Handbook of Plant-Based Biofuels © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Handbook of Plant-Based Biofuels Edited by Ashok Pandey CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Boca Raton London New York © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-56022-175-3 (Hardcover) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher can- not assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. 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TP339.H37 2008 662’.88 dc22 2008022722 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC v Contents Preface ix The Editor xi Contributors xiii SECTION I General Chapter 1 Plant-Based Biofuels: An Introduction 3 Reeta Rani Singhania, Binod Parameswaran, and Ashok Pandey Chapter 2 World Biofuel Scenario 13 Muhammed F. Demirbas Chapter 3 Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass to Liquids and Gaseous Fuels 29 Hari Bhagwan Goyal, Rakesh Chandra Saxena, and Diptendu Seal Chapter 4 Production of Biofuels with Special Emphasis on Biodiesel 45 Ayhan Demirbas SECTION II Production of Bioethanol Chapter 5 Fuel Ethanol: Current Status and Outlook 57 Edgard Gnansounou Chapter 6 Bioethanol from Biomass: Production of Ethanol from Molasses 73 Velusamy Senthilkumar and Paramasamy Gunasekaran Chapter 7 Bioethanol from Starchy Biomass: Part I Production of Starch Saccharifying Enzymes 87 Subhash U Nair, Sumitra Ramachandran, and Ashok Pandey © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC vi Handbook of Plant-Based Biofuels Chapter 8 Bioethanol from Starchy Biomass: Part II Hydrolysis and Fermentation 105 Sriappareddy Tamalampudi, Hideki Fukuda, and Akihiko Kondo Chapter 9 Bioethanol from Lignocellulosic Biomass: Part I Pretreatment of the Substrates 121 Ryali Seeta Laxman and Anil H. Lachke Chapter 10 Bioethanol from Lignocellulosic Biomass: Part II Production of Cellulases and Hemicellulases 141 Rajeev K Sukumaran Chapter 11 Bioethanol from Lignocellulosic Biomass: Part III Hydrolysis and Fermentation 159 Ramakrishnan Anish and Mala Rao SECTION III Production of Biodiesel Chapter 12 Biodiesel: Current and Future Perspectives 177 Milford A. Hanna and Loren Isom Chapter 13 Biodiesel Production Technologies and Substrates 183 Arumugam Sakunthalai Ramadhas Chapter 14 Lipase-Catalyzed Preparation of Biodiesel 199 Rachapudi Badari Narayana Prasad and Bhamidipati Venkata Surya Koppeswara Rao Chapter 15 Biodiesel Production With Supercritical Fluid Technologies 213 Shiro Saka and Eiji Minami Chapter 16 Palm Oil Diesel Production and Its Experimental Test on a Diesel Engine 225 Md. Abul Kalam, Masjuki Hj Hassan, Ramang bin Hajar, Muhd Syazly bin Yusuf, Muhammad Redzuan bin Umar, and Indra Mahlia © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Contents vii Chapter 17 Biodiesel from Rice Bran Oil 241 Yi-Hsu Ju and Andrea C. M. E. Rayat Chapter 18 Biodiesel Production Using Karanja (Pongamia pinnata) and Jatropha (Jatropha curcas) Seed Oil 255 Lekha Charan Meher, Satya Narayan Naik, Malaya Kumar Naik, and Ajay Kumar Dalai Chapter 19 Biodiesel Production from Mahua Oil and Its Evaluation in an Engine 267 Sukumar Puhan, Nagarajan Vedaraman, and Boppana Venkata Ramabrahmam Chapter 20 Biodiesel Production from Rubber Seed Oil 281 Arumugam Sakunthalai Ramadhas, Simon Jayaraj, and Chandrashekaran Muraleedharan © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ix Preface With the depletion of oil resources as well as negative environmental impact asso- ciated with the use of fossil fuels, there is a renewed interest in alternate energy sources. As the world reserves of fossil fuels and raw materials are limited, active research interest has been stimulated in nonpetroleum, renewable, and nonpolluting fuels. Biofuels are the only alternate energy source for the foreseeable future and can still form the basis of sustainable development in terms of socioeconomic and envi- ronmental concerns. Biodiesel and bioethanol, derived from plant sources, appear to be promising future energy sources. It is against this background that this book was conceived and prepared. The book has three sections. Section 1 has four chapters. Chapter 1 is introduc- tory and gives a prole of plant-based biofuels. Chapter 2 deals with the world biofuel scenario and provides an overview of the production of biofuels from biomass mate- rials by thermochemical and biochemical methods, as well as trends of utilization of the products in the world. Chapter 3 deals with the thermochemical conversion of biomass to liquids and gaseous fuels and focuses on pyrolysis and other conventional thermochemical processes. It describes various types of pyrolysis processes, namely, slow, fast, ash, and catalytic processes in detail to give the reader better insight into these thermochemical processes. Chapter 4 describes the production of biofuels, with special emphasis on biodiesel. Section 2 of the book deals with the production of bioethanol and has seven chapters. Chapter 5 is titled “Fuel Ethanol: Current Perspectives and Future,” and analyses the current status of biomass-to-ethanol programs. It summarizes the ways in which rapid increase in world demand for fuel ethanol and the state of the oil market may notably inuence the international market price of ethanol and provide opportunities for large-scale production in other regions such as Europe and Asia. In the long term, lignocellulose to ethanol conversion is the most viable pathway, from a sustainability point of view. However, its production cost must be reduced signi- cantly in order for this process to have a chance to drive forward the strategy of bio- mass-to-ethanol conversion worldwide. Chapter 6 on molasses ethanol provides an overview of the status of ethanol fermentation from molasses and process practices applied for the improvement of ethanol production by ethanologenic microorgan- isms such as yeasts Saccharomyces, Kluyveromyces, and the bacterium Zymomo- nas mobilis. Chapters 7 and 8 deal with the topic of ethanol from starchy biomass. Chapter 7 focuses on the production of starch saccharifying enzymes. The enzymes involved in the hydrolysis of starch include α-amylase, α-amylase, glucoamylase, and pullulanase. These enzymes can be obtained from plant and microbial sources but industrial demand is met through the latter. This chapter presents a brief descrip- tion of the sources, applications, and production of these enzymes. Chapter 8 is on hydrolysis using these enzymes and fermentation. The remaining chapters in this section cover the production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomass (Chapter 9), © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC x Handbook of Plant-Based Biofuels the pretreatment of the substrates and production of cellulases and hemicellulases (Chapter 10), and hydrolysis and fermentation (Chapter 11). Section 3 of the book is on the production of biodiesel from plant sources and has eight chapters. Chapter 12 in this section discusses current perspectives and the future of biodiesel production. It argues that opportunities for the future for biodiesel include improvements in the conversion technology, which appears promising, and expanding the amount of available feedstock through various plans to increase oil yields or oilseed production. Chapter 13 describes biodiesel production technologies and substrates. Other chapters describe the lipase catalyzed preparation of biodiesel (Chapter 14), biodiesel production with supercritical uid technologies (Chapter 15), and the production of biodiesel from various plant sources, such as palm oil (Chapter 16), rice bran oil (Chapter 17), karanja and jatropha seed oils (Chapter 18), mahua oil (Chapter 19), and rubber seed oil (Chapter 20). Each of the chapters incorporates state-of-art information. It is our hope that readers will nd the book useful. © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC xi The Editor Professor Ashok Pandey was born in 1956. He graduated from the University of Kanpur in 1974 (Biology) and received his master’s degree with rst class honors in organic chemistry (1976) and PhD in microbiology (1979) from the University of Allahabad. During 1979 to 1985, he worked as a postdoctoral fellow and scientist in India and Germany. In 1987, he joined the CSIR’s National Institute for Interdisci- plinary Science and Technology (formerly Regional Research Laboratory) at Trivan- drum as scientist, where currently he holds the position of deputy director. He heads the Biotechnology R&D department. Professor Pandey has strong research interest in the area of industrial biotechnology. He has published more than three hundred papers and book chapters. He has edited the Encyclopedia of Bioresource Technol- ogy (Haworth Press, USA), has written two popular science books and edited sixteen books published by Springer, Kluwer, Asiatech Inc., IBH & Oxford, Wiley East- ern, Doehring Druck, among others. He has acted as guest editor for eleven special issues of journals, which include Food Technology and Biotechnology, Journal of Scientic & Industrial Research, Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Indian Journal of Biotechnology, and Biochemical Engineering Journal. He is currently editorial board member of seven international journals, four Indian journals and editor of Bioresource Technology. He has won several national and international awards, which include the Honorary Doctorate Degree from Blaise Pascal Univer- sity, Clermont-Ferrand, France in 2007 and the Thomson Scientic India Laureate Award in 2006. © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC xiii Contributors Ramakrishnan Anish, MSc Research Scholar Biochemical Sciences Division National Chemical Laboratory Pune, India Ajay Kumar Dalai, PhD Professional Engineer and Canada Research Chair Department of Chemical Engineering Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering Laboratories University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada Ayhan Demirbas, PhD Department of Chemical Engineering Selcuk University Konya, Turkey Muhammed F. Demirbas, PhD Renewable Energy Researcher Sila Science University Mahallesi Trabzon, Turkey Hideki Fukuda, PhD Organization of Advanced Science and Technology Kobe University Kobe, Japan Edgard Gnansounou, PhD Head, Energy Planning Group Laboratory of Energy Systems LASEN-ICARE-ENAC Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland Hari Bhagwan Goyal, PhD Scientist Indian Institute of Petroleum Dehradun, India Paramasamy Gunasekaran, PhD Head, Department of Genetics Center for Excellence in Genomic Sciences School of Biological Sciences Madurai Kamaraj University Madurai, India Ramang bin Hajar, BEng Research Assistant Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Milford A. Hanna, PhD Director of Industrial Agricultural Products Center Kenneth E. Morrison Professor of Biological Systems Engineering University of Nebraska Lincoln, Nebraska Masjuki Hj Hassan, PhD Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Loren Isom Technical Assistance Coordinator Industrial Agricultural Products Center University of Nebraska Lincoln, Nebraska © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC [...]... 1. 1  Introduction 3 1. 2  The World Energy Scenario 4 1. 3  Renewable Energy 6 1. 3 .1 Hydroelectricity 6 1. 3.2  Solar Power 6 1. 3.3  Wind Power 6 1. 3.4  Geothermal Power .6 1. 3.5  Tidal Power 7 1. 3.6  Biofuels 7 1. 4  Biofuels for the Transportation Sector 7 1. 5  Status of Biofuel 9 1. 6 ... sources, that is, the ratio of energy inputs required to build, supply, and maintain the system to the energy output over the plant life cycle Thus, biofuels from feedstock are apparently the only foreseeable alternative sources of energy that can efficiently replace petroleum -based fuels in the long term © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 6 Handbook of Plant- Based Biofuels 1. 3 Renewable Energy Before... associated with the use of fossil fuels, there is a renewed interest in alternate energy sources Apart from the search for alternatives, there is a need to achieve energy 3 © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 4 Handbook of Plant- Based Biofuels independence, directing much focus on biofuels Biofuels are renewable fuels that are produced predominantly from domestic biomass feedstock, or as a by-product from... to the rural sector (Demirbas 2007) 1. 4 Biofuels for the Transportation Sector The transportation sector is one of the major consumers of fossil fuels and the biggest contributor to environmental pollution, which can be reduced by replacing the mineral -based fuels with bio-origin renewable fuels There are a variety of biofuels potentially available, but the main biofuels being considered globally are... retrofitting refueling © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Plant- Based Biofuels 11 stations to accommodate E85 (estimated at between $30,000 and $10 0,000) and constructing or modifying the pipelines to transport the ethanol The 2005 production of ethanol in the United States was approximately 4 billion gallons By 2 014 15 , corn ethanol production is expected to peak at approximately 9 billion to 18 ... that there are © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 12 Handbook of Plant- Based Biofuels infrastructure costs associated with the installation of manufacturing capacity, distribution, and blending of the biodiesel In 2005, the U.S production of biodiesel was 75 million gallons, and the DOE projected about 3.6 billion gallons per year by 2 015 (GAO-0 7-2 83) Under a more speculative scenario requiring major... Senior Scientist Division of Biochemical Sciences National Chemical Laboratory Pune, India Handbook of Plant- Based Biofuels Lekha Charan Meher, PhD Research Scholar Centre for Rural Development and Technology Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India Eiji Minami, PhD Postdoctoral Fellow Department of Socio-Environmental Energy Science Graduate School of Energy Science Kyoto University... from a number of crops, including sugarcane, corn (maize), wheat, and sugar beet Biodiesel is a fuel that can be produced from straight vegetable oils, edible and nonedible, recycled waste vegetable oils, and animal fat © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 8 Handbook of Plant- Based Biofuels In the past few years, biofuel programs have gained new momentum, as a result of rising prices of petroleum fuels... an alcohol -based fuel produced by fermenting plant sugars It can be made from many agricultural products and food wastes if they contain sugar, starch, or cellulose, which can then be fermented and distilled into ethanol The technology for producing ethanol, at least from certain feedstocks, is generally well established, and © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 10 Handbook of Plant- Based Biofuels ethanol... http://www gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-0 7-2 83 Gnansounou, E and A Dauriat 2005 Ethanol fuel from biomass: A review Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 64: 809–8 21 ICRISAT 2007 ICRISAT promotes pro-poor biofuels initiatives Advanced Biotech l5 (10 ): 8 10 Sukumaran, R K., R S Reeta, and A Pandey 2005 Microbial cellulases: Production, applications and challenges Journal of Scientific and Industrial . of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Handbook of plant- based biofuels / editor, Ashok Pandey. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 97 8 -1 -5 602 2 -1 7 5-3 (alk. paper) 1. . 7 1. 5 Status of Biofuel 9 1. 6 Bioethanol 9 1. 7 Biodiesel 11 References 12 © 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 4 Handbook of Plant- Based Biofuels independence, directing much focus on biofuels. . four chapters. Chapter 1 is introduc- tory and gives a prole of plant- based biofuels. Chapter 2 deals with the world biofuel scenario and provides an overview of the production of biofuels from