Communications and Networking edited by Jun Peng SC I YO Communications and Networking Edited by Jun Peng Published by Sciyo Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2010 Sciyo All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by Sciyo, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Ana Nikolic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Martina Sirotic Image Copyright Alex Staroseltsev, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published September 2010 Printed in India A free online edition of this book is available at www.sciyo.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from publication@sciyo.com Communications and Networking, Edited by Jun Peng p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-114-5 SC I YO.CO M WHERE KNOWLEDGE IS FREE free online editions of Sciyo Books, Journals and Videos can be found at www.sciyo.com Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Preface IX Transform Domain based Channel Estimation for 3GPP/LTE Systems 1 Moussa Diallo, Rodrigue Rabineau, Laurent Cariou and Maryline Hélard Channel Estimation for Wireless OFDM Communications 17 Jia-Chin Lin OFDM Communications with Cooperative Relays 51 H. Lu, H. Nikookar and T. Xu High Throughput Transmissions in OFDM based Random Access Wireless Networks 81 Nuno Souto, Rui Dinis, João Carlos Silva, Paulo Carvalho and Alexandre Lourenço Joint Subcarrier Matching and Power Allocation for OFDM Multihop System 101 Wenyi Wang and Renbiao Wu MC-CDMA Systems: a General Framework for Performance Evaluation with Linear Equalization 127 Barbara M. Masini, Flavio Zabini and Andrea Conti Wireless Multimedia Communications and Networking Based on JPEG 2000 149 Max AGUEH Downlink Capacity of Distributed Antenna Systems in a Multi-Cell Environment 173 Wei Feng, Yunzhou Li, Shidong Zhou and Jing Wang Innovative Space-Time-Space Block Code for Next Generation Handheld Systems 187 Youssef Nasser and Jean-François Hélard Throughput Optimization forUWB-Based Ad-Hoc Networks 205 Chuanyun Zou Contents Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Outage Probability Analysis of Cooperative Communications over Asymmetric Fading Channel 221 Sudhan Majhi, Youssef Nasser and Jean François Hélard Indoor Radio Network Optimization 237 Lajos Nagy Introduction to Packet Scheduling Algorithms for Communication Networks 263 Tsung-Yu Tsai, Yao-Liang Chung and Zsehong Tsai Reliable Data Forwarding in Wireless Sensor Networks: Delay and Energy Trade Off 289 M. K. Chahine, C. Taddia and G. Mazzini Cross-Layer Connection Admission Control Policies for Packetized Systems 305 Wei Sheng and Steven D. Blostein Advanced Access Schemes for Future Broadband Wireless Networks 323 Gueguen Cédric and Baey Sébastien Medium Access Control in Distributed Wireless Networks 339 Jun Peng Secure Trust-based Cooperative Communications in Wireless Multi-hop Networks 359 Kun Wang, Meng Wu and Subin Shen Wireless Technologies and Business Models for Municipal Wireless Networks 379 Zhe Yang and Abbas Mohammed Data-Processing and Optimization Methods for Localization-Tracking Systems 389 Giuseppe Destino, Davide Macagnano and Giuseppe Abreu Usage of Mesh Networking in a Continuous-Global Positioning System Array for Tectonic Monitoring 415 Hoang-Ha Tran and Kai-Juan Wong VI This book “Communications and Networking” focuses on the issues at the lowest two layers of communications and networking and provides recent research results on some of these issues. In particular, it fi rst introduces recent research results on many important issues at the physical layer and data link layer of communications and networking and then briefl y shows some results on some other important topics such as security and the application of wireless networks. This book has twenty one chapters that are authored by researchers across the world. Each chapter introduces not only a basic problem in communications and networking but also describes approaches to the problem. The data in most chapters are based on published research results and provide insights on the problems of the relevant chapters. Most chapters in this book also provide references for the relevant topics and interested readers might fi nd these references useful if they would like to explore more on these topics. Several chapters of this book focus on issues related to Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM). For example, chapter 1 and chapter 2 are on channel estimation for OFDM-related systems. Chapter 3 is on cooperative relays in OFDM systems. Chapter 4 introduces some recent results on packet separation in OFDM based random access wireless networks. Chapter 4 is on sub-carrier matching and power allocation in oFDM-based multihop systems. Chapter 6 presents some results on performance evaluation of OFDM related systems. Multiple chapters of this book are on coding, link capacity, throughput, and optimisation. For example, chapter 7 and chapter 9 are about source and channel coding in communications and networking. Chapter 8 is on link capacity in distributed antenna systems. Chapter 10 introduces throughput optimisation for UWB-based ad hoc networks. Chapter 12 presents some results on optimising radio networks. This book also contains several chapter on forwarding, scheduling, and medium access control in communications and networking. In particular, chapter 13 introduces packet scheduling algorithms for communication networks. Chapter 14 is about reliable data forwarding in wireless sensor networks. Chapter 15 introduces cross-layer connection admission control in packetized systems. Chapter 16 presents advanced access schemes for future broadband wireless networks. Chapter 17 introduces medium access control in distributed wireless networks. Finally, chapter 18 is about cognitive radio networks. In addition, this book has several chapters on some other issues of communications and networking. For example, chapter 19 is about security of wireless LANs and wireless multihop networks, chapter 20 is on localisation and tracking and chapter 21 introduces the use of mesh networks in tectonic monitoring. Preface In summary, this book covers a wide range of interesting topics of communications and networking. The introductions, data, and references in this book would help the readers know more about communications and networking and help them explore this exciting and fact-evolving fi eld. Editor Jun Peng University of Texas - Pan American, Edinburg, Texas, United States of America X [...]... 3GPP/LTE Systems 5 10 0 10 Singular value magnitude Th=84 −5 Th=70 10 10 10 T =60 h 15 10 Th=53, 52 and 51 Th=84 T =70 h T =60 h −20 10 T =53 h Th=52 Th=50 Th= 51 −25 10 0 Th=50 50 10 0 Singular value index 15 0 Fig 7 Singular values of C ′H C ′† with CP = 72, N = 10 24 and M = 600 for different values of Th For Th = 51, 52, 53 the singular values of Cglobal are the same on the first Th samples and almost zero... at the right and the left edge of block 1 and block 2 respectively as described in Fig .10 The noise power is averaged on N samples instead of M in this approach Thereby it N presents a gain (10 log10( M )) in comparison to the classical DCT based channel estimation 10 Communications and Networking Th=84 Th=70 Th=60 Th=53 Th=52 Th= 51 Th=50 4 Singular value magnitude 10 3 10 2 10 1 10 0 10 1 2 3 4 Singular... Weinstein and Ebert in 19 71 (Weinstein & Ebert, 19 71) First, DFT and inverse DFT (IDFT) techniques were applied 18 Communications and Networking to OFDM implementation to perform base-band parallel sub-channel modulations and demodulations (or multiplexing and demultiplexing) (Weinstein & Ebert, 19 71) This study provided an effective discrete-time signal processing method to simultaneously modulate (and. .. Salo and P Ky¨0sti An interim channel model for beyond-3g systems: extending the 3gpp spatial channel model 16 Communications and Networking (smc) doc.: IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, volume5, pages 10 67 -10 71, Nov 19 98 [16 ] S Baro, G Bauch, A Pavlic, and A Semmler Improving blast performance using spacetime block codes and turbo-decoding doc.: IEEE GLOBECOM Conference, volume5, pages 313 2- 313 6,... analysis Fig .11 shows mean square error (MSE) on different subcarriers for the proposed DCT-TSVD based channel estimation with the optimized threshold Th = 53, the proposed DCT with 2 overlapping blocks and the conventional DFT and DCT ones in 3GGP/LTE system We can 12 Communications and Networking 0 MSE 10 DFT DCT DCT 2 1 10 T =53 h −2 10 200 300 400 500 600 Subcarriers 700 800 Fig 11 MSE per subcarriers... DFT and DCT, the proposed DCTTSVD channel estimation with Th = 84, 70, 60, 53, 52, 51 and the proposed DCT with 2 overlapping blocks The classical DFT based method presents poor results due to the 13 Transform Domain based Channel Estimation for 3GPP/LTE Systems −2 −4 −6 MSE −8 10 LS DFT DCT DCT2 12 14 16 Th=53 T =52 h 18 Th= 51 −20 0 2 4 6 E /N b 8 10 0 Fig 12 MSE against Eb/N0 for 3GPP/LTE 0 10 ... = M = 10 24 or N = 10 24, M = 600 8 Communications and Networking Estimated subchannel Null carriers 1 Null carriers 1 1 Nmax DCT IDCT Nt M/N t 1 M (a) Block diagram of channel estimation using DCT 1 M/N t 1 1 T Th S IDCT V D Null carriers M/N t M S V V V ~ ’ C D Nmax Th truncation U (b) Block diagram of the proposed channel estimation scheme Fig 6 Block diagram of channel estimation using DCT and the... a mixture of Zero Forcing (ZF) and a truncated singular value decomposition in order to reduce the impact of null subcarriers in the spectrum [13 ] The DCT transfer matrix C of size N × N can be defined with the following expression: 1 1 ⎢ DN 1 C= ⎢ ⎢ ⎢ ⎢ 1 DN ( N − 1) N where DN ( kn) = Vn cos( π … 1 ⎤ ⎥ DN (2 N + 1) … ⎥ ⎥ … ⎥ … DN ((2 N + 1) ( N − 1) )⎥ ⎦ (12 ) (2 k + 1) ( n)) 2N To accommodate the non-modulated... against Eb/N0 for 3GPP/LTE 0 10 BER 10 10 1 LS DFT DCT DCT2 2 Th=84 10 T =70 3 h T =60 h Th=53 10 T =52 h 4 Th= 51 PERFECT 2 3 4 5 Fig 13 BER against Eb/N0 for 3GPP/LTE 6 Eb/N0 7 8 9 14 Communications and Networking “border effect” whereas the DCT one improves the accuracy of the channel estimation by significantly reducing the noise component compared to the LS estimate (1. 5 dB) The DCT-TSVD estimator with... Channel ATT Bell Labs tech.memo, June 19 95 [3] S Alamouti A simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communications IEEE J Select Areas Communication, Vol 16 , pp 14 51- 1458, Oct 19 98 [4] V Tarokh, H Japharkhani, and A R Calderbank Space-time block codes from orthogonal designs IEEE trans Inform Theory, Vol.45, pp .14 56 -14 67, July 19 99 [5] N Boubaker, K.B Letaief, and R.D Murch A low complexity multi-carrier . with the following expression: 11 1 1( 21) C 1 ( 1) ((2 1) ( 1 )) NN NN DDN DN D N N ⎡ ⎤ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎣ … …+ = −+− ⎦ … … ## # (12 ) where ( ) . ( (2 1) ( )). 2 N Nn Dkn Vcos k n N π =+ . 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 10 15 10 10 10 −5 10 0 Singular value index Singular value N=M N>M Fig. 5. Singular value of H CC ′ ′  with N max = 84, CP = 72 and N = M = 10 24 or N = 10 24,. = 600 Communications and Networking 8 truncation C ~ ’ T h M/N M/N Estimated subchannel Null carriers Null carriers Null carriers M/N T h N max N max V U IDCT 11 1 M DCT IDCT 11 1 M S D V V t t T D S V (a)