86 Critical Financial Accounting Problems This entry is similar to the previous entry, intended to recognize the operating loss carryback to three previous years. b. Deferred Tax Asset 20,000 Income Tax Benefit from Operating Loss Carryforward 20,000 Therefore the financial statements include the following new informa- tion: a. The balance sheet will include an income tax refundable receivable of $52,500 as a current asset a deferred tax asset of $20,000. b. The 1995 income statement will disclose the income tax benefits as fol- lows. Pretax Operating loss $(250,000) Income Tax Benefit a. Benefit from Operating Loss Carryback 52,500 b. Benefit from Operating Loss Carryforward 20,000 ($177,500) Let’s now assume that in 1997 the Dali Company has a taxable income of $300,000 and the tax rate is still 40%. Given the benefits of the operating loss carryforward recognized in 1996, the income tax payable for 1997 would be as follows: 1. Taxable Income Prior to the Loss Carryforward $300,000 2. Less Loss Carryforward 50,000 3. Taxable Income $250,000 4. Income Taxes Payable for 1996 (at 40%) 100,000 Accordingly, the basic entry at the end of 1997 would be as follows: Income Tax Expense 120,000 Deferred Tax Asset 20,000 Income Taxes Payable 100,000 The lower portion of the 1997 income statement is as follows: Pretax Operating Income $300,000 Accounting for Income Taxes 87 Income Tax Expense Current 100,000 Deferred 20,000 120,000 Net Income 180,000 Example of an Operating Loss Carryforward and Valuation Allowance Returning again to the Dali Company, let’s assume that in 1996 there is insufficient positive evidence of future taxable income. There is a need for a valuation allowance to reduce the deferred asset. Therefore, the basic entries at the end of 1996 are as follows: a. Income Tax Refund Receivable 52,500 Income Tax Benefit from Operating Loss Carryback 52,500 b. Deferred Tax Asset 20,000 Income Tax Benefit Operating Loss Carryforward 20,000 c. Income Tax Benefit from 20,000 Operating Loss Carryforward Allowance to Reduce Deferred Tax Asset to Expected Realizable Value 20,000 Again, assuming that in 1997 the Dali Company experiences a taxable income of $300,000 and the tax rate is still 40%, the following entries will be made. a. Income Tax Expense 120,000 Deferred Tax Asset 20,000 Income Taxes Payable 100,000 b. Allowance to Reduce Deferred Tax 20,000 Asset to Expected Realizable Value 88 Critical Financial Accounting Problems Income Tax Benefit from Operating Loss Carryforwards (Income Tax Expenses) 20,000 The two entries could be combined as follows: Income Tax Expense 100,000 Allowance to Reduce Tax Asset to Expected Realizable Value 20,000 Deferred Tax Asset 20,000 Income Taxes Payable 100,000 INTRAPERIOD INCOME TAX ALLOCATION Intraperiod income tax allocation involves the allocation of a firm’s total income tax expense for a period (computed using the deferred tax procedures) to all the elements of the income statements and balance sheets that it affects. The items include: 1. Income from continuing operations. 2. Gains and losses from discontinued operations. 3. Extraordinary gains and losses. 4. Cumulative effects of changes in accounting principles reported in the income statement. 5. Stockholders’ equity items. The types of items included in stockholders’ equity items are as follows: 1. Prior period adjustments to beginning retained earnings. 2. Gains and losses from transactions reported in the comprehensive income as defined in the conceptual framework but not in the net income. 3. Different reporting of costs for tax and book income purposes for stock op- tion plans under Opinion No. 25. 4. Changes in paid-in-capital. 5. Dividend payments changed to retained earnings for shares of stock related to an ESOP. Accounting for Income Taxes 89 6. Temporary differences that are deductible and carryforwards on the date an entity had a quasi-reorganization. 7. Increase in the tax basis of assets where a tax benefit was recognized for assets acquired in a taxable involving-of-interest business combination. 8. Foreign currency translation adjustments. 9. Additional pension liability reported in stockholders’ equity. The procedure for intraperiod tax allocation is described as follows: Income tax expenses or tax benefit computed for the accounting period is applied to the items on the income statement and balance sheet that are required to be reported net of tax using an incremental approach. First, income tax expense or tax benefit (tax expense/benefit) computed on income from continuing opera- tions, assuming no other income or losses, is allocated to income from contin- uing operations. This amount is adjusted for the tax impact of (1) changes in judgement about deferred tax asset realization, (2) tax law or rate changes, (3) tax status changes, and (4) dividends to stockholders that are tax deductible (Paragraph 35). Second, the tax expense/benefit on total income is determined, and the excess of the tax expense/benefit on total income less the tax expense/ benefit on income from continuing operations is the total incremental tax ex- pense/benefit. The incremental tax expense/benefit is allocated to all items re- quiring intraperiod tax allocations, except income continuing operations. 8 If the total incremental tax does not equal the sum of the incremental tax effects of two or more items, the allocation process requires a formula basis. A formula basis is included in the following four-step procedure. The intraperiod tax allocation rests in the following four steps. 1. The tax benefit of the total net loss items, excluding loss from continuing operations, is determined. 2. The tax benefit computed above is allocated ratably to each loss item. 3. The tax impact of all gains and losses, excluding income from continuing operations is determined. 4. The difference between the tax benefit of the total net loss items and the tax impact of all gains and losses is allocated in each gain category. 9 To illustrate, assume the Preschel Company reports the following in- formation. 90 Critical Financial Accounting Problems First Example of Intraperiod Tax Allocation A. The income, gains and losses of the Preschel Company in 1995 is as follows: Income from continuing operations $43,000 Loss from segment disposition (23,000) Extraordinary gain—Gain from expropriation of assets 45,000 Cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle (7,000) Total $58,000 B. The Preschel Company had the following tax rates for 1995. $0 Ϫ $50,000 15% $50,000 Ϫ $75,000 25% over $75,000 34% $100,000Ϫ$335,000 5% additional tax The first step is to compute the total incremental tax as follows: 1. Tax on income from continuing operations. $43,000 ϫ 15% ϭ$6,450 2. Tax on total income. a. $50,000 ϫ 15% ϭ $7500 b. 8,000 ϫ 95% ϭ2000 c. Total $9,500 9,500 3. Total Incremental Tax 3,050 The second step is to complete the incremental tax for all loss cate- gories. It is shown in Exhibit 4.4. The third step is the allocation of incremental tax to gains and losses. It is shown in Exhibit 4.5. The fourth step is the presentation of the allocation to each income, gain and loss item. It is shown in Exhibit 4.6. The final step is the preparation of the income statement as shown in Exhibit 4.7. Second Example of Intraperiod Tax Allocation To illustrate the second example of intraperiod tax allocation, assume the Tucker Company reports the following items of pretax financial (and taxable) income for 1997: Accounting for Income Taxes 91 Exhibit 4.4 Allocation of Incremental Tax to Gains and Losses Revenues 190,000 Expenses 100,000 Income from continuing operations $90,000 Gain on disposal of discontinued segment 20,000 Loss from operations on discontinued segment (7,000) Extraordinary loss on bond redemption (12,000) Cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle (accelerated depreciation to straight line) 17,000 92 Critical Financial Accounting Problems Exhibit 4.5 Incremental Tax for All Loss Categories Prior period adjustment (error in computing bad debt expense in 1996) (9,000) Amount subject to income taxes $99,000 The company is taxed at 15% on the first $50,000 of income and 20% on income exceeding $50,000. The allocation of income tax expense is illustrated in Exhibit 4.8. The Tucker Company income statement for 1997 as well as the statement of retained earnings are illustrated in Ex- hibit 4.9. The 1997 entry to record the intraperiod tax allocation of the Tucker Company is as follows: Accounting for Income Taxes 93 Exhibit 4.6 Presentation of Allocation to Each Income, Gain and Loss Item Exhibit 4.7 Preschel Company: Partial Income Statement for the Year Ended December 31, 1995 Income Tax Expense 15,500 Gain on Disposal of Segment 3,000 Cumulative Effect of Change in Account Principle 2,550 Loss from Operations of Discontinued Segment 1,050 Extraordinary Loss on Bond Redemption 1,800 Retained Earnings (Prior Period Adjustments) 1,350 Income Taxes Payable 16,850 94 Critical Financial Accounting Problems Exhibit 4.9 Tucker Company: Income Statement for the Year 1997 Exhibit 4.8 Tucker Company: Schedule of Income Tax Expense for 1997 Accounting for Income Taxes 95 NOTES 1. ‘‘Accounting for Income Taxes,’’ FASB Statement of Financial Account- ing Standards No. 109 (Stamford, Conn.: FASB, 1992). 2. With the exception of (a) long-term contracts using percentage of comple- tion for tax and modified method for tax and (b) organizational costs expensed for financial accounting and deferred for tax, all the other temporary differences between financial accounting income and tax income cause differences between book and tax basis of assets and liabilities. For the two exceptions, the revenue or expense is reported on tax balance sheet but not on financial accounting balance sheet. 3. ‘‘Accounting for Income Taxes,’’ par. 6 and 8. 4. Loren A. Nikolai and John D. Bazely, Intermediate Accounting, 6th ed. (Cincinnati, Ohio: South-Western Publishing Co., 1994), p. 818. 5. Ibid., p. 850. 6. Ibid., p. 849. 7. Ianny G. Chasteen, Richard E. Flaherty, and Melvin C. O’Connor, Inter- mediate Accounting, 5th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1995), p. 855. 8. Bill D. Jarnagin, Financial Accounting Standards: Explanation and Anal- ysis, 18th ed.—1996 (Chicago: CCH Incorporated, 1996), p. 405. 9. Ibid. [...]... for insolvent plans and not unfunded plans, and improves important obligations for a part of a plan’s unfunded vested benefits on firms withdrawing from multiemployer plans To help in the 98 Critical Financial Accounting Problems administration and accounting of these pension plans, the FASB issued, in December 1985, FASB Statement No 87, ‘‘Employers’ Accounting for Pensions,’’1 and in December 1990... (a) the employer contributions are deductible for income tax purposes and (b) the pension fund earnings from pension fund assets are tax free What appears from the above description is the need for a distinct accounting for the pension by the employer, and accounting for the pension fund.3 This chapter is concerned strictly with accounting for pension by the employer PENSION LIABILITIES The first important... illustrate, let’s assume that the Valentine Company started in January 1996 accounting for a defined pension plan Some of the facts applying to this plan are as follows: Plan assets, Jan 1, 1996 are: $200,000 Projected benefit obligation, Jan 1, 1996 is: $200,000 Annual service cost for 1996 is: $18,000 104 Critical Financial Accounting Problems Annual contributions (funding) are: $106,000 Benefits paid to... prior to the amendment The cost of retroactive benefit granted in a plan amendment is referred to as prior services cost Prior services cost is not recognized in the financial state- 100 Critical Financial Accounting Problems ments in total in the period granted However, this unrecognized prior service cost is amortized to pension expense in the future, specifically to the remaining service life of the... by the actuary and called the settlement rate 3 Actual Return on Plan Assets: The actual return on plan assets is the difference between the fair value of the plan assets at the end of the period and the fair value at the beginning of the period, adjusted for contributions by the firm and payments of benefits to retired employees during the period The plan assets—usually stocks, bonds and other investments—that... which the Accounting for Pensions 99 employee’s right to receive a present or future pension is no longer contingent on remaining in the service of the employer 2 The accumulated benefit obligation (ABO) as the present value of estimated benefits for vested and nonvested employees using current salaries 3 The projected benefit obligation (PBO) as the present value of estimated benefits for vested and nonvested... actual return on plan assets and the expected return on plan assets, and (b) the amortization of unrecognized net gain or loss from previous periods if at the beginning of the years the cumulative unrecognized net gain or loss from previous periods exceeds 10% of the greater of the actual projected benefit (PBO) or the fair value of the plan assets As a result, the gain and the loss component of pension... return on plan assets minus actual return on plan assets, and 3 An increase to pension for the amortization of any unrecognized net loss from previous periods, or 4 A decrease to pension expense for the amortization of any unrecognized gains from previous periods PENSION LIABILITIES AND ASSETS As discussed above, pension expense is defined by GAAP and FASB Statement No 87, while funding is defined by the... projected benefit obli- Accounting for Pensions 101 gation and the fair value of assets As a compromise the board opted for the immediate recognition of a minimum liability when the accumulated benefit obligation (ABO) exceeds the fair value of plan asset If a liability for accrued pension cost has already been recognized, an Additional Pension Liability has to be reported on the balance sheet and computed as... pension accounting are: a the recognition of pension expense as follows: Pension Expense Cash Prepaid/Accrued Pension Cost or Pension Expense Prepaid/Accrued Pension Cost Cash XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX b the recognition of additional pension liability as follows: Intangible Asset-Deferred Pension Cost XXXX Additional Pension Liability or Excess of Additional Pension Liability over XXXX XXXX 102 Critical Financial . Payable 16,850 94 Critical Financial Accounting Problems Exhibit 4. 9 Tucker Company: Income Statement for the Year 1997 Exhibit 4. 8 Tucker Company: Schedule of Income Tax Expense for 1997 Accounting. (12,000) Cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle (accelerated depreciation to straight line) 17,000 92 Critical Financial Accounting Problems Exhibit 4. 5 Incremental Tax for All Loss Categories Prior. tax and modified method for tax and (b) organizational costs expensed for financial accounting and deferred for tax, all the other temporary differences between financial accounting income and tax