Report of household farmer survey In the Nghe province, Viet Nam (2010) Mr. Pham Hung Cuong CARD PROJECT ID: 021/06VIE 2 Attachment A. 021VIE/06 REPORT FACT SHEET Title of report Report of baseline survey, 2010 Date report submitted March. 29 th 2010 Type of report - progress/final Final survey report Project name: Reducing pesticide residues, improving yield, quality and marketing of vegetables crops in Northern Central Vietnam through improved varieties, GAP principles and farmer focused training (021/06VIE) Name/ Address of collaborating person Pham Hung Cuong Agricultural Science Institute of Northern Central Vietnam Vinh city, Nghe An province, Vietnam. Email: phamhungcuongvn@gmail.com Tel: +84.904383088 Author report Pham Hung Cuong Name & Function of Project staff Site Coordinator AHR Contact Dr. Gordon Rogers, Applied Horticultural Research Faculty of Agriculture Food and Natural Resources Biomedical Building (ATP) University of Sydney NSW, 2006, Australia Phone 02 8627 1010 (Int: +61 2 8627 1040) Fax 02 9544 3782 (Int: +61 2 9544 3782) Email: gordon@ahr.com.au Website: www.ahr.com.au KEYWORDS Country/ Region: Nghe An, Vietnam Crops: Vegetables: Brassica, cucurbits Subject: Baseline survey about status of vegetable production after 3 years of the project in Nghe An province 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I like to thank my Vietnamese colleagues and local staff in Nghe An province who assisted the surveyed team and in the completion of this survey. I would also like to thank Dr. Gordon Rogers, Dr. Jenny Jobling, University of Sydney NSW, Australia. Survey team members: Mr. Ho Ngoc Giap, Le Thi Huong, Nguyen Hong Quyen, Tran Thi Nga, Nguyen Van Thang. INTRODUCTION Nghe An province is located in the Coastal region of North Central Vietnam. It borders East Sea to the East, Lao to the West, Ha Tinh province to the South, Thanh Hoa province to the North. Nghe An is a large province with an area of 1,648,729 ha. The total vegetable production area in Nghe An is 15,137 ha and this province is planning 1,100 hectare of safe vegetable production in districts such as in Quynh Luu, Dien Chau, Nam Dan and peri-urban area of Vinh city. The CARD-funded project (021VIE/06) has been implemented in some growing areas of Nghe An from 2007 to 2009. Before implementation of the project a survey was carried out to measure the situation of production and consumption of local vegetables to find out the actual situation of production and consumption in vegetables industry sector. At the end of the project, another survey was conducted to assess the impact of the project to applied sites and some surrounding areas by using GAP principles. This report coverers the status of vegetable cultivation, traditional agro-practices, crop diversity of leaf vegetable, tomato, chili, brassica and cucurbits crops, pesticide and plant protection, traditional practices and marketing in the Nghe An province. An analysis of the survey data is also presented, which provides an in-depth snapshot of the vegetable production system in Nghe An province. BASELINE SURVEY RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The survey was conducted in three vegetable production areas in Nghe An province, an area in which is implemented the project, namely: • Dien Xuan commune, Dien Chau district: 30 famer households. • Quynh Luong commune, Quynh Luu district: 30 famer households. • Quynh Minh commune, Quynh Luu district: 30 famer households. 4 1. Diversity of vegetable crop in Nghe An province The major vegetables consumed in Vietnam are KangKong, Brassica’s (cabbage, pak choi & kohlrabi) and cucurbits. Nghe An province is located in the central part of Vietnam and there are many vegetables cultivated in the region. These include: cabbage, kohlrabi, leaf vegetables (Chinese mustard, mustard, garland, salad), cucurbits, cucumber, snap bean, onion, chili, tomato, young radish. The survey data shows leafy vegetables, brassicas, carrots and onions are those most frequently planted by farmers. In comparison with 2007, the consumption of vegetables in these groups has increased significantly compared to other vegetables. However, the most diverse group is still leaf vegetables during period 2007-2009 (13 varieties in 2007, and 10 varieties in 2009), followed by brassica vegetable group. There was no change in production season (Table 1). In Nghe An province, one famer householder usually owns between 2 and 5 plots, and the area of each plot is from 300 – 1,000 m 2 . The soil types for vegetable production are not homogeneous and this is a problem for some sensitive crop such as melons. Table 1: Diversity of vegetables in survey areas in Nghe An province in 2010 year. Number of varieties No. of farmer households No Crop name 2007 2010 2007 2010 Production season 1 Cabbage 4 3 8/56 13/59 8 months; Sep - Apr 2 Leaf vegetables (Chinese mustard, Mustard, Garland, Salad) 13 10 37/56 33/59 9 months; Aug - Apr 3 Kohlrabi 3 1 3/56 1/59 7 months; Sep - Mar 4 Cucurbitaceae (gourd, green pumpkin, cucumber, watermelons ) 6 5 15/56 32/59 6 months: Mar -Aug; or Oct - Mar 5 Snap bean 3 2 8/56 3/59 3 months: Jan-Mar; or Apr- Jun; or Sep -Nov 6 Onion 1 2 14/56 34/59 1.5 months; Any time in a year 7 Spice vegetable (pepper, coriander, ) 2 2 1/56 10/59 4 months; Feb - May 8 Tomato 2 5 7/56 12/59 4 months; Sep - Jan 9 Young Radish 1 1 1/56 2/59 0.7 months; Any time in a year 10 Carrots - 3 - 23/59 Oct – Feb. 5 2. Seed supply system in vegetable production region in Nghe An province The application of new techniques including the use of improved varieties with high yield and quality will show progress on access to new advanced technology in the vegetable growing areas in Nghe An. Table 2 shows the percentage of improved vegetable varieties grown has increased compared to 2007. For some major vegetables such as cabbage, 100% of the crops are improved varieties whereas in 2007 the figure was only 50%. Leafy vegetables have also increased from 69% up 80% of new varieties. Kohlrabi and Brassica vegetables are now planted with increasing percentage of new varieties (See Table 2 for more detail). The data shows that three years after the implantation of the project, awareness of the farmers about use of new varieties have been improved, and many have used improved varieties. Seed sources and methods of propagation have not changed. Table 2: Seed supply system in vegetable production region in Nghe An province. Percentage of improved varieties (%) No Crop name 2007 2009 Seed Source Seedling source 1 Cabbage 50 100 Seed shop/ Seed agency Nursery/ Farmers doing by themselves 2 Leaf vegetables (Chinese mustard, Mustard, Garland, Salad) 69 80 Seed agency, project or farmer’s seed Nursery/ Farmers doing by themselves 3 Kohlrabi 67 100 Seed agency Nursery/ Farmers doing by themselves 4 Cucurbitaceae (gourd, green pumpkin, ) 75 80 Seed agency, project Farmers doing by themselves 5 Cucumber, watermelons 100 50 Seed agency or farmer’s seed Farmers doing by themselves 6 Snap bean 67 100 Seed agency, project Farmers doing by themselves 7 Onion 0 50 Seed agency or farmer’s seed Farmers doing by themselves 8 Chili 100 80 Seed shop Farmers doing by themselves 9 Tomato 100 80 Seed agency Nursery/ Farmers doing by themselves 10 Young Radish 0 0 Seed shop Farmers doing by themselves 11 Carrots - 67 Farmers doing by themselves 6 3. Traditional cultivation practice for vegetable production region in Nghe An province There were significant differences in fertilizer use from 2007-2009. In 2007 vegetable growers used only single inorganic fertilizer, but by 2009 farmers used compost and applications of synthetic NPK. There were also improvements in the method of fertilizer application used between 2007 and 2009, with a clear trend to more GAP-complaint methods. The harvest period also been isolated long enough to ensure safety for consumers from more than 10 days. Table 3: Vegetable cultivated practice in Nghe An province. Fertilizer dressing in 2007 Fertilizer dressing in 2009 No Crop name Fertilizer type Dressing method Last dressing time Fertilizer type Dressing method Last dressing time 1 Cabbage Manure, single N,P,K, and foliaceous fertilizer 1 Basal and 2 top dressing times Before harvest at least 5-10 days Same 2007, plus compost and synthetic NPK GAP principle Before harvest at least 10 days 2 Leaf vegetables (Chinese mustard, Mustard, Garland, Salad) Manure, single N,P,K, and foliaceous fertilizer 1 Basal and 2 top dressing times Before harvest at least 5-10 days Same 2007, plus compost and synthetic NPK traditional Before harvest at least 7-10 days 3 Cucurbitaceae (gourd, green pumpkin, cucumber, watermelons ) Manure, single N,P,K, and foliaceous fertilizer Basal and top dressing 5 days before harvesting Same 2007, plus compost and synthetic NPK GAP principle and traditional ways Before harvest at least 10 days 7 4. Pesticide use in vegetable production and quality assurance management. Pesticide and chemical use in period 2007-2009 in vegetable at the project site has changed in a positive way. Categories of chemical groups used on vegetables such as leafy vegetables, Brassica vegetables, cabbage, The number of pesticides and chemicals used has generally decreased while at the same time there has been an increase in the usage of bio-pesticides since 2007. The methods of pest and disease control have also changed between 2007 and 2009. The main change is that IPM has been used a lot more. Due to the application of safe vegetable production under GAP, observance of the required the isolation (withholding) period has improved and is now generally 7-10 days before harvesting. Table 4: Variation of pesticides use for vegetable in Nghe An province Chemical name Spray method Dosage Isolation time No Crop name Pest and disease 2007 2010 2007 2010 2007 2010 2007 2010 1 Leaf vegetables Diamondback moth, green moth, black rot, downy mildew, striped flea beetle, aphids, leafhoppers Ridomil, Daconil, Ferang, Tango, Zineb, Sec Sai Gon, Dipterex, Methaxin, Regent, pentac, cypermethrin, Match, Tan g o, cypenran, Midan, Angun, sinh học, Sec Sài Gòn, Dyrumin, Zineb, Pazan, Sat trung song Periodic (weekly) or when need. IPM apply Sometime higher than on label Follow instruction on label Usually not guaranteed Before harvest 7 days 2 Cabbage Diamondback moth, green moth, black rot, yellow cabbage, downy mildew, striped flea beetle, aphids Ridomin, Daconil, Ferang, Tango, zinep, Sec Sai Gon. Sinh học, Dilan, Depgan, Rigan, Angun, Apatin, Midan, Sec Sài Gòn Periodic (weekly) or when need. IPM apply Sometime hi g her than on label Follow instruction on label Usually not guaranteed More than 10 days 3 Kohlrabi Green moth, curly leaf Methaxin, Sec Sai Gon, Zineb Methaxin, Sec Sai Gon, Zineb Periodic (weekly) or when need. IPM apply Sometime hi g her than on label Follow instruction on label Usually not guaranteed Before harvest 7-10 days 4 watermelons Shriveled leaf, striped flea beetle, tip burn Anvil, Ridomil, by hand Sinh học, Dilan, Depgan, Rigan, Ridolmin, Topxin, Dyrumin, G45, Midan, Secor Scout or when need. IPM apply Sometime hi g her than on label Follow instruction on label Usually not guaranteed More than 10 days 8 5. Income from vegetable products in surveyed sites in Nghe An province. The yield and incomes from key groups of vegetables have increased impressively (Table 5). E.g., cabbage yield in 2007 was 41 tonnes/ha, and in 2009 the cabbage yield increased to 50 tonnes/ha. Watermelon yields increased from 30 to 38 tonnes/ha. At the same time, vegetable prices received by farmers have increased, especially from supermarket (Metro Cash and Carry) sales. Table 5: Productivity and price of some key vegetables in some surveyed areas in 2007-2009 in Nghe An province. Average yield (ton/ha) Price (VND/kg) No Crop name 2007 2009 2007 2009 Collector Price negotiation method 1 Cabbage 41 50 2100 2500 Collector, cooperatives At field, at harvest time and local price market, there is advanced order 2 Kohlrabi 25 24 2200 2500 Collector At field, at harvest time and local price market 3 watermelons 30 38 2000 3500 By farmer, cooperatives At field, at harvest time and local price market, there is advanced order 4 Leaf vegetables 26 - 1800 2000 By farmer, Collector, cooperatives At field, at harvest time and local price market 6. Status of harvest handling for vegetables in Nghe An province Most agro-production in rural areas of Vietnam is from small farmer households and they don’t produce large quantities of produce at harvest time. As a result, farmers are generally are not very interested in improving their post harvest handling methods. Comparing with survey results in 2007, The processing and storage after harvest of the farmers has improved significantly. Vegetable producers now know how to apply modern processing, preservation and packaging methods. They often harvested and sold directly to collectors; supermarket or brought produce to local market for sale. Table 6: Status of harvest handling for vegetables in surveyed sites. No Crop name Post harvest maintenance by farmer Package by farmer Preliminary treatment Post harvest handling time from farm to customers Preserving by end-user 1 Cabbage Keep in a cool and moisture place Yes classifying of integrity, size, and preliminary processing, packaging Within 24 hours Keep 1-2 extra days 2 Kohlrabi Keep in a cool place No preliminary processing remove outer leaves and cool water Within 48 hours Keep 1-2 extra days 3 Cucurbitaceae (gourd, green pumpkin, cucumber, watermelons ) No No preliminary processing remove outer leaves and cool water 3-5 days Keep 3 extra days 4 Other vegetable Sometime Keep in a cool place No preliminary processing remove outer leaves and cool water Within 48 hours Keep some extra days 9 CONCLUSION Vegetables in the local survey show a diversity of species and varieties. The most diverse groups are the leafy and Brassica vegetables. Prior to the start of the project, farmers generally used only traditional practices for vegetable production. Many vegetable crops were grown from local varieties, which produced low yields. These weaknesses have been improved through the support of the project over three years, and now farmers are using new and improved vegetable varieties, and when coupled with improved agronomic practices are resulting in high yield and good quality. There have been positive changes in the safe use of pesticides and chemicals, and increasing use of bio-pesticides with isolation times long enough for consumer safety. Postharvest handling has been interest in many households because they are aware of product quality is most important to maintain credibility with customers and get higher income. Good Agricultural Practice for vegetable production have been applied in the project are very effective and some surrounding communes in Nghe An province are enthusiastic and expecting VietGAP compliant production to a larger scale. CARD 021/06VIE SURVEY REPORT OF USE PESTICIDE AND PESTICIDE RESIDUES ON SOME VEGETABLES AFTER 021VIE/06 CARD PROJECT The 021/06 VIE project commenced in March 2007 and concluded in December 2009. Project activities have been focused in vegetable growing areas of Nghe An province, in the North Central coastal region of Vietnam. Crops in the region have traditionally been rice, and citrus with some vegetable production for local markets. At the start of the project, a pesticide residue survey was conducted and measured the residues of commonly used plant protection chemicals residues in vegetables and melons. This survey was conducted to evaluate the impact of the project to the applied areas and some surrounding areas where the production of vegetables using VietGAP compliant practices. The survey of the pesticides use and residues in vegetables was conducted between the 20th January and 15th February 2010 in vegetable growing areas of Nghe An province and Quynh Luong commune. 1. Pesticide use in the production of vegetables in Nghe An. The survey of the pesticides use and residues in vegetables was conducted in vegetable growing areas of Nghe An province, Quynh Luong commune and the surrounding communes of Quynh Minh and Dien Xuan. According to the Table 1, most pesticides were used on leafy vegetables and cabbage was ranked the second highest for pesticide use. In the interview, questions were raised about quality assurance management. Most farmers were aware of the process of safe vegetable production under GAP principles, they keep all records of the use of pesticides, fertilizer, irrigation and harvesting. The vegetable growers have adopted new advanced technics such as new varieties and methods of pest and disease prevention by use of IPM and use more bio-pesticides. Since the 021/06VIE project commenced in 2007, vegetable growers have been practicing and undertaken training in good agricultural practices (GAP), they were improved their awareness and they began keeping records of their production process. This survey report quantifies the positive effects of the project on the awareness of farmers about producing safe vegetables and its contribution to providing more safe vegetables for consumers on local markets and on retail markets in Hanoi. [...]... representative and random samples, from January 20, 2010 to February 15th 2010 when vegetables prepare to harvest before 5 days Detector of 5 active ingredients groups of pesticides has been identified Samples were collected directly from the fields of farmers Results: The survey results are presented in Table 2 for pesticide residue level of 5 groups Tests showed that 100% of samples of vegetables from farmers'... residues on vegetables in commercial period Sampling: All vegetable samples were taken randomly in the period of before harvest time about 5 days to determine the pesticide residues Samples were taken from the different plantings and harvesting times on the field of safe vegetable production areas at Quynh Luong and Hung Dong communes (next to the ASINCV campus) Sampling method: Total sampling times are 28... higher than on label Bio -pesticide, Dilan, Depgan, Rigan, Angun, Apatin, Midan, Sec Sài Gòn Periodic (weekly) or when need Applying Sometime Follow the Usually instructions not sure IPM higher on the than on labels label More than 10 days Methaxin, Sec Sai Gon, Zineb Methaxin, Sec Sai Gon, Zineb Bio -pesticide, Dilan, Depgan, Rigan, Ridolmin, Topxin, Dyrumin, G45, Midan, Secor Applying Sometime Follow the... 5 groups Tests showed that 100% of samples of vegetables from farmers' fields in the project area have pesticide residues below the allowed limit Table 2: Results of testing pesticides residues on maturity vegetables in production at the project areas in Nghe An - Sampling times: Before harvesting five days from the start of harvest season to end, on January 20, 2009 to 15/2/10 No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9... tip burn Pesticides applied Application method Dosage/rate Isolation time 2008 Ridomil, Daconil, Ferang, Tango, Zineb, Sec Sai Gon, Dipterex, Methaxin, Regent, pentac, cypermethrin, Match, Tango, cypenran, Ridomin, Daconil, Ferang, Tango, zinep, Sec Sai Gon 2010 Midan, Angun, Bio -pesticide, Sec Sài Gòn, Dyrumin, Zineb, Pazan, Sat trung song 2008 Periodic (weekly) or when need 2008 2010 Applying Sometime... higher instructions than on on the label labels Applying Sometime Follow the not sure instructions IPM higher on the than on labels label 7-10 days before harvest Anvil, Ridomil, by hand Periodic (weekly) or when need Scout or when need 2010 Follow the instructions on the labels 2008 2010 7 days Usually before not guaranteed harvest More than 10 days 2 The analysis result of pesticides residues on vegetables. ..Table 1: The change by time of use of pesticides in vegetables for the production in Quynh Luong, Nghe An province No Crop name Pest and disease 1 Leaf vegetable Diamondback moth, green moth, black rot, downy mildew, striped flea beetle, aphids, leafhoppers 2 Cabbage 3 Kohlrabi Diamondback... Active ingredients Cypermethrin (ppm) 0,13 0,17 0,09 0,13 0,18 0,09 0,03 0,40 0,30 0,60 0,12 0,28 0,01 0,42 0,60 0,01 0,40 0,50 . quality and marketing of vegetables crops in Northern Central Vietnam through improved varieties, GAP principles and farmer focused training (021/06VIE) Name/ Address of collaborating person. of baseline survey, 2010 Date report submitted March. 29 th 2010 Type of report - progress/final Final survey report Project name: Reducing pesticide residues, improving yield, quality and. result, farmers are generally are not very interested in improving their post harvest handling methods. Comparing with survey results in 2007, The processing and storage after harvest of the farmers