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english for medical students tiếng anh y khoa tài liệu dịch thuật tiếng anh y khoa tiếng anh y khoa cho sinh viên y thuật ngữ tiếng anh y khoa thuật ngữ tiếng anh y khoa cho sinh viên y english for medical students tiếng anh y khoa tài liệu dịch thuật tiếng anh y khoa tiếng anh y khoa cho sinh viên y thuật ngữ tiếng anh y khoa thuật ngữ tiếng anh y khoa cho sinh viên y
MEDICAL ENGLISH – WORKBOOK – tonquyenn@yahoo.com MEDICAL ENGLISH – WORKBOOK – tonquyenn@yahoo.com UNIT – VITAMIN I CLOZE TESTS 1.1 Fill each gap with one of the words given in the box A acid, B amounts, C called, D catalysts, E clotting, F decades, G involved, H ingested, I intake, J stored What are Vitamins? Vitamins are nutrients required in very small _(1) for essential metabolic reactions in the body Vitamins are biomolecules that act both as _(2) and substrates in chemical reactions When acting as a catalyst, vitamins are bound to enzymes and are _(3) cofactors, for example vitamin K forms part of the proteases _(4) in blood _(5) Vitamins also act as coenzymes to carry chemical groups between enzymes, for example folic _(6) carries various forms of carbon groups (methyl, formyl or methylene) in the cell Until the 1900s, vitamins were obtained solely through food _(7) Many food sources contain different ratios of vitamins Therefore, if the only source of vitamins is food, changes in diet will alter the types and amounts of vitamins _(8) However, as many vitamins can be _(9) by the body, short-term deficiencies not usually cause disease Vitamins have been produced as commodity chemicals and made widely-available as inexpensive pills for several _(10), allowing supplementation of the dietary intake biomolecule catalyst clotting cofactor phân tử sinh học chất xúc tác đông (máu) đồng yếu tố protease ratio substrate supplementation enzym tiêu protein tỷ lệ chất / chất phản ứng bổ sung 1.2 Fill each gap with one of the words given in the box A accepted B caused C eating D feeding E healing F known G maintaining H plagued I practicing J using History of Vitamin research The value of _(1) certain foods to maintain health was recognized long before vitamins were identified The ancient Egyptians knew that _(2) a patient liver would help cure night blindness, now _(3) to be caused by a vitamin A deficiency In 1747, the Scottish surgeon James Lind discovered that citrus foods helped prevent scurvy, a particularly deadly disease in which collagen is not properly formed, and is characterized by poor wound _(4), bleeding of the gums, and severe pain In 1753, Lind published his Treatise on the Scurvy, which recommended _(5) lemons and limes to avoid scurvy, which was adopted by the British Royal Navy This led to the nickname Limey for sailors of that organization Lind's discovery, however, was not widely _(6) by individuals in the Royal Navy's Arctic expeditions in the 19th century, where it was widely believed that scurvy could be prevented by _(7) good hygiene, regular exercise, and by _(8) the morale of the crew while on board, rather than by a diet of fresh food As a result, Arctic expeditions continued to be _(9) by scurvy and other deficiency diseases In the early 20th century, when Robert Falcon Scott made his two expeditions to the Antarctic the prevailing medical theory was that scurvy was _(10) by "tainted" canned food MEDICAL ENGLISH – WORKBOOK – tonquyenn@yahoo.com adopt citrus crew expedition gum hygiene lime, lemon chấp nhận cam, chanh thuỷ thủ đoàn thám hiểm lợi vệ sinh chanh morale night blindness plague (n,v) prevailing scurvy tainted treatise tinh thần quáng gà dịch, gây dịch thịnh hành bệnh sco-bút hư, hỏng chuyên luận 1.3 Fill each gap with one of the words given in the box A avoid B classified C consumption D couple E deficiency F interfere G limits H liver I occurs J result Vitamin Deficiencies Deficiencies of vitamins are _(1) as either primary or secondary A primary deficiency _(2) when you not get enough of the vitamin in the food you eat A secondary deficiency may be due to an underlying disorder that prevents or _(3) the absorption or use of the vitamin, due to a “lifestyle factor”, such as smoking, excessive alcohol _(4), or the use of medications that _(5) with the absorption or the body's use of the vitamin Individuals who eat a varied diet are unlikely to develop a severe primary vitamin _(6) In contrast, restrictive diets have the potential to cause prolonged vitamin deficits, which may _(7) in often painful and potentially deadly diseases Because humans not store most vitamins in their bodies, a human must consume them regularly to _(8) deficiency Human corporeal stores for different vitamins vary widely; vitamins A, D, and B12 are stored in significant amounts in the human body, mainly in the _(9), and an adult human may be deficient in vitamin A and B12 for long periods of time before developing a deficiency condition Vitamin B3 is not stored in the human body in significant amounts, so stores may only last a _(10) of weeks consumption, consume interfere with avoid primary secondary tiêu thụ underlying absorption varied diet deficit regularly corporeal can thiệp tránh nguyên phát thứ phát nguyên hấp thu chế độ ăn thay đổi thiếu hụt đặn thuộc thân thể 1.4 Fill each gap with one of your own Classification of Vitamins Vitamins are classified _(1) water soluble, meaning that they dissolve easily in water, or fat soluble, and are absorbed through the intestinal tract with the help of lipids Each vitamin is typically used in multiple reactions and therefore, most have multiple functions In humans there are thirteen vitamins, divided _(2) two groups; four fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K), and nine water-soluble vitamins (eight B vitamins and vitamin C) Vitamins are essential _(3) the normal growth and development of a multicellular organism Using the genetic blueprint inherited _(4) its parents, a fetus begins to develop, at the moment of conception, from the nutrients it absorbs The developing fetus requires certain vitamins and minerals to be present _(5) certain times These nutrients facilitate the chemical reactions that produce, among other things, skin, bone, and muscle If there is serious deficiency _(6) one or more of these nutrients, a child may develop a deficiency disease Even minor deficiencies have the potential to cause permanent damage For the most part, vitamins are obtained through food sources However, a few vitamins are obtained _(7) other means: for example, microorganisms in the intestine - commonly known as "gut flora" - produce vitamin K and biotin, while one form of vitamin D is synthesized in the skin MEDICAL ENGLISH – WORKBOOK – tonquyenn@yahoo.com _(8) the help of natural ultraviolet in sunlight Humans can produce some vitamins _(9) precursors they consume Examples include vitamin A, which can be produced from beta carotene; and niacin, from the amino acid tryptophan Once growth and development are completed, vitamins remain essential nutrients for the healthy maintenance of the cells, tissues, and organs that make up a multicellular organism; they also enable a multicellular life form to efficiently use chemical energy provided by food eaten, and to help process the proteins, carbohydrates, and fats required _(10) respiration blueprint conception damage(v,n) facilitate gut flora inherit vẽ thụ thai tổn thương làm thuận lợi hệ vi khuẩn ruột thừa kế maintenance permanent potential (n, adj) precursors ultraviolet obtain trì lâu dài tiềm năng, tiềm tàng tiền chất tia UV, tử ngoại thu được, có II READING PASSAGES Read the passages and answer the questions below 2.1 PASSAGE 1: Risk Factors for Vitamin D Deficiency Exclusively breast fed infants: Infants who are exclusively breast fed and not receive vitamin D supplementation are at high risk of vitamin D deficiency, particularly if they have dark skin and/or receive little sun exposure Human milk generally provides 25 IU of vitamin D per liter, which is not enough for an infant if it is the sole source of vitamin D Older infants and toddlers exclusively fed with milk substitutes and weaning foods that are not vitamin D fortified are also at risk of vitamin D deficiency The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that all infants that are not consuming at least 500 ml (16 ounces) of vitamin D fortified formula or milk be given a vitamin D supplement of 200 IU/day Dark skin: People with dark skin synthesize less vitamin D on exposure to sunlight than those with light skin The risk of vitamin D deficiency is particularly high in dark-skinned people who live far from the equator In the U.S., 42% of African American women between 15 and 49 years of age were vitamin D deficient compared to 4% of white women Aging: The elderly have reduced capacity to synthesize vitamin D in the skin when exposed to UVB radiation, and are more likely to stay indoors or use sunscreen Institutionalized adults are at extremely high risk of vitamin D deficiency without supplementation Covering all exposed skin or using sunscreen whenever outside: Osteomalacia has been documented in women who cover all of their skin whenever they are outside for religious or cultural reasons The application of sunscreen with an SPF factor of reduces production of vitamin D by 95% Fat malabsorption syndromes: Cystic fibrosis and cholestatic liver disease impair the absorption of dietary vitamin D Inflammatory bowel disease: People with inflammatory bowel disease like Crohn’s disease appear to be at increased risk of vitamin D deficiency, especially those who have had small bowel resections Obesity: Obesity increases the risk of vitamin D deficiency Once vitamin D is synthesized in the skin or ingested, it is deposited in body fat stores, making it less bioavailable to people with large stores of body fat bioavailable sinh khả dụng institutionalized hoài nhà bowel ruột malabsorption hấp thu cholestatic ứ mật obesity chứng béo phì cystic fibrosis xơ nang osteomalacia nhuyễn xương deposit(v,n) lắng đọng resection cắt bỏ equator xích đạo substitute (n,v) thay exclusively riêng sunscreen chất chống nắng fortify tăng cường toddler trẻ biết infant trẻ em wean cai, dứt, kiêng Questions MEDICAL ENGLISH – WORKBOOK – tonquyenn@yahoo.com 5 People with _ skin are at high risk of vitamin D deficiency A fair B white C dark D bright Which of the following is NOT true? A Infants cannot get enough Vitamin D from breastfeeding B Older infants exclusively fed with milk substitutes are at risk of vitamin D deficiency C All infants should be given a vitamin D supplement of 200 IU/day D Infants receiving little sun exposure are at risk of vitamin D deficiency It is better for dark-skinned people to live in _ areas to get sufficient vitamin D A tropical B temperate C polar D coastal The percentage of African American women suffering from vitamin D deficiency is _ times as high as that of American white women aged 15-49 A B C D 10 Which of the following does NOT facilitate a vitamin D deficiency? - _ A frequently staying indoors B using sunscreen outdoors C overdressing D reducing obesity 2.2 PASSAGE 2: Vitamin C Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin used to treat and prevent a wide variety of conditions Often, people use it to prevent or treat the common cold However, there are other claimed uses of vitamin C as well, such as for reducing the risk of heart disease Some of these uses are more valid than others The vitamin has several different effects in the human body, such as: - Antioxidant Many of the effects of vitamin C can be attributed to its antioxidant effects As an antioxidant, it helps prevent the formation of free radicals, damaging molecules or atoms that can start a chain reaction of cellular damage Free radicals play a role in various age-related conditions, such as cancer and heart disease - Immune function There are numerous different proposed mechanisms by which vitamin C may improve immune function At this time, it is not entirely clear how the vitamin stimulates the immune system - Iron absorption Vitamin C aids in the absorption of iron from the digestive tract into the body - Various metabolic pathways and synthesis processes It is important for many different crucial processes in the body, including forming cartilage and proteins and building or breaking down numerous other compounds or tissues in the body Vitamin C may be effective for several different uses However, there is much controversy about some uses, such as for the common cold Most people not experience side effects with vitamin C (at normal doses) However, some people may experience side effects (especially with high doses), including, but not limit to nausea, vomiting, heartburn or indigestion, insomnia, kidney stones Normal doses are probably safe for most people, but high doses can cause problems Some people may be more likely to experience problems due to vitamin C Questions As an antioxidant Vitamin C can be used to treat _ A hepatitis B heart disease C common cold D All of these Vitamin C play an important part in the processes of _ A iron absorption B cartilage formation C protein synthesis D All of these The mechanism of by which Vitamin C fight common cold is _ A entirely clear B has been proved C debatable D its antioxidant effects Which of the following is NOT true? A Vitamin C is believed to reduce the risk of heart disease B Antioxidant effects of Vitamin C result in its many uses in prevention and treatment of diseases C High doses of Vitamin C can be safe for most people D Vitamin C can strengthen the body’s defence against diseases Which one is NOT a side effect caused of vitamin C? A bringing up food B sleeplessness C nephrolithiasis D malnutrition MEDICAL ENGLISH – WORKBOOK – tonquyenn@yahoo.com III STRUCTURE & VOCABULARY Choose the best answer among A, B, C, and D 10 Although most Americans consume a wide variety of food additives daily, only a small number have been associated _ reactions A by B to C with D of In vitamin deficiency, normal body functions can break down and make a person susceptible _ disease A to B with C of D for The combination of vitamin A and iron seems to reduce anemia more effectively than either iron or vitamin A alone A decrease B increase C shorten D minimize People with diabetes have problems converting food to energy A digesting …to B changing …into C exchanging … for D introducing… into The ancient Egyptians knew that feeding a patient with liver would help cure night blindness, now _ to be caused by a vitamin A deficiency A knowing B to know C known D is known Women of all ages should be _ about heart disease All women should take steps to prevent heart disease A related B concerned C associated D linked In infants, rickets may result in delayed closure of the fontanels (soft spots) in the skull A cause B led to C be due to D be associated with Your plasma glucose is measured immediately before and hours after you drink a liquid containing 75 grams of glucose _ in water A solved B soluble C dissolved D unsolved Antibiotics are essential tools in improving and maintaining the quality of life by helping to prevent infectious diseases A initial B final C principle D extremely necessary People with substance abuse problems, e.g drinking alcohol excessively, find it very difficult to take medicines reliably every day A immoderately B frequently C irregularly D continuously IV MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Put one term in each gap A coenzymes, B catalyst, C arthritis, D hypercalcemia, E homeostasis F hyperalimentation, G contagious, H hypercalciuria, I gut flora, J fermentation, 10 _ might be produced if there is a high amount of calcium in the blood _ is a relatively common clinical problem It typically manifests as mild chronic calcium elevation _ does not use the digestive system It may be given to people who are unable to absorb nutrients through the intestinal tract Human _ refers to the body's ability to regulate physiologically its inner environment to ensure its stability The term _ refers to the delicate balance of microbes and other 'germs,' both good and bad During the primary _, the fermentable sugars, mainly maltose and glucose are converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide _ disease is an infectious disease that is spread through contact with infected individuals; also called a communicable disease _ are small organic non-protein molecules that carry chemical groups between enzymes A _ is a substance which alters the rate of a chemical reaction but is chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction _ is a disease that causes pain and loss of movement of the joints MEDICAL ENGLISH – WORKBOOK – tonquyenn@yahoo.com V REWRITING Rewrite the following sentences, beginning with the given initials The currently available antibiotics are known to inhibit or kill some of these microorganisms People _ This hormone that is believed to control how the beta cells make and release insulin They believed _ Daily multivitamin supplements have been found to reduce HIV disease progression among men and women It has _ The disease has been reported to be reduced significantly with 4000 IU of Vitamin D3 daily over months It has _ The pain results from a narrowing of the blood vessels feeding the muscle The pain is caused _ VI LISTENING Listen to an article about Vitamin D and answer the following questions Vitamin D is manufactured naturally in the _ A liver B intestine C blood Which is NOT mentioned as a natural source of vitamin A? A liver B egg C fish Vitamin D helps to increase levels of _ in the blood A sugar B calcium C sodium Vitamin D was added to milk in order to prevent _ A rickets B beri-beri C scobut MEDICAL ENGLISH – WORKBOOK – tonquyenn@yahoo.com D cell D meat D serum D All of these UNIT – ALLERGY I CLOZE TESTS 1.1 Fill each of the gaps with one word from the box A antibodies B characterized C leading F refer G response H stem D life-threatening I suffer J which E named Allergy An allergy can _(1) to several kinds of immune reactions including Type I hypersensitivity in _(2) the person's body is hypersensitised and develops immunoglobulin E (IgE), a certain class of _(3) to typical proteins When a person is hypersensitised, these substances are known as allergens The word allergy derives from the Greek words allos meaning "other" and ergon meaning "work" Type I hypersensitivity is _(4) by excessive activation of mast cells and basophils by immunoglobulin E, resulting in a systemic inflammatory response that can result in symptoms as benign as a runny nose, to _(5) anaphylactic shock and death Allergy is a very common disorder and more than 50 million Americans _(6) from allergic diseases Allergies are the sixth _(7) cause of chronic disease in the United States, costing the health care system $18 billion annually The term and concept of "allergy" was coined by a Viennese pediatrician _(8) Clemens von Pirquet in 1906 He observed that the symptoms of some of his patients might have been a _(9) to outside allergens such as dust, pollen, or certain foods For a long time all hypersensitivities were thought to _(10) from the improper action of inflammatory immunoglobulin class IgE, however it soon became clear that several different mechanisms utilizing different effector molecules were responsible for the myriad of disorders previously classified as "allergies" A new four-class (now five) classification scheme was designed by H Gell and A Coombs Allergy has since been kept as the name for Type I Hypersensitivity, characterised by classical IgE mediation of effects activation anaphylactic shock annually basophils benign coin derive effector hoạt hoá sốc mẫn, phản vệ hàng năm bạch cầu toan lành tính tạo nên xuất phát chất tác động hypersensitivity improper mast cells mediation myriad pollen scheme utilize 1.2 Fill each of the gaps with one word of your own MEDICAL ENGLISH – WORKBOOK – tonquyenn@yahoo.com q mẫn khơng thích hợp tế bào bón, dưỡng bào trung gian vô số phấn hoa hệ thống, sơ đồ sử dụng Signs and symptoms of Allergy Allergy is characterised _(1) a local or systemic inflammatory response to allergens Local symptoms are: Nose: swelling of the nasal mucosa (allergic rhinitis) Eyes: redness and itching of the conjunctiva (allergic conjunctivitis) Airways: bronchoconstriction, wheezing and dyspnoea, sometimes attacks of asthma Ears: feeling of fullness, possibly pain, and impaired hearing due _(2) the lack of eustachian tube drainage Skin: various rashes, such _(3) eczema, hives (urticaria) and contact dermatitis Head: while not as common, headaches are seen in some with environmental or chemical allergies Systemic allergic response is also called anaphylaxis Depending _(4) the rate of severity, it can cause cutaneous reactions, bronchoconstriction, edema, hypotension, coma _(5) even death Hay fever is one example of an exceedingly common minor allergy - large percentages of the population suffer _(6) hay fever symptoms _(7) response to airborne pollen Asthmatics are often allergic _(8) dust mites Apart _(9) ambient allergens, allergic reactions can be caused _(10) medications ambient asthma bronchoconstriction characterise coma conjunctiva drainage dyspnoea xung quanh hen co phế quản đặc trưng hôn mê kết mạc dịch khó thở eczema eustachian tube hay fever hive, urticaria impaired itching rash swelling chàm vòi nhĩ sốt cỏ khô, cảm mạo mày đay suy yếu, suy tổn ngứa ban sưng Fill each of the gaps with one word from the box A allergic B injected C known D marked E performing F reduce G sensitive H suspected I testing J within Diagnosis of Allergy There are several methods for the diagnosis and assessment of allergies Skin test The typical and most simple method of diagnosis and monitoring of Type I Hypersensitivity is by skin testing, also _(1) as prick testing due to the series of pricks made into the patient's skin Small amounts of _(2) allergens and/or their extracts (pollen, grass, mite proteins, peanut extract, etc.) are introduced to sites on the skin _(3) with pen or dye (the ink/dye should be carefully selected, lest it cause an allergic response itself) The allergens are either _(4) intradermally or into small scratchings made into the patient's skin, often with a lancet Common areas for _(5) include the inside forearm and back If the patient is _(6) to the substance, then a visible inflammatory reaction will usually occur _(7) 30 minutes This response will range from slight reddening of the skin to full-blown hives in extremely _(8) patients After _(9) the skin test and receiving results, the doctor may apply a steroid cream to the test area to _(10) discomfort (such as itching and inflammation) apply assessment discomfort extract full-blown intradermally bơi đánh giá khó chịu dịch chiết tồn phát chân bì, nội bì lancet lest monitor peanut prick scratching dao mỗ để không, để khỏi theo dõi lạc chích, chọc, châm xước, cào 1.4 Fill each of the gaps with one word from the box A additionally B by MEDICAL ENGLISH – WORKBOOK – tonquyenn@yahoo.com C if 10 D react E sensitize 10 18 10 19 10 20 10 21 10 22 102 10 24 10 25 10 26 10 27 10 28 10 29 10 30 10 31 10 32 10 33 10 34 10 35 10 36 10 37 10 38 10 39 10 40 10 41 10 42 10 43 10 44 10 45 10 46 10 47 10 48 10 49 10 50 10 51 10 52 10 53 10 54 10 55 sorghum (n) spasm (n) specialise in (v) species (n) specific to (adj) spectrum (n) spermicidal foams sporadic (adj) spread (n), (vi) stable (adj) stage (n) stand for (v) stand in the way of standard (n) staphylococcus (n) staple food status (n) steadily (adv) stenosis (n) step (n) sterile (adj) stewardship (n) store (vt) strains of microorganisms strategy (n) strengthen (vt) strenuous exercise (n) stroke (n) sublingually substance (n) substantially (adv) substrate (n) succeed (vi) suffer from (v) sufficient (adj) suggestive of (adj) suicide (n) suitable (adj) MEDICAL ENGLISH – WORKBOOK – tonquyenn@yahoo.com 103 10 56 10 57 10 58 10 59 10 60 10 61 sunscreen (n) 10 62 surveillance (n) 10 63 10 64 10 65 10 66 10 67 10 68 10 69 107 survival time 10 71 10 72 10 73 10 74 107 10 76 10 77 10 78 10 79 10 80 10 81 10 82 108 108 10 85 10 86 10 87 10 88 10 89 10 90 10 91 10 92 supervision (n) supplementation (n) support (n), (vt) supportive group surgical procedure survive (vt) susceptible (adj) suspect (v) sweet potato (n) swell (vi) symbiosis (n) synthesize, synthesis (vt), (n) syphilis (n) tainted (adj) take by mouth (vt) take care of (v) take hold of (vt) target (n) TB (tuberculosis) (n) tend (v) tendency (n) theme (n) theoretical (adj) theorize (v) therapeutic (adj) there is no need to thigh (n) thirst (n) thirsty (adj) thoroughly (adv) thromboembolic, -lism (adj), (n) thrombus material thus (adv) tingling sensation MEDICAL ENGLISH – WORKBOOK – tonquyenn@yahoo.com 104 10 93 10 94 10 95 10 96 10 97 10 98 10 99 11 00 11 01 11 02 11 03 11 04 11 05 11 06 110 11 08 11 09 11 10 11 11 11 12 11 13 11 14 11 15 11 16 11 17 11 18 11 19 11 20 11 21 11 22 11 23 11 24 11 25 11 26 11 27 11 28 11 29 11 30 to a certain extent tobacco (n) toddler toll, take toll on tones of voice (n) tool (n) toxic (adj) trait (n) transdermally (adv) transfer (vt) transformation protocol transfusion (n) transmission (n) transmittal (n) transport (vt), (n) trauma (n) traumatic treatise (n) treatment (n) tropical (adj) tuberculosis (n) tumor (n) typhoid fever (n) typhus (n) typical (adj) typically (adv) ubiquitous (adj) ulcer (n) ultimately (adv) ultraviolet (n) umbrella term unavoidable (adj) unaware (adj) unborn (adj) unconscious (adj) uncovere (vt) undamaged (adj) under way MEDICAL ENGLISH – WORKBOOK – tonquyenn@yahoo.com 105 11 31 11 32 11 33 113 11 35 113 11 37 11 38 11 39 11 40 11 41 11 42 11 43 11 44 11 45 11 46 11 47 11 48 11 49 11 50 11 51 11 52 11 53 11 54 11 55 11 56 11 57 11 58 11 59 11 60 11 61 11 62 11 63 11 64 11 65 11 66 11 67 undercook (v) underscore(vt) understanding of (n) undesirable = unwanted (adj) unencountered uniform (adj) unique (adj) universally (adv) unpolished rice (n) unsuspected uptake urbanisation ureter (n) ureterosigmoidostom y (n) urethra (n) urethral opening (n) urethral sphincter (n) urethroplasty (n) urgent need (n) urinary tract infection (n) urinate urination (n) urine bladder (n) urine retention (n) urine, urinary (n), (adj) uterus (n) utility (n) utilize vaccination (n) vaccine (n) vagina vaginal fluid vaginal, urethral drainage value (n), (vt) variable varicella (n) variety (n) MEDICAL ENGLISH – WORKBOOK – tonquyenn@yahoo.com 106 11 68 11 69 11 70 11 71 11 72 11 73 11 74 11 75 117 11 77 11 78 11 79 11 80 11 81 11 82 11 83 11 84 11 85 11 86 11 87 11 88 11 89 11 90 11 91 11 92 11 93 11 94 11 95 11 96 11 97 vary (vi) vector (n) vector-borne spread venereal disease (n) via (prep) viewpoint (n) violence (n) virulence (n) viscera (n) vital signs (n) void (vi) vulnerable to vulnerable to (adj) wane ward (n) water - soluble (adj) wealthy (adj) wean (v) wheat (n) wheeze (vi) whereas (conj) whooping cough wipe (vt) wipe sth out (vt) withstand work on (v) worldwide (adj), (adv) worst off wound (n) yellow fever (n) MEDICAL ENGLISH – WORKBOOK – tonquyenn@yahoo.com 107 ENGLISH FOR MEDICAL STUDENTS SUGGESTED KEYS TO EXERCISES (WORKBOOK) Second Edition 2009 The following answers are suggested by the author in order to make the teaching somewhat uniform However, in many cases they are not considered to be the unique ones The teachers who use the book are expected to add any possible answers that they think appropriate to certain questions UNIT 1: I CLOZE TESTS 10 amoun catal call involved clotti acid intak ingeste store deca ts ysts ed ng e d d des eating feedi kno healing using accept practi maintai plag cause ng wn ed cing ning ued d classifi occur limit consumpt interfe deficie result avoid liver coupl s s ion re ncy e ed as into for from at in by with from for II READING PASSAGES 1.CDADC BDCCD III STRUCTURES & VOCABULARY C A A B C B A C D 10 A IV TERMINOLOGY Hypercalciuria Hypercalcemia Hyperalimentation homeostasis gut flora fermentation Contagious Coenzymes catalyst 10 Arthritis V REWRITING 1.The currently available antibiotics are known to inhibit or kill some of these microorganisms People know that the currently available antibiotics inhibit or kill some of these microorganisms 2.This hormone that is believed to control how the beta cells make and release insulin MEDICAL ENGLISH – WORKBOOK – tonquyenn@yahoo.com 108 They believed this hormone controls how the beta cells make and release insulin Daily multivitamin supplements have been found to reduce HIV disease progression among men and women It has been found that daily multivitamin supplements reduce HIV disease progression among men and women 4.The disease has been reported to be reduced significantly with 4000 IU of Vitamin D3 daily over months It has been reported that the disease is reduced significantly with 4000 IU of Vitamin D3 daily over months The pain results from a narrowing of the blood vessels feeding the muscle The pain is caused by a narrowing of the blood vessels feeding the muscle VI LISTENING 1: CDBA SCRIPT1:In recent years, research has suggested more health value from vitamin D than had once been thought Vitamin D is produced naturally in the blood Sunlight is a major source It is also found in some foods These include eggs, liver and some fish Vitamin D is also found in pills Vitamin D helps to increase levels of calcium in the blood It helps build strong bones and teeth It also helps in muscle development It also appears to more than just protect against rickets That serious bone disease was the reason vitamin D was added to milk Rickets is now rare in the western world But it is still a common childhood disease in developing countries Rickets can cause bone pain and weakness, teeth problems and muscle loss UNIT 2: I CLOZE TEST refer which by known antibo dies charac terize d on injecte d to lifethreat ening or/and testin g additi onally suffer leadin g name d respo nse 10 stem to as from in to from by suspe marke allergi within sensiti perfor reduce cted d c ve ming while withou which sensiti if react throug by t ze h II READING PASSAGES 1 F T T T F A: D A B D C B B: F T T F T III STRUCTURES & VOCABULARY B D C B C A D B A 10 A IV TERMINOLOGY micronutrient, irradiation Hyperparathyroidism night blindness Nausea Nutrients Obesity Osteomalacia metabolism 10 metabolites V REWRITING Thickening of the skin of the palm results in loss of ability to hold hand straight Loss of ability to hold hand straight results from thickening of the skin of the palm Long-term chemical exposure is capable of causing many systemic disturbances Long-term chemical exposure can cause many systemic disturbances It is thought that the use of purified insulin helps avoid or reduce some of the problems of people with diabetes such as allergic reactions The use of purified insulin is though to help avoid or reduce some of the problems of people with diabetes such as allergic reactions Patients find that it is hard to remember things Patients find it hard to remember things 10 You may find it useful to breathe through a wet towel or tissue when you feel the symptoms are acute You may find that it is useful to breathe through a wet towel or tissue when you feel the symptoms are acute VI LISTENING 2: Poisonous, nerves, proved, develop, carried, premature, lining, cilia, coughing, damaged UNIT 3: I CLOZE TEST 10 accou diabet consid urban develo factors estima vulner level preven MEDICAL ENGLISH – WORKBOOK – tonquyenn@yahoo.com 109 nting of es which ered for ped in to on ted from able for to table 10 of 11, with 12 with reducti ons circula death gap factors develo lifestyl pressu intake target tory ping e re II READING PASSAGE 1 B D A B B 2.A C B A C D B B 2.B 1.carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemias prostate gland pancreas blood cells lung cancer myelomas 2.C 1.originate categorized epithelial respectively invading fatal III STRUCTURES & VOCABULARY A B B B B A B C D 10 B IV TERMINOLOGY overdose substrate Osteoporosis Parathyroid tuberculosis Plague7 Rickets8 Scurvy Sunscreen10 precursors V REWRITING Organisms causing an infectious disease in a host with depressed resistance are classified as opportunistic pathogens Organisms that cause an infectious disease in a host with depressed resistance are classified as opportunistic pathogens Malaria is caused by Plasmodial parasites Plasmodial parasites are the cause of malaria You should take care of yourself so that a disease has less of an effect on your body You should take care of yourself in order that a disease has less of an effect on your body An area near the center of the retina of the eye is responsible for fine or reading vision An area near the center of the retina of the eye is involved in fine or reading vision Although there are many claims of nutritional cures, there is no reliable proof of their effectiveness Despite the fact that there are many claims of nutritional cures, there is no reliable proof of their effectiveness VI LISTENING 3&4 6.1 1) thinking 2) 3) 1907 4) rare 5) common 6) brain 7) memory 8) talk 9) family 10) special 6.2 CBACC- Script In California about 9,000 people will die this year because of skin cancer There are two types of skin cancer One type is caused by the sun The second type of skin cancer happens when the skin cells are turned into cancer cells Your risk for getting skin cancer depends on a number of things Your chances are higher if you have light-colored skin, have blue eyes, are getting older, or are in the sun a lot The survival rate for skin cancer is 80% when found and treated early Depending on how deep the skin tumors are, different therapies can be tried They are surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation Skin cancer can be prevented by staying out of the sun during the hottest part of the day Using sun block with a protective factor of at least 15 will also help Other ways of protecting yourself would be to wear hats and long-sleeve shirts It is also good to look at your skin each month to find any skin cancers early Watching for any changes in your skin and staying out of the sun during peak hours are the two best ways to prevent skin cancer UNIT 4: I CLOZE TEST hypergl pregna single ycemia ncy excessi sweet urine ve prevent protecti prevent ive ve ed II READING PASSAGE 1 C C A D D A A A interact ion attracte d reliable A A incurab le mean glucos e tasting renal additio n elevate d levels C MEDICAL ENGLISH – WORKBOOK – tonquyenn@yahoo.com C 110 D named D blindne ss kidney develo ped related associ ated accum ulated 10 leading depend ent consu mption III STRUCTURES & VOCABULARY 1.A B D B B A C B9 C 10 D IV TERMINOLOGY antihistamine alternative viscera ultraviolet allergic antibodies vomit threshold allergy 10 adrenalin V REWRITING Despite the fact that over three hundred years have passed since the discovery of microbes, the field of microbiology is clearly in its infancy relative to other biological disciplines Although over three hundred years have passed since the discovery of microbes, the field of microbiology is clearly in its infancy relative to other biological disciplines Bacteria were first observed by Leeuwenhoek in 1676 using a single-lens microscope Leeuwenhoek first observed bacteria in 1676, using a single-lens microscope The first microbiological observation was made by Robert Hooke Robert hook was the first person to observe microbes / bacteria Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) and Robert Koch (1843-1910) are often considered to be the founders of medical microbiology Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) and Robert Koch (1843-1910) are regarded as the founders of medical microbiology Robert Koch is famous for his contributions to the germ theory of disease Robert Koch is bestknow for his contributions to the germ theory of disease VI LISTENING 1) energy 2) chemical 3) surface 4) molecules 5) repair 6) build up 7) kidneys, 8) teenagers 9) regular 10) sensitive 11) remains 12) smoking UNIT 5: I CLOZE TEST 10 low trouble/diffic with on with/havi care abl from at durin er ulty ng e g adult speaking solvi diagnos distinguis consider life encount joi servic s ng ed h ed er n es by from for with such due to to by in II READING PASSAGE 1.A C D B D D B 1.B 1E 2D 3A 4C 5B C B A B A III STRUCTURES & VOCABULARY B A D C B C B C B 10 C IV TERMINOLOGY 10 conjun benign Antise Antiser Chroni Coma bronch autoim asthma basoph ctiva ptics um c oconst mune ils riction V REWRITING Koch was one of the first scientists who focused on the isolation of bacteria Koch was one of the first scientists to focus on the isolation of bacteria Pollens of insect-pollinated plants are too large to remain airborne and pose no risk Pollens of insect-pollinated plants are so large that they cannot to remain airborne to pose any risk It is important that people use new or properly sterilized needles for each injection It is important that new or properly sterilized needles be used IgG is present in the body, known to respond to foods IgG is present in the body and is known to respond to foods Allergies are caused by an oversensitive immune system, leading to a misdirected immune response Allergies are caused by an oversensitive immune system and lead to a misdirected immune response VI LISTENING 6&7 6.1 1) years 2) treated 3) tissue 4) healthy 5) history 6) probably 7) expensive 8) wrong 9) useful 10) easily 6.2 DDBD script Choking is the fourth leading cause of death in young children Children will put anything in their mouths Small toys, jewelry, tacks, and coins are just a few MEDICAL ENGLISH – WORKBOOK – tonquyenn@yahoo.com 111 Protect them by keeping small items out of their reach Some foods can cause young children to choke Round, hard foods are especially dangerous to young children Ask your doctor if your child is old enough to have foods like hot dogs, nuts, carrots, and grapes These foods can lodge in a child's throat and be very hard to get out There are other safety tips you should keep in mind Do not let your child run with anything in his or her mouth Do not let your child lie down while eating Never leave your baby alone with a propped up bottle Being aware of what your child puts in his or her mouth may save his or her life UNIT 6: I CLOZE TEST affect caused supply leading sugges ts flow known include death reason myocar sympto decade dium ms s usually consid severe differe regular stable longerably ntly ly acting II READING PASSAGE 1 A D B C D C B B III.TERMINOLOGY Differe effector diagno eczema Dyspno Edema desensi ntiate sis ea tize artery heredi tary eviden ce orally hypert ensive period 10 surrou nding buildup especi ally urgent C B conditi ons dermati tis 10 dermat ologist IV STRUCTURES & VOCABULARY D A C B C B A B B 10 D V REWRITING The blood test may be helpful in determining specific allergen sensitivity The blood test may help to determine specific allergen sensitivity Someone allergic to birch pollen may also find that they have an allergic reaction to the skin of apples or potatoes Someone who are allergic to birch pollen may also find that they have an allergic reaction to the skin of apples or potatoes This occurs because of similarities in the proteins of the pollen and the food This occurs because there are similarities in the proteins of the pollen and the food The goal of the treatment is to reduce allergy symptoms caused by the inflammation of affected tissues The treatment is aimed to reduce / at reducing allergy symptoms caused by the inflammation of affected tissues The goal of treatment is to reduce allergy symptoms caused by the inflammation of affected tissues The goal of treatment is to reduce allergy symptoms which are caused by the inflammation of affected tissues VI LISTENING 8&( 6.1 1) cholesterol, 2) blocked 3) delivered 4) attack 5) symptoms.6) treat 7) daily 8) severe 9) damaged 10) supply DCABB script Smoking kills more Americans than AIDS, drug abuse, car accidents and crime Did you know that 390,000 Americans die each year from cigarette smoking? Smoking tobacco causes out of deaths Smoking can also cause some very serious diseases Some people become addicted to smoking Lung cancer has caused more deaths in women than breast cancer If a pregnant woman smokes, she has a greater chance of medical problems with her baby Cigarette smoking is the number one cause of cancer death in men Male smokers over the age of 35 are more likely to die from smoking-related diseases like lung cancer Many children start smoking before they reach high school They run the risk of smoking most of their lives They could die of smoking-related diseases UNIT 7: I CLOZE TEST MEDICAL ENGLISH – WORKBOOK – tonquyenn@yahoo.com 112 dama result agents fungi occur contact s ges defen resist microorga cause infect diseas nisms e ses vector introd transmitte pathog mecha manife uce d ens sted nisms provin identif contract discov criteria culture ied ery d g II READING PASSAGE 1 A B C B D C III STRUCTURES & VOCABULARY B A D A C B IV TERMINOLOGY hive homeo excre extract expos Hygien pathy ment ure e capabl e contac t parasit ized used fluids tract describ es occur sympt oms deter mine vaccin ation occurri ng D D D A C Immun oglobu lin A susce ptibilit y 10 synony mous exposur e encount ers number A fatigue 10 hypote nsion V REWRITING The best thing to is to avoid what causes your allergic symptoms in the first place It is best to avoid what causes your allergic symptoms in the first place Specific illnesses caused by allergies may require other treatments Specific illnesses that are caused by allergies may require other treatments The proteins causing allergies are found not only in the animals' fur or hair but also in saliva, urine, mucous, and hair roots The proteins which cause allergies are found not only in the animals' fur or hair but also in saliva, urine, mucous, and hair roots A company called Allerca has recently announced to be able to produce a so called hypoallergenic cat A company called Allerca has recently announced that they are able to produce a so called hypoallergenic cat A human being has cat allergy if he shows an allergic reaction towards proteins produced by cats A human being has cat allergy if he shows an allergic reaction towards proteins which are produced by cats VI LISTENING 10&11 6.1 BCADB Scrip In September 2006 many people became sick all around the United States Doctors were very puzzled The doctors thought that the people had all gotten stomach flu Then they discovered it was something worse The doctors and health officials discovered that all of the people ate fresh spinach around the same time The spinach that was eaten was not good It had bacteria on it or in it called "E coli" The E coli bacteria cause lots of health problems If a plant is near contaminated water it can become infected with E coli There are other ways E coli can get on or into fruits and vegetables When someone gets E coli their symptoms are very similar to the flu Most healthy adults can recover from it Some people can get very sick and die from it About 166 people in 25 states got sick from the bacteria that was in fresh spinach Many of them had to go to the hospital because they were so sick One person did not recover and died The Food and Drug Administration investigated the problem They wanted to make sure that no one was tampering with food and making people sick on purpose They found that there was probably a problem with the way growers handled the food They did not think there was any tampering People were told not to eat fresh or bagged spinach while the FDA was investigating Washing the produce will not solve the problem They told grocery stores to throw the spinach away and not sell it Many companies who process spinach had to throw what they had away so that no more people would get sick Frozen and canned spinach were safe The bacteria can not live if it is frozen or cooked at a very high heat in a can It is not known where exactly the outbreak started Other outbreaks were caused by water that was contaminated by cow waste and other things The state of California is trying to figure out where the problem started Knowing where the spinach came from helps investigators figure out how it became contaminated MEDICAL ENGLISH – WORKBOOK – tonquyenn@yahoo.com 113 10 B The Food and Drug Administration said that it warned California farmers to more to make _(18) sure their spinach and lettuce was safe to eat Since 1995 there have been 20 cases of spinach or lettuce contaminated with E coli Food growers in California and other states wanted to _(19) prevent this from happening again They put together new guidelines for produce growers The guidelines are like rules that produce growers should follow when planting, _(20) picking, and packaging food The plan is designed to protect food from E coli so that people not get sick again 6.2 1minor untreated antibiotic 4injury ocean soap iodine.8 remove 9ointment 10 daily UNIT 8: I CLOZE TEST 10 withsta develo artifici conseque survive pass generati greatly expose patie p ally nce on d nts nd resista possibl bioacti limitless estimat usefu tradition infecti pathoge distin e ve ed l al ous nic ct nt washi spread avoidi undercoo separat induc theoretic limited produce testin ing ng ked ely ed ally d g ng II READING PASSAGE 1 A D C B A B C A A A III STRUCTURES & VOCABULARY A A A D B C C A A 10 C IV TERMINOLOGY 10 intrade Mucos Monoc Intrave Inflam Immun Immun Pediatr Wheezi wheez rmally a lonal nous mation othera osuppr ics ng e py essant s V REWRITING Opportunistic disease may be caused by microbes that are ordinarily in contact with the host Opportunistic disease may result from microbes that are ordinarily in contact with the host Infection with most pathogens does not result in death of the host Infection with most pathogens does not cause death to the host The immune response to a microorganism often causes symptoms such as a high fever and inflammation The immune response to a microorganism often lead to symptoms such as a high fever and inflammation Certain agents cannot be cultured, for example Treponema pallidum and most viruses It is impossible to culture certain agents, for example Treponema pallidum and most viruses 10 Between 1518 and 1568 pandemics diseases are said to have caused the population of Mexico to fall from 20 million to million It is said that between 1518 and 1568 pandemics diseases caused the population of Mexico to fall from 20 million to million VI LISTENING 12 1)best 2) reason 3) drugs 4) unborn 5) safe 6) react 7) discovers 8) chance 9) breast 10) passed UNIT 9: I CLOZE TEST immu stage cure contact ne weake preve rema recomme ned nts ins nded with than in for II READING PASSAGES CDCAD DDCDC transf usion vulner able betwee n MEDICAL ENGLISH – WORKBOOK – tonquyenn@yahoo.com pregn ancy intake agains t 114 pandemic deaths malabsor ption in progres sion to morbi dity benef it of 10 acces s maint ain in III STRUCTURES & VOCABULARY A C C A B C D A B 10 B IV TERMINOLOGY Remedy salivary Sublingual rehabilitating Saliva Rhinitis Pneumonitis receptor parasites serum susceptible V REWRITING People infected with a new disease can carry the disease to the far side of the world before their first symptoms appear People who are infected with a new disease can carry the disease to the far side of the world before their first symptoms appear The relationship between virulence and transmission is complex, and has important consequences for the long term evolution of a pathogen The relationship between virulence and transmission is complex, having important consequences for the long term evolution of a pathogen Edward Jenner, Jonas Salk and Albert Sabin were successful in developing vaccines for Smallpox and polio, reducing the threat of these debilitating diseases Edward Jenner, Jonas Salk and Albert Sabin succeeded in developing vaccines for Smallpox and polio, reducing the threat of these debilitating diseases They successfully developed vaccines for Smallpox and polio, reducing the threat of these debilitating diseases They successfully developed vaccines for Smallpox and polio, and reduced the threat of these debilitating diseases Organisms which are normally non-pathogenic can become pathogenic under the right conditions Normally non-pathogenic organisms can become pathogenic under the right conditions VI LISTENING 13&14 6.1 1) share 2) contain 3) sick 4) infection 5) spread 6) cause 7) found 8) test 9) rid 10) avoid 6.2 B B C 4.C Script The United Nations Children's Fund, UNICEF, has just released a report on a campaign launched in October of two thousand five UNICEF, the U.N AIDS program and other groups wanted to bring greater attention to the needs of children affected by AIDS The report on the "Unite for Children, Unite Against AIDS" campaign says there are signs of progress One of the biggest problems is the spread of HIV from mothers to children Mother-to-child transmission was the main cause of the estimated half-million new infections last year in children under the age of fifteen UNICEF reports that several countries in eastern and southern Africa have made what it calls breakthroughs It says they greatly increased the number of mothers who receive antiretroviral drugs These medicines can prevent mother-to-child transmission For example, the report says Namibia increased coverage from six percent of mothers to twentynine percent That was between two thousand four and two thousand five And in South Africa, it says, the number rose during that same period from twenty-two percent of mothers to thirty percent However, the report says there are still far too many pregnant women infected with HIV who not get antiretroviral treatment Only nine percent of them in poor countries were getting the medicines in two thousand five UNIT 10: I CLOZE TEST 10 bacteri althou multip called known promptly urin lasting sinc accompan al gh ly e e ied from in tend likely levels indicate buil antibodi oral vagina d es inflamm chills blood dischar diagno emerge fev period bas treated ation ge se ncy er ed II READING PASSAGE A 56374182 B 1T 2F 3T 4T 5F C accepted Initial mortality widely reduced D after Before While before During III STRUCTURES & VOCABULARY D A A A A B C B C 10 A IV REWRITING Cat allergy will usually result in sneezing Sneezing will usually result from cat allergy These chemicals are not yet recognized to cause allergic reactions Researchers not MEDICAL ENGLISH – WORKBOOK – tonquyenn@yahoo.com 115 recognize that these chemicals cause allergic reactions Enclosed, air-conditioned buildings are generally considered particularly bad environments for the chemically-sensitive people Enclosed, air-conditioned buildings are generally considered particularly bad environments for the people who are chemically-sensitive / sensitive to chemicals Many soy-allergic individuals are sensitive to soy protein Many individuals who are allergic to soy are sensitive to soy protein Transmission of an infectious disease may occur through several pathways An infectious disease may be transmitted through several pathways V LISTENING 15&16 1) needles 2) risk 3) cure4) avoid 5) personal 6) free 7) proper 8) way 9) syringe 10) blood 6.2 CBBBD Script In 1970, a man was mowing his lawn He felt a pain in his throat He saw a little bit of blood The man said that he was not too worried, but a few hours later it really started to hurt The next day, the man said that it felt like he had a hot knife cutting him when he coughed He also had a high fever His family rushed him to the hospital The doctors found a small nail that had embedded itself in the man’s rib cage Doctors gave the man some medicine to help fight an infection They said that he should be okay They thought that the nail would seal itself off in his body They did not think that he needed surgery to remove the nail More than 35 years after the incident, doctors saw the nail again in the man’s body The nail was no longer in his rib cage It was now in his lung Doctors decided that the nail needed to be removed They made the 84- year old man an appointment to have it taken out Before the day of the appointment, the man was brushing his teeth in the bathroom He said that he felt a tickle in his throat He started coughing The nail popped right out Doctors said that the man is doing fine They not think that the nail caused any damage to his health VI TERMINOLOGY KEYS B A A A R U N N O H A 1 R T T N O A A A N A I I I C O P X S A R R I KEYS C S S H K P O T B T L E E U W E N H O E E P R S O N T I C U M A A U R M D I X M A L I S M R Y A L A R T A L V N E M T O I A N A O C K E T S KEYS R B O I B E B O P B R E H E T B D B Y C N K A W A S A K I O C E S I P N G C I T O C I E N MEDICAL ENGLISH – WORKBOOK – tonquyenn@yahoo.com H L T P S L E L I H U N I S G L L A R 116 Y A L Z H E I M E R R E Y R O A M S T T R G O L H G O S U R I T I S Y T E C O P E S U N E T H E T I A C MEDICAL ENGLISH – WORKBOOK – tonquyenn@yahoo.com 117