ADVANCED TRENDS IN WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS Edited by Mutamed Kha b Advanced Trends in Wireless Communications Edited by Mutamed Khatib Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Ivana Lorkovic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Martina Sirotic Image Copyright T-Design, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published February, 2011 Printed in India A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Advanced Trends in Wireless Communications, Edited by Mutamed Khatib p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-183-1 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Part 1 Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Part 2 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Preface IX Channel Characterization and Applications 1 An Overview of the Physical Insight and the Various Performance Metrics of Fading Channels in Wireless Communication Systems 3 K.P. Peppas, H.E. Nistazakis and G.S. Tombras Indoor Channel Characterization and Performance Analysis of a 60 GHz near Gigabit System for WPAN Applications 23 Ghaïs El Zein, Gheorghe Zaharia, Lahatra Rakotondrainibe and Yvan Kokar Performance Analysis of Maximal Ratio Diversity Receivers over Generalized Fading Channels 47 Kostas Peppas Humidity Measurements using Commercial Microwave Links 65 Noam David, Pinhas Alpert and Hagit Messer Antenna Design and Performance 79 Assessment of Indoor Propagation and Antenna Performance for Bluetooth Wireless Communication Links 81 Tommy Hult and Abbas Mohammed Adaptive Antenna Arrays for Ad-Hoc Millimetre-Wave Wireless Communications 93 Val Dyadyuk, Xiaojing Huang, Leigh Stokes, Joseph Pathikulangara, Andrew R. Weily, Nasiha Nikolic, John D. Bunton and Y. Jay Guo Contents Contents VI Network Coding and Design 117 Flexible Network Codes Design for Cooperative Diversity 119 Michela Iezzi, Marco Di Renzo and Fabio Graziosi Diversity and Decoding in Non-Ideal Conditions 143 (Chun-Ye) Susan Vasana Block Transmission Systems in Wireless Communications 159 Mutamed Khatib Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum: An Effective Way to Improve Wireless Communication Performance 187 Yang Liu Multi-Input Multi-Output Models 203 Wireless Communication: Trend and Technical Issues for MIMO-OFDM System 205 Yoon Hyun Kim, Bong Youl Cho and Jin Young Kim Time Reversal Technique for Ultra Wide-band and MIMO Communication Systems 223 Ijaz Naqvi and Ghaïs El Zein Vehicular Systems 241 Connectivity Prediction in Mobile Vehicular Environments Backed By Digital Maps 243 Robert Nagel and Stefan Morscher Indoors Localization Using Mobile Communications Radio Signal Strength 265 Luis Peneda, Abílio Azenha and Adriano Carvalho Intermittent Connectivity Wireless Communication Networks 281 Genaro Hernández-Valdez and Felipe A. Cruz-Pérez Optical Communications 301 Trends of the Optical Wireless Communications 303 Juan-de-Dios Sánchez- López, Arturo Arvizu M, Francisco J. Mendieta and Iván Nieto Hipólito Part 3 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Part 4 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Part 5 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Part 6 Chapter 16 Contents VII Visible Light Communication 327 Chung Ghiu Lee Non-mechanical Compact Optical Transceiver for Optical Wireless Communications 339 Morio Toyoshima, Hideki Takenaka and Yoshihisa Takayama Communication Protocols and Strategies 351 Efficient Medium Access Control Protocols for Broadband Wireless Communications 353 Suvit Nakpeerayuth, Lunchakorn Wuttisittikulkij, Pisit Vanichchanunt, Warakorn Srichavengsup, Norrarat Wattanamongkhol, Robithoh Annur, Muhammad Saadi, Kamalas Wannakong and Siwaruk Siwamogsatham Wireless Communication-based Safety Alarm Equipment for Trackside Worker 379 Jong-Gyu Hwang and Hyun-Jeong Jo Wireless Communication Protocols for Distributed Computing Environments 399 Romano Fantacci, Daniele Tarchi and Andrea Tassi Resume and Starting-Over-Again Retransmission Strategies in Cognitive Radio Networks 421 Sandra Lirio Castellanos-López, Felipe A. Cruz-Pérez and Genaro Hernández-Valdez System Fabrication 437 Fabrication and Characterizations of Multi-Layer Thin Film Internal Antenna for Wireless Communication 439 Book-Sung Park, Hyun-Sang Lee and Soren Pedersen Design of CMOS Integrated Q-enhanced RF Filters for Multi-Band/Mode Wireless Applications 461 Gao Zhiqiang High-frequency Millimeter Wave Absorber Composed of a New Series of Iron Oxide Nanomagnets 493 Asuka Namai and Shin-ichi Ohkoshi Trends and Challenges in CMOS Design for Emerging 60 GHz WPAN Applications 505 Ahmed El Oualkadi Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Part 7 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Part 8 Chapter 23 Chapter 24 Chapter 25 Chapter 26 Pref ac e Recently, mobile communication services are penetrating into our society at an ex- plosive growth rate. All of the current communication systems have adopted digital technology. Nowadays, the demand for various wideband services such as high-speed Internet access and video/high-quality image transmission, is increasing. The third- generation mobile communication system has been, designed to support wideband services with the same quality as the fi xed networks. The wireless communication sys- tems are expected to play a more important role in providing portable access to future information services. The demand for new services to support Internet and advanced video applications presents the key technical challenges, i.e., multimedia access re- quires high-bandwidth and low-latency network connections for many users, mobility requires adaptation to time varying channel conditions and portability imposes severe constraints on receiver size and power consumption. Physical limitations on wireless channels impose huge challenges on reliable com- munication. Bandwidth limitations, propagation loss, noise and interference make the wireless channel a narrow pipe that does not readily accommodate rapid fl ow of data. Thus, researchers aim to design systems that are suitable to operate in such channels, in order to have high performance quality of service. Also, the mobility of the commu- nication systems requires further investigation to reduce the complexity and the power consumption of the receiver. This book presents new techniques that improve the performance of the communica- tion system used for transmission of digital data over time varying channels such as high frequency mobile channels. It aims to provide highlights of the current research in the fi eld of wireless communication, and to off er a contribution to the recent advanc- es in this fi eld. The subjects discussed in this work are very valuable to any researcher in the communication fi eld not only to researchers in the wireless related areas. The twenty-six chapters cover a wide range of topics in wireless communication starting with the channel characterization, the conventional and adaptive antenna design, net- works coding, optical communication, Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) systems, system fabrication and design, vehicular technologies, and communication protocols. X Preface The editor would like to thank all of the authors for their valuable contributions in the area of wireless communications hoping that the book will be of great help to the readers. February 2011 Dr. Mutamed Khatib Department of Telecommunications and Technology College of Engineering and Technology Palestine Technical University – Kadoorie (PTU) Tul Karm, Palestine [...]... expressed in closed form as (Yilmaz & Alouini, 2009) Mγ (s) = H 1, 1 1, 1 1 (1, 1) Ξγs (1, 2/β) (16 ) 8 Advanced Trends in Wireless Communications where H m,n(·) is the H-Fox function (Cook, 19 81) A computer program in Mathematica p,q for the efficient implementation of the H-Fox function is given in (Yilmaz & Alouini, 2009, Appendix A) For the special case of β = 2l/k, where l, k are positive integers with... (1 − q 4 )r 2 4q2 Ω , r ≥ 0 (11 ) , γ ≥ 0 (12 ) where 0 ≤ q ≤ 1 is the fading parameter The PDF of γ is given by f γ (γ ) = (1 + q 2 ) (1 + q 2 )2 γ I0 exp − 2qγ 4q2 γ (1 − q 4 ) γ 4q2 γ Moreover, the MGF of γ is expressed in closed form as Mγ (s) = 1 + 2sγ + (2sγ )2 q2 (1 + q 2 )2 1/ 2 (13 ) 3.4 The Weibull fading model The Weibull fading, is a simple and flexible statistical model of fading used in wireless. .. 1/ 2 1 2 1 − 1 M Λ - 3 2( M 1) - NBFSK BDPSK 1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2 1 - π/4-DQPSK 1 2π π M-PSK 1 π 1 π √2 2− 2 cos( θ ) sin2 ( π/M ) sin2 θ sin2 ( π/M ) 1+ cos( π/M ) cos θ M-DPSK π 1 π 1 1 M 1 M Table 1 Parameters A, B and Λ for various coherent and non-coherent modulation schemes (PDF-based approach) One common method we can use to determine the error performance of a digital communications system is to evaluate... gQAM − 1 − 1 Mγ sin2 θ dθ , gQAM = 0 M 3 log2 ( M ) 2( M 1) 1 π 1 π 1 π 1M 1 γ 2 2 1M 1 γ( ) 2 π − π/M 1 Mγ π log2 ( M ) 0 π log2 ( M ) sin2 M π − π/M 1 Mγ π log2 ( M ) 0 g PSK sin2 θ dθ, gPSK g PSK 1+ cos( θ ) cos( π/M ) = dθ Table 2 Parameters A, B and Λ for various coherent and non-coherent modulation schemes (MGF-based approach) • For non-coherent binary frequency shift keying (BFSK) and binary... exp(μκ ) r ˆ r μ exp μ (1 + κ ) r ˆ r μ Iμ 1 2μ κ (1 + κ ) r ˆ r (28) Ω The PDF of the corresponding average SNR per symbol, γ is easily obtained f γ (γ ) = μ (1 + κ ) κ μ 1 2 μ +1 2 γ exp(μκ ) γ μ 1 2 μ +1 2 exp − μ (1 + κ ) γ γ Iμ − 1 2μ κ (1 + κ ) γ γ (29) Using (Ermolova, 2008) the MGF of γ is expressed in closed form as Mγ (s) = μκγs (1 + κ ) μ μ μ exp − [ sγ + (1 + κ )μ ] μ sγ + μ (1 + κ ) (30) An Overview... of the Physical Insight and the Various Performance Metrics of Fading Channels in Wireless Communication Systems Modulation Scheme ABEP BPSK BFSK BFSK with minimum correlation M-AM Square M-QAM NBFSK BDPSK M-PSK M-DPSK 17 π/2 1 Mγ sin2 θ dθ 0 π/2 1 Mγ 2 sin2 θ dθ 0 π/2 0. 715 Mγ sin2 θ dθ 0 3 log ( M ) π/2 g AM 2( M 1) Mγ sin2 θ dθ, g AM = M22 1 Mπ log2 ( M ) 0 gQAM π/2 4 1 − 1 Mγ sin2 θ dθ 0 π log2... most revealing regarding the wireless system behavior and the one most often illustrated in technical documents containing performance evaluation of wireless communications systems (Simon & Alouini, 2005) We present two methods to evaluate ABEP: A PDF-based approach and an MGF-based one 4.3 .1 PDF-based approach Modulation Scheme BPSK BFSK QPSK and MSK Square M-QAM B 1 1/2 1/ 2 A 1/ 2 1/ 2 1 2 1 − 1 M Λ -... scintillation probability density function in free-space optical links by use of multicanonical monte carlo sampling, Optics Letters 31( 21) : 3077–3079 Karagiannidis, G., Zogas, D., Sagias, N., Kotsopoulos, S & Tombras, G (2005) Equal-gain and maximal-ratio combining over nonidentical Weibull fading channels, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 4(3): 8 41 846 20 Advanced Trends in Wireless Communications. .. propagation environments The PDF of the instantaneous SNR per symbol γ is given by f γ (γ ) = √ ξ 2πσγ exp − (10 log10 γ − μ )2 2σ2 ( 31) where ξ = 10 / ln 10 = 4.3429, μ is the mean of 10 log10 γ expressed in dB and σ is the standard deviation of 10 log10 γ, also in dB The moment generating function of γ is given by Mγ (s) 1 √ π N ∑ wx n =1 n exp 10 ( √ 2σx n + μ ) /10 s (32) where xn are the zeros of the... W A (19 89) A comparison of indoor radio propagation characteristics at 910 MHz and 1. 75 GHz, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 7: 20–30 Chytil, B (19 67) The distribution of amplitude scintillation and the conversion of scintillation indices, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 29: 11 75 11 77 Cook, I D (19 81) The H-function and probability density functions of certain algebraic . February, 2 011 Printed in India A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Advanced Trends in Wireless Communications, . ADVANCED TRENDS IN WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS Edited by Mutamed Kha b Advanced Trends in Wireless Communications Edited by Mutamed Khatib Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 510 00 Rijeka,. expressed in closed form as (Yilmaz & Alouini, 2009) M γ (s)=H 1, 1 1, 1  1 Ξγs    (1, 1) ( 1, 2/β)  . (16 ) 7 An Overview of the Physical Insight and the Various Performance Metrics of Fading