1 ATTACHMENT 11 Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development CARD Project 017/06VIE - Sustainable community-based forest development and management in some high-poverty areas in Bac Kan Province Report on Repeat Survey of Four Pilot Villages in Van Minh and Lang San Communes Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry March 2010 2 Table of contents 1. Introduction 3 2. Objective of survey 3 3. Methodology 3 4. Survey results 4 4.1 Basic information of households 4 4.1.1 Ethnic minority group and gender ratio 4 4.1.2 Household wealth ranking and food security status 4 4.1.3 Household land status 5 4.1.4 Income and expenditure status in household production 6 (P.Ex: production expenditure) 7 4.2 CARD project’s supported activities 7 4.3 Household forest management and development status 8 4.4 Benefit of forest management and development 9 4.4.1 Benefit of forest management by village’s regulation 9 4.4.2 Benefit of community based forest management 10 4.5 Difficulties and solutions for forestry development 10 4.5.1 Difficulties and solutions for development of allocated household forest 10 4.5.2 Difficulties and solutions in community forest management 11 4.6 Impact of CARD project on community based forest management (benefits) 12 3 1. Introduction The CARD 017-06 VIE project aims to empower ethnic minority people in four pilot villages in Van Minh and Lang San communes in Kim Hy nature Reserve, Na Ri district, Bac Kan province. This project will be implemented with local authority cooperation in forest land use planning, land allocation and use. It includes capacity building activities at community and government levels, provide technical and institutional supports. This project will provide support to improve livelihood of disadvantaged households and ethnic minority people through empowering forest management right and forest land use right and benefit from these resources. These systems will be set up to prevent of forest land degradation and better manage forest resources. The development of information systems, experiences and training methods will be shared with other communes in the district and extended to other relevant parts of the province and northern mountainous regions through stakeholders and other information dissemination methods. The project Goal is Sustainable improvement in livelihood security of disadvantaged forest-dependent people in northern mountainous areas, through empowerment of access to forest and forest land, influence over forest land management, conservation of the natural resources and development of relevant skills In the beginning of project implementation in 2007, an socio-economic survey in four pilot villages of Na Muc, Khuoi Lieng, Ban Sang and Toddoc was carried to collect baseline information which was then used as a basis to formulate many subsequent activities, such as land use planning and land allocation, CFM guidelines and CFM plans. After nearly three years, a repeat survey of these four villages to assess project outputs and benefits. The results of this survey is reported here. 2. Objective of survey This repeat survey was conducted to determine the changes in socio-economic status, allocated forest land use status, and community forest manangement status in the four pilot villages of Na Muc and Khuoi Lieng of Van Minh comune and Ban Sang and Todooc of Lang San commune in the CARD project area over the past three years. 3. Methodology The survey team from Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry conducted interview of households participated in the CARD project in the four villages using questionnaires. Representative of households in interview was head of the households. Database of household production in 2009 was built from the questionnaires. The data was then filtered for outliers and analyzed using SPSS software program. 4 4. Survey results 4.1 Basic information of households 4.1.1 Ethnic minority group and gender ratio Ethnic minority and gender ratio of household heads are presented in Table 01. The Table shows that head of households is mostly male. The highest male ratio is in Na Muc village with 90.5%, followed by To Dooc with 72.7%, Khuoi Lieng 70.6% and Ban Sang 68.2%. The survey was conducted with the participation of representatives of various ethnic minority group living in the project area, including Tay, Nung, Dao, Kinh and Man. The majority of interviewees belonged to Tay, Nung and Dao ethnic minority. There are more Tay people in Na Muc and Khuoi Lieng villages, while Dao ethnic group dominate in To Dooc and Ban Sang villages. Table 01. Ethnic minority group and gender ratio Van Minh Lang San Na Muc Khuoi Lieng To ðooc Ban Sang No. Gender/ethnic minority Person % Person % Person % Person % Male 19 90.5 24 70.6 8 72.7 45 68.2 1 Head of household Female 2 9.5 10 29.4 3 27.3 21 31.8 Dao 1 4.8 5 14.7 0 0 4 6.1 Kinh 0 0 2 5.9 0 0 2 3 Man 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1.5 Nung 0 0 2 5.9 10 90.9 37 56.1 2 Ethnic minority Tay 20 95.2 25 73.5 1 9.1 22 33.3 Total 21 34 11 66 4.1.2 Household wealth ranking and food security status Household wealth ranking was based on official criteria of the Ministry of Labor, Invalid and Social Affairs of Vietnam Government (MOLISA). Annual household income in 2009 was determined as official indicator of this ranking. Results of household wealth ranking and food security status are presented in Table 02. Data in Table 02 indicates that most households were average and poor in the four villages. While rich household rate varied from 6.1% to 19% among the four villages. In comparison with 2006, the poverty rate decreased considerably from 56.3% in 2006 to 37.9% in 2009. The average household rate increased from 30.4% to 52.3%. There were no rich household; this is partly due to change in official criteria of MOLISA since 2009. 5 Table 02. Household wealth ranking and food security status in 2009 Van Minh Lang San Na Muc Khuoi Lieng To ðooc Ban Sang Total Classification hhd % hhd % hhd % hhd % hhd % 1. Rich 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2. Better-off 4 19 3 8.8 2 18.2 4 6.1 13 9.8 3. Average 15 71.4 10 29.4 6 54.6 38 57.6 69 52.3 4. Poor 2 9.5 21 61.8 3 27.3 24 36.4 50 37.9 Household’s food security status 1. Sufficient 21 100 18 52.9 5 45.5 39 59.1 83 63 2. Lack below 3 months 0 0 10 29.4 2 18.2 13 19.7 25 18.4 3. Lack from 3-6 months 0 0 5 14.7 4 36.4 11 16.7 20 15.3 4. Lack above 6 months 0 0 1 2.9 0 0 3 4.5 4 3.3 Total 21 34 11 66 132 With regard to household food security, Table 02 indicates that food security status varied considerably between villages. Only households in Na Muc village had no food shortage problem at all. About half of the households in the other three villages had sufficient food for whole year. 14.7% to 36.4% faced food shortage for 3-6 months. A few households in Khuoi Lieng and Ban Sang faced food shortage more than 6 months per year. In general, most households in the project four pilot villages still face socio- economic difficulty. 4.1.3 Household land status Due to the complexity of moutainous topography in the two communes and poor road condition, the main income of households came from agricultural production and forestry activities. The survey indicates that spring rice, summer rice and corn are the three main crops in crop production of communities. Most agricultural land is mainly cultivated for one crop per year. The two-crop rice area is very small because of lack of irrigation system. Land status of households participated in the CARD project is presented in Table 03. Data in Table 03 indicates that average agriculture and forestry area per household in Na Muc and Khuoi Lieng villages are higher than those in To Dooc and Ban Sang. However, forest land belongs mainly to natural forest area. Production forest area is quite small. The highest production forest area is only 3.6 ha/household in Khuoi Lieng, and the lowest in To Dooc village with 0.36 ha/household. Table 03 also indicates that new planted forest area is small, accounting for about 40% of production forest area. This suggests that attention of local people in forestry economic development is still low. 6 Table 03. Household land status in the project area (average) Van Minh Lang San No. Land type Unit Na muc Khuoi Lieng To ðooc Ban Sang 1 One rice crop area 1000m 2 6.7 7.7 2.8 2.4 2 Two rice crop area 1000m 2 2.3 1.9 1.4 1.4 3 Hilly land area 1000m 2 3.5 1.9 5.4 5.9 4 Water surface area 1000m 2 9 3.1 0 6.3 5 Land tenure, garden 1000m 2 1.4 1.01 2.7 7.7 6 Natural forest ha 5.5 7.5 0.5 0.99 7 Production forest ha 1.2 3.6 0.36 1.63 8 Newly planted forest ha 0.7 1.5 0.33 0.28 4.1.4 Income and expenditure status in household production Most household incomes rely on agricultural activities, animal husbandry, forest resources and other incomes such as hired labor, off-farm activities. Income from secondary jobs accounts for a small part of total household income annually. The data shows that the production expenditure in agriculture, animal husbandry and forestry is at low level, especially investment in forestry development. Although forest land can be used to improve household’s livelihood (allocated land), income from forestry activities is very small in 2009. There are two main reasons: (1) lack of investment capacity for forest development. Khuoi Lieng village has the highest investment with only 130,000 VND per year. The remaining villages invest very small capital in forest development; and (2) New planted forest area in programs such as 661 is too young to harvest. Income from forestry mainly comes from collection of firewood, bamboo shoot, less value wood, China trees (melia). More information on household’s income sources and expenditure in 2009 and its comparison with 2006 are presented in Table 04. 7 Table 04. Household income and expenditure status in 2006 and 2009 (Unit: million VND) Van Minh Lang San Na Muc Khuoi Lieng To ðooc Ban Sang Indicator Income P.Ex Income P.Ex Income P.Ex Income P.Ex Household’s income and expenditure in production in 2009 1. Crop production 11.3048 3.4824 6.1512 1.7621 7.0382 2.9273 10.4996 3.7409 2. animal husbandary 15.5252 3.1714 4.7336 1.6344 15.0599 1.9727 6.6685 2.0961 3. Forestry 1.9562 0.0476 0.9168 0.1382 0.0736 0.0473 0.4942 0 4. Off-farm 0 0 0.4412 0 0.8964 0 0.2394 0 Tổng 28.7862 6.7014 12.2428 3.5347 23.0681 4.9473 17.9017 5.837 Household’s income and expenditure in production in 2006 1. Crop production 11.321 1.875 7.833 1.237 13.911 2.382 11.222 1.630 2. Animal husbandary 8.424 1.595 3.482 0.696 6.377 1.276 3.865 0.773 3. Forestry 0.680 0 1.025 0 3.333 0 0.594 0 4. Off-farm 5.992 0.516 1.354 0.375 2.338 0.925 0.762 0.299 Sum 26.417 3.986 13.694 2.308 25.959 4.583 16.443 2.702 (P.Ex: production expenditure) 4.2 CARD project’s supported activities Baseline survey in 2007 indicated potential to improve household income from forest development activities. Therefore CARD project has been implementing many activities related to awareness raising, capacity building activities for local people through technical trainings, experience sharing workshops, study tours to other areas (e.g. agro-forestry model in Hoa Binh, nursery model in Thanh Hoa provinces). Information on CARD project’s supported actitivies are presented in Table 05. These activities have improved knowledge and understanding of community forest development of households in the four pilot villages. 8 Table 05 Implemented activities by CARD project Van Minh Lang San Na Muc Khuoi Lieng To ðooc Ban Sang No Activities peron % person % person % person % 1 Nursery training 21 100 31 91.2 11 100 60 90.9 2 Law training 18 85.7 23 67.6 10 90.9 29 43.9 3 Forest development training 20 95.2 17 50.0 10 90.9 45 68.2 4 Non-wood forest development training 15 71.4 14 41.2 8 72.7 25 37.9 5 Community management training 17 81.0 24 70.6 10 90.9 33 50.0 6 Agro-forestry production training 15 71.4 21 61.8 8 72.7 38 57.6 7 Land use planning training 13 61.9 10 29.4 7 63.6 1 1.5 8 Training of forest development fund 14 66.7 14 41.2 8 72.7 21 31.8 9 Nursery worshop 20 95.2 18 52.9 9 81.8 22 33.3 10 Agro-forestry workshop 15 71.4 11 32.4 7 63.6 10 15.2 11 Land use planing workshop 13 61.9 11 32.4 5 45.5 7 10.6 12 Study tours 11 52.4 7 20.6 6 54.5 3 4.5 13 Nursery participation 19 90.5 24 70.6 11 100 55 83.3 14 Agro-forestry participation 12 57.1 7 20.6 7 63.6 31 47.0 15 Forest management and protection 19 90.5 25 73.5 10 90.9 1 1.5 16 Forest patrol participation 17 81.0 12 35.3 7 63.6 7 10.6 17 Forest seedling support 19 90.5 28 82.4 11 100 47 71.2 18 Material support 7 33.3 9 26.5 7 63.6 1 1.5 19 Agricultural seed support 2 9.5 7 20.6 4 36.4 18 27.3 20 Other supports 2 9.5 24 100 11 100 66 100 4.3 Household forest management and development status Household forest land is divided into two types: natural forest and production forest. In the process of forest exploitation and management, people always have active activities to develop their forestland area. One of the most important activities is protection of their forest. Besides, they also plant trees, prune off branches and prohibit uncontrolled grazing. Na Muc and To Dooc villages have more active activities than those in Khuoi Lieng and Ban Sang, especially in new forest plantation activity with more than 90% of total production forest area, followed by Khuoi Lieng with 67.7% and Ban Sang with 31.8%. Remarkably, in the project area there are some households with no activity on their forest land. The highest rate is in Ban Sang with 37.9% of total households, and Khuoi Lieng village with 26.5%. Information is presented in Table 06. This could be explained by three reasons: (1) capital shortage, (2) low people awareness of benefit of forest, and (3) long drought in 2009. At present, seedlings in all nurseries of To Dooc and Ban Sang villages have died because of lack of water. Seedlings planted in forest also have been affected heavily, some even died. However, newly planted forest 9 area in the four villages has increased considerably in 2009 compared with the figues in 2006. More information on increase of newly planted forest is presented in Table 06. Table 06. Sstatus of allocated forest management 4.4 Benefit of forest management and development 4.4.1 Benefit of forest management by village’s regulation Besides inpact of Law on Forest Protection, village’s own regulation also contribute to forest protection in the project area (Table 07). Most local people agree that village’s own regulations of forest protection has not directly changed household’s income, but they all recognize that their income will increase in the future. Especially, village’s own regulation contributes to significant reduction of illegal forest exploitation in the project area. Table 07 Benefit of forest management by village’s own regulation Van Minh Lang San Na Muc Khuoi Lieng To ðooc Ban Sang No Indicator hhd % hhd % hhd % hhd % 1 Income increase 4 19 4 11.8 1 9.1 1 1.5 2 Income decrease 0 0 0 0 1 9.1 0 0 3 No change 17 81 30 88.2 9 81.8 65 98.5 Increase 0 0 1 2.9 0 0 3 4.5 Decrease 9 42.9 11 32.4 4 36.4 16 24.2 4 Cases No change 12 57.1 22 64.7 7 63.6 47 71.2 No 12 57.1 22 64.5 7 63.6 47 71.2 Warning 3 14.3 6 17.6 4 36.4 13 19.7 5 Decision Fine 6 28.6 6 17.6 0 0 6 9.1 Van Minh Lang San Na Muc Khuoi Lieng To ðooc Ban Sang No Indicator Unit num % num % num % num % Household forest management status in 2009 1 Allocated forest hhd 21 100 32 94.1 10 90.9 56 84.8 2 Newly planted forest hhd 19 90.5 23 67.6 10 90.9 21 31.8 3 Care and protection hhd 13 61.9 21 61.8 6 54.5 21 31.8 4 No intervention hhd 1 4.8 9 26.5 1 9.09 25 37.9 5 Production forest area/household hhd 1.2 3.6 0.36 1.63 6 Newly planted forest area ha 0.7 58.3 1.5 41.7 0.33 91.7 0.28 17.2 Newly planted forest area in 2006 7 Newly planted forest area ha 0 0.2 0 0 10 4.4.2 Benefit of community based forest management Community based forest management has brought much benefits to local people. They are always aware that forest protection contributes to decrease in illegal forest exploitation. Other benefits are improved forest enrichment, reduced erosion, cleaner environment, more solidarity amoung village housholds and in crease in household income. The information is presented in Table 08. Especially, households have highly appreciated benefits of community based forest management through indicators, including significant increase in community forest quality, community solidarity, and clearer environment in the future. Table 08 Benefit of community based forest management Van Minh Lang San Na Muc Khuoi Lieng To ðooc Ban Sang No Indicator hhd % hhd % hhd % hhd % 1 Decrease illegal exploitation 21 100 32 94.1 9 81.8 57 86.4 2 Forest enrichment 17 81 34 100 10 90.9 59 89.4 3 Income increase 4 19 11 32.4 3 27.3 12 18.2 4 Community justice 7 33.3 15 44.1 5 45.5 21 31.8 5 Solidarity 16 76.2 21 61.8 6 54.5 26 39.4 6 Water keeping 12 57.1 25 73.5 4 36.4 32 48.5 7 Better environment 18 85.7 33 97.1 10 90.9 45 68.2 4.5 Difficulties and solutions for forestry development 4.5.1 Difficulties and solutions for development of allocated household forest From the investigation in household income, the value from forest may not be considerable but forest is very important to people in study region. Local people have received supports from many programs such as PAM, 327, 661 and CARD projects. At present, however, people are still facing difficulties in development and protection of forest. Free grazing is consudered the most difficult issue, not only in the project area but it is a national isuue. Besides, lack of capital for investment and the remoteness of forest are also factor. Table 09 presents this in detail. [...]... The people interviewed suggested some solutions to overcome difficulties such as establishment of forest protection team, increased awareness of local people in forest protection and development, capital borrowing with low interested rate and support of crop and forest seed 4.5.2 Difficulties and solutions in community forest management At present, community forest management is facing some obstacles... cases of forest exploitation, compliance of Law of forest protection, especially newly planted forest area While other indicators have not changed clearly such as income from community forest, village’s income, household’s income, and running water source 12 Table 11 Summary of changes in community forest management and protection after implemnetation of CARD project Van Minh Indicator Na Muc (hhd) Increase... Lieng (hhd) Increase Decrease No change 34 0 0 21 0 No change 0 2 Illegal forest exploitation 0 21 0 0 34 3 Income from community 1 1 19 5 21 0 0 5 Village income 2 3 6 Household income 3 7 Running water source 8 Newly planted forest 1 Quality of community To Dooc (hhd) Increase Decrease Ban Sang (hhd) Inrease Decrease No change 62 1 3 9 0 No change 2 0 0 11 0 3 60 3 2 27 0 0 11 11 8 47 31 2 1 11 0... household forest, such as distance of community forest from resident area, free grazing, very low payment for forest protection team, lack of labour for forest patrol The information is presented in Table 10 The people interviewed recommended solutions for continuous improvement of the quality of community forest They include more payment support for forest prorection team, continuous propaganda for improving... community based forest management (benefits) The interventions of CARD project have markably contributed to the change in the status of community forest in the project area From te interviews, local people all regconize there have been marked changes in community forest over the past three years the active changes are expressed by some basic indicators such as enrichment of community forest, decrease... 3 9 0 No change 2 0 0 11 0 3 60 3 2 27 0 0 11 11 8 47 31 2 1 11 0 0 59 2 5 16 4 6 24 0 0 11 10 7 49 0 18 5 2 27 0 0 11 2 7 57 5 4 12 11 1 22 1 4 6 12 11 43 19 0 2 31 2 1 11 0 0 46 1 19 forest forest 4 Compliance with Law of Forest Protection 13 D ÁN CARD VIE 017-06 Trư ng ð i h c Nông Lâm Thái Nguyên – CSIRO BÁO CÁO ðI U TRA CU I KỲ D ÁN CARD Tháng 3 năm 2010 14 M cl c 1 Gi i thi u 16...Table 09 Difficulties and solutions for allocated forest development No Indicators Difficulties 1 No 2 Yes 2.1 Lack of seedlings 2.2 Lack of labour 2.3 Remoteness of forest 2.4 Lack of capital 2.5 Free grazing 2.6 Awareness of people Solutions 3 No 4 Yes 4.1 Fence 4.2 Seed support 4.3 Establishment of protection team 4.4 Propaganda 4.5 Capital borrowing Van Minh Khuoi Lieng Na Muc Num % Num... s ng (h ) Tăng Gi m KTD Tăng Gi m KTD Tăng Gi m KTD Tăng Gi m KTD 21 0 0 34 0 0 9 0 2 62 1 3 0 21 0 0 34 0 0 11 0 3 60 3 1 1 19 5 2 27 0 0 11 11 8 47 21 0 0 31 2 1 11 0 0 59 2 5 2 3 16 4 6 24 0 0 11 10 7 49 3 0 18 5 2 27 0 0 11 2 7 57 5 4 12 11 1 22 1 4 6 12 11 43 19 0 2 31 2 1 11 0 0 46 1 19 (KTD: không thay ñ i) 25 ... p c a h và ngu n nư c sinh ho t 24 B ng 11 Nh ng thay ñ i cơ b n do qu n lý r ng d a vào c ng ñ ng mang l i Ch tiêu 1 Ch t lư ng r ng c ng ñ ng 2 Khai thác trái phép 3 Thu nh p t r ng c ng ñ ng 4 Ý th c ch p hành lu t BVR 5 Thu nh p c a thôn 6 Thu nh p c a h 7 Ngu n nư c sinh ho t 8 DT r ng tr ng m i Xã Văn Minh Xã L ng San Nà M c (h ) Khu i Li ng (h ) To Dooc (h ) B n s ng (h ) Tăng Gi m KTD Tăng... local people 11 Table 10 Difficulties in community forest management No Difficulties Van Minh Na Muc Khuoi Lieng Lang San To ðooc Ban Sang hhd 1 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 No Yes Expense Labour Remote forest Time for patrol Free grazing Conflict Awareness % hhd % hhd % hhd % 9 42.9 19 55.9 4 36.4 36 54.5 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 4.8 4.8 28.6 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 2 1 5 1 2 0 4 5.9 2.9 14.7 2.9 5.9 0 11. 8 1 1 2 1 . ATTACHMENT 11 Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development CARD Project 017/06VIE - Sustainable community-based forest development and management in some high-poverty areas in Bac. husbandry and forestry is at low level, especially investment in forestry development. Although forest land can be used to improve household’s livelihood (allocated land), income from forestry. 24 100 11 100 66 100 4.3 Household forest management and development status Household forest land is divided into two types: natural forest and production forest. In the process of forest