By region Ha Tinh... regarding complete farm business activities from production to marketing and post-harvest handling It was found that females are left far behind in attending training courses and in making farm