Tai Lieu Chat Luong THE HISTORY OF RUSSIA ADVISORY BOARD John T Alexander Professor of History and Russian and European Studies, University of Kansas Robert A Divine George W Littlefield Professor in American History Emeritus, University of Texas at Austin John V Lombardi Professor of History, University of Florida THE HISTORY OF RUSSIA SECOND EDITION CHARLES E ZIEGLER The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations Frank W Thackeray and John E Findling, Series Editors GREENWOOD PRESS An Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC Copyright 2009 by Charles E Ziegler All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ziegler, Charles E The history of Russia / Charles E Ziegler.—2nd ed p cm — (The Greenwood histories of the modern nations) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-0-313-36307-8 (paper : alk paper)—ISBN 978-0-313-36308-5 (ebook) Russia—History Soviet Union—History Russia ( Federation)—History—1991- I Title DK40.Z54 2009 947— dc22 2009028949 13 12 11 10 09 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook Visit www.abc-clio.com for details ABC-CLIO, LLC 130 Cremona Drive, P.O Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116–1911 This book is printed on acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America To Janna and Alan Map of Russia [Cartography by Bookcomp, Inc.] Contents Series Foreword ix Preface xiii Preface to the Second Edition xvii Timeline of Historical Events xix Russia and Its People Kievan Russia and the Mongol Experience Muscovite Russia, 1240–1613 21 Russia under the Romanovs: Empire and Expansion, 1613–1855 33 Reform, Reaction, and Revolution, 1855–1921 51 Building Communism, 1921–1953 71 viii Contents De-Stalinization and Developed Socialism, 1953–1985 95 Gorbachev, Perestroika, and the Collapse of Communism 123 Russia’s Search for Democracy: The Yeltsin Era 149 10 Return to Authoritarianism: Putin and Beyond 181 Notable People in the History of Russia 209 Glossary of Selected Terms 213 Bibliographic Essay 217 Index 225 A photo essay follows page 122 Series Foreword The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations series is intended to provide students and interested laypeople with up-to-date, concise, and analytical histories of many of the nations of the contemporary world Not since the 1960s has there been a systematic attempt to publish a series of national histories, and as series advisors, we believe that this series will prove to be a valuable contribution to our understanding of other countries in our increasingly interdependent world Some 40 years ago, at the end of the 1960s, the Cold War was an accepted reality of global politics The process of decolonization was still in progress, the idea of a unified Europe with a single currency was unheard of, the United States was mired in a war in Vietnam, and the economic boom in Asia was still years in the future Richard Nixon was president of the United States, Mao Tse-tung (not yet Mao Zedong) ruled China, Leonid Brezhnev guided the Soviet Union, and Harold Wilson was prime minister of the United Kingdom Authoritarian dictators still controlled most of Latin America, the Middle East was reeling in the wake of the Six-Day War, and Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was at the height of his power in Iran Since then, the Cold War has ended, the Soviet Union has vanished, leaving 15 independent republics in its wake, the advent of the computer age has radically transformed global communications, the rising demand for oil makes 242 Pol Pot, 83 polpreds (presidential representatives), 166, 190 pomest’e, 24 Popular Movement, 144 population, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 12, 13, 18, 29, 30, 37, 43, 51, 53, 54, 57, 58, 60, 69 – 70, 72, 77, 80, 82 – 83, 87, 91, 103, 105, 107, 111–112, 114, 116 – 119, 124 –126, 135, 138 –141, 143, 147, 149, 157–160, 164, 166, 168, 170, 172, 188, 195 –196, 198, 199, 200 populists, 37, 55 – 56, 59, 69, 98, 214 Porphyrogenitus, Emperor Constantine, 12 Possessed, The ( Dostoevsky), 61 Potanin, Vladimir, 154, 186 –187 Potsdam Conference, 89, 92 poverty, 4, 15, 20, 28, 30, 52, 53, 61, 79, 81, 88, 91, 92, 101, 111–112, 116 –117, 127, 150, 154, 157, 159 –160, 176 –177, 195 –196, 199, 202 See also peasants Powers, Francis Gary, 104 power vertical, 183, 189 Pravda (newspaper), 92, 102, 108, 142, 187, 214 Preobrazhenskii Guard, 36, 62 presidential parliamentary system, 5, 193 Presidium, 93, 95, 97, 100, 103, 106, 107, 214 See also Politburo Primakov, Yevgeny, 155, 178, 183, 202 Primary Chronicle, 9, 14, 16 primitive conditions, 35, 52, 111 Primitivist movement, 65 privatization, 150, 151–152, 153, 156, 175, 185, 195 Prince, The ( Machiavelli), 55 Prince Igor (Borodin), 62 Index Prokofiev, Sergei, 92 proletariat (workers), 56, 66, 67, 69, 71, 105, 123 –124, 131 Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments, 117–118 Protestants, 38, 77 Provisional Government, 65 – 66, 193, 210 Prussia, 40, 44, 46 – 47, 88 Pskov, 24, 26 Public Chamber, 188, 189 public opinion, 59, 64, 60, 132, 137, 146, 163, 166, 170 –173, 175, 182–183, 189, 195 Public School Statute, 54 Pugo, Boris, 146 Putin, Vladimir, 1, 2, 7, 181; authoritarianism of, 188 –189, 191–192, 194 –195, 197, 207; Communist Party and, 6, 174, 181, 183, 192, 193, 198; early years of, 182–183; economy under, –7, 181, 182–183, 192–193, 196 –199, 202, 207; federalism and, 191–192; foreign policy of, 187, 189, 192, 194, 195, 198 –199, 200 –203; Gazprom and, 4, 193, 196 –197, 202, 204; government under, 6, 167, 169, 181, 183 –185, 186, 187, 188, 191–193; mass media and, 6, 185, 186, 193, 194; Medvedev and, 193 –194, 197, 200, 205, 207; nationalism and, 2, 172, 187, 191–192, 194, 196, 197, 199, 200 –202, 203 –204; opposition to, 185 –186, 187, 188, 192, 194, 202, 203, 206; political power of, 183, 184, 185 –186, 187, 188 –189, 190, 191–192, 193, 195 –196, 199; reforms of, 190 –191, 195, 196 –198; rise to power of, 155, Index 178, 182–183; Russian Orthodox Church and, 6, 174, 181, 183, 192, 193, 198; society under, 2, 188 –189, St Petersburg and, 4, 185,1 93, 197, 201; 190, 192, 195, 198, 200 –202; Yeltsin and, 155, 178, 181, 182,183, 186 –187, 191 Putin Generation, The, 201 purges, 81– 82, 86, 93, 142, 201 See also show trials; terror Pushkin, Aleksandr, 8, 48, 49, 62, 75, 211 Quarenghi, Giacomo, 42 quotas, 78 –79, 125, 128, 130, 158 –159, 199 Radek, Karl, 82 Radio Free Europe, 99, 222 Radishchev, Aleksandr, 41 railroads, 57, 58, 67 Rakosi, Matyas, 99 Rapallo Treaty, 84, 85 Rasputin, Gregorii, 65, 211 Rasputin, Valentin, 117, 145 Rastrelli, Bartolomeo, 39 Razin, Stenka, 34 reactionism, 47, 50,51, 54 – 56, 57, 58, 77, 102, 126, 142, 146, 175, 209, 210 Reagan, President Ronald, 126, 127, 135 Red Army, 68 – 69, 74, 75, 82, 84, 86, 88, 98 Red Guards, 66 – 67 Red Square, 27, 28, 73, 93, 108 Reformation, 10 –11 reforms, 5, 7, 25, 36, 37, 38 – 39, 41, 43, 44 – 47, 48, 50, 51– 55, 60, 65, 89, 96, 98, 100, 107, 108, 109, 124, 127–134, 135, 136, 137–141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 150, 243 151–154, 158, 161, 162–163, 167, 168, 171–172, 174, 175, 177, 178, 185, 190, 191, 195, 196, 197–198, 209, 210, 211 Regional Economic Councils, 100, 106, 107, 214 regional government, 5, 24, 25, 159, 166, 185, 191, 193, 194, 208 religion, – 5, 9, 10 – 11, 13 – 14, 19 –20, 21, 24 –25, 26 –27, 28 –29, 31, 35, 38, 40, 46 – 47, 48, 52, 54, 60 – 62, 63, 64 – 65, 73, 77, 83, 113, 114, 117, 141, 143, 144, 156, 160, 170, 172, 176, 199, 200 See also individual religious faiths Religious Procession in Kursk Province ( Repin), 63 Renaissance, 10 –11, 39 Repentance (film), 141 Repin, Ilya, 8, 28, 63, 211 Reporters Without Borders, 187 republics, 2, 6, 9, 69, 72, 87, 96, 98, 100, 113, 114 –118, 125, 133 –135, 138, 140, 143 –147, 149 –150, 164 –166, 189, 190, 196, 199, 201–205 Resurrection ( Tolstoy), 61– 62 revolution, 37, 40, 41, 47, 48, 51, 54, 55, 56, 60, 63, 69, 71, 73, 76, 84, 85, 88, 102, 110, 143, 148, 192, 201, 203, 204, 205, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 214 See also Russian Revolution Rimsky-Korsakov, Nikolai, 62 Riurikid Dynasty, 11, 16, 32 Robed in White ( Dudintsev), 101 Rodchenko, Aleksandr, 63 – 64 Rodina (Motherland) Party, 188, 198 Rogozin, Dmitry, 188 Rokhlin, General Lev, 170 Roman, Prince of Volyhnia, 15 244 Roman Catholics, 5, 10, 13, 14, 24, 25, 32, 35, 50, 56, 61, 98, 113 –114, 141, 176 Romania, 67, 88, 99, 116, 134, 206 Romanovs, 4, 14, 23, 25, 28, 32, 33 – 34, 36 – 37, 38 – 42, 43, 44, 47, 48, 51, 55, 56 – 59, 61– 62, 65, 66 – 69; Alexis I, 30, 33 –35, 38; Aleksandr I, 40, 44 – 47, 48, 49, 61, 209; Aleksandr II, 51– 55, 62, 202, 209; Aleksandr III, 55 – 56, 58, 209; Anna, 40; Catherine I, 40; Catherine II (the “Great”), 39 – 44, 54, 55, 210; Elizabeth I, 39, 40, 41; Evdoxia, 36; Nicholas I, 40, 47– 48, 50, 56, 210; Nicholas II, 11, 58, 64 – 65, 210–211; Paul I, 40, 44 – 45; Peter I (the “Great”), 1, 13, 33 – 37, 38 – 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 49, 211; Peter II, 40, Peter III, 40, 42; Sofia, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39 Romanticism, 40, 49, 52, 54, 60 – 61, 211 Romeo and Juliet ( Tchaikovsky), 62 Roosevelt, President Franklin, 81 Roosevelt, President Theodore, 57 Rose, Richard, 163, 176 Rose Revolution, 203, 205 Rosneft, 186, 196, 197, 202, 204 Rosoboroneksport, 196 Rossiskaya gazeta, 186 Rostov, 15, 16, 19, 58 ruble, 63, 89, 101, 113, 124, 125, 129, 132, 136, 152, 155, 158, 182, 195 Rublev, Andrei, 8, 211 rule of law, 45, 65, 67, 69, 140, 159, 161, 167, 170, 192, 194, 202 Rumsfeld, Donald, 205 Rusal Company, 196 –197 Ruslan and Lyudmila ( Pushkin), 49 Russian Academy of Sciences, 39, 40, 42, 138 Index Russian Bureau of Applied Sociological Research, 171, 172 Russian Communist Party, 165, 167, 168, 171, 173, 174, 183, 188, 192, 193 Russian Communist Workers’ Party, 173 Russian Far East, 1, 2, 3, 4, 68, 69, 84 – 85, 89 – 90, 109, 112, 136, 153, 158, 160, 171, 178, 186, 198, 203, 208 Russian Federation, 1, 2, 6, 69, 145, 150, 159, 160, 161, 164 –165, 168, 172, 179, 185, 190, 212 Russian Institute of Public Opinion, 171 Russian Justice, The, 11 Russian Museum, 8, 13 Russian National Union, 177 Russian Orthodox Church; Alexei II, Patriarch and, 200, 209; Alexis, Metropolitan and, 23; Alexis, Tsar and, 38; architecture of, 12, 13, 14, 28; Armenia and, 116; autocracy and, 21, 25, 26 –27, 28 –29, 32, 34, 36, 38–39, 48, 49, 61; Azerbaijan and, 116; beliefs of, 10, 13 –14, 26 –27, 29; Bolsheviks and, 69 – 70, 77; Byzantium and, 10–11, 13, 25, 26 – 27, 28 – 29, 38–39; Cathedral of the Assumption and, 14; Catherine the Great and, 40, 44; Chief Procurator of, 38 – 39; Church of Christ the Savior and, 200; church-state relations and, 5, 11, 13, 19, 21, 25, 32, 34, 36, 38 – 39, 43, 48, 49 – 50, 116, 117, 134, 141, 144, 159, 163, 176, 199 – 200; Civil War and, 77; clergy of, 5, 11–12, 13, 25, 26 –27, 28 –29, 30, 39, 43, 54, 58, 63, 67, Index 69, 77, 92, 176; communism and, 69–70, 73, 77, 116 –17, 134, 141; Constantinople and, 10, 12, 24, 25, 32, 44; conversion to, 9, 10, 11, 31, 212; culture and, 13, 14, 19, 25, 29, 38 – 39, 48, 199 –200; development of Russia and, 10 –11, 25; Europe and, 10 –11, 13, 14, 24, 29, 32, 38; expansion of, 11, 25, 141; foreign policy and, 35, 46, 50 – 51; Georgia and, 46, 116; Godunov and, 32; Gorbachev and, 134, 141, 144; government and, 5, 11, 13, 19, 21, 25, 26 –27, 28, 32, 34, 35, 36, 38 – 39, 43, 48, 49 –50, 58, 61, 64 – 65, 69 –70, 77, 116, 117, 134, 141, 144, 159, 163, 176; Great Schism of, 28, 29, 38, 211; Greek Orthodoxy and, 10, 13, 24, 25, 38; Holy Synod of, 38 – 39; icons and, 8, 13, 14, 29, 52, 59, 63, 77, 211, 213; ideology and, 19, 25, 26 – 27, 28 – 29, 38 – 39, 48, 49 – 50, 61, 163, 200; isolation of, 10 –11, 24, 38; Ivan III and, 25, 28; Ivan IV and, 25, 26 –27, 28, 31; Judaizers and, 28; judiciary and, 11–12; Khrushchev and, 117; Kiev and, 9, 10 –11, 13, 14, 22, 212; Kremlin and, 21, 28; Lenin and, 69 – 70, 77, 133; literature and, 28 – 29, 38, 61, 77, 144 –145; Marxism and, 69 –70, 77; Moldavia and, 116 –117; Mongols and, 19, 25, 31; Moscow and, 13, 21, 22, 24, 25, 28, 29, 32, 38; nationalism, and 25, 26 –27, 28 –29, 36, 48, 77, 116, 117, 141, 144, 199 –200; Nicholas I and, 48, 210; Nicholas II and, 64 – 65, 210 –211; Nikon, Patriarch and, 245 38, 211; Novgorod and, 14, 19, 22; official religion as, 9, 10, 11, 141, 199 – 200; Old Believers and, 38, 69 – 70, 211; persecution of, 69 – 70, 77; Peter, Metropolitan and, 22; Peter the Great and, 13, 34, 36, 38 – 39, 43; Philip, Metropolitan and, 26–27; Pimen I, Patriarch and, 200; politics and, 5, 11–12, 13, 14, 19, 25, 26 –27, 28 – 29, 32, 34, 38 – 39, 48, 58, 69 – 70, 77, 116, 117, 134, 141, 163, 199 –200; Putin and, 6, 174, 181, 183, 192, 193, 198; reforms in, 25, 38 – 39, 43, 211; restoration of, 5, 117, 141, 144, 163; resurgence of, 5, 19, 141, 144, 163, 199 –200; rituals of, 10, 13, 14, 25, 38; Roman Catholics and, 13, 14, 24, 25, 35, 50, 61, 98, 176; Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia ( ROCOR) and, 200; Russification policy and, 64 – 65; saints of, 13 28, 199; Sergei, Metropolitan and, 77; society and, 5, 13 –14, 19, 25, 28 –29, 31, 34, 38 – 39, 48, 58, 61, 69 –70, 77, 163, 199 –200; Stalin and, 73, 77; St Basil Cathedral and, 28; Third Rome and, 24, 25, 29, 32; Tikhon Patriarch and, 77; tsarism and, 26 –27, 48; Ukraine and, 35; Uniate branch of, 35; Vasilii III, 25, 28; Vladimir and, 14, 22; Vladimir, Prince and, 10; wealth of, 26 –27, 28; Westernizers and, 49; women and, 31, 159; World War II and, 77 Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia (ROCOR), 200 Russian Parliament, 5, 6, 138, 145, 154, 155, 159, 160, 162–167, 169, 246 171, 173, 177, 186, 188 –190, 193, 213 See also Duma Russian Party of Communists, 173 Russian Revolution (1905), 58 – 60, 61, 66, 73, 75, 210 Russian Revolution ( February 1917), 32, 60, 62, 64 – 66 Russian Revolution (October 1917), 19, 53, 56 – 57, 63 – 64, 66 –70, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 82, 84, 88, 92, 95, 116, 123, 139, 142, 209, 210 Russian-Soviet Federated Socialist Republic ( RSFSR), 69, 162 Russian White House See White House Russia’s Choice Party, 164 Russia’s Women (Clements), 40, 52 Russification policy, 64 – 65, 118, 133, 135 Russo-Japanese War (1904 – 05), 57, 59 – 60 Russo-Persian War (1804 –13), 45 – 46 Russo-Turkish Wars, 14, 15, 36, 44, 46, 50, 63, 78 Rutskoi, Aleksandr, 146, 163, 167, 172 Ryazan, 12, 17, 24, 30 Rybakov, Anatoly, 141 Rykov, Alexei, 82 Ryzhkov, Nikolai, 128, 145 Saakashvili, Mikheil, 203, 205 Sakha (republic), 165, 166 Sakhalin, 57, 89, 90 See also Kyril Islands Sakharov, Andrei, 113, 139, 211 salaries See wages Samizdat ( journal), 114 Sarai, 18, 19, 22 Sardinia, 50 Saudi Arabia, 196, 197 Scandinavia, 9, 11, 16 Index Scheherazade ( Rimsky-Korsakov), 62 Scythians, The ( Blok), 19 Sechin, Igor 197 Second Department, 48 secret police, 48, 58, 68, 74, 81– 82, 89, 92, 93, 96, 99, 118 –119, 126 –127, 182, 213 See also Cheka, KGB; NKVD; Okhrana; Third Department “Secret Speech,” 27, 98, 100, 102, 103, 127–128 Secretariats, 73, 83, 121, 128 Seleznev, Gennady, 183 Semenovskii Regiment, 36 Serbia, 64, 177–178, 206 serfdom, 12, 15, 29, 34, 41– 43, 45, 52 – 54, 209, 210 Sergei, Metropolitan, 77 Sergius, Abbot, 23 Sevastopol, 50 Seventh Day Adventists, 141 Shaimiev, Mintimer, 165 –166 Shakhty Trial, 81 Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), 204, 207 Shatrov, Mikhail, 141 Shcherbitsky, Vladimir, 144 Shelest, Petro, 116 Shemiaka, Dmitrii, 23 Shevardnadze, Eduard, 128 –129, 134, 141, 145, 205 Shevchenko, Taras, 116 Shevtsova, Lilia, 182 shock therapy economics, 151, 155, 161–162 Shokhin, Aleksandr, 151 Sholokhov, Mikhail, 76, 211 show trials, 81–82, 141, 210, 212 Shushkievich, Stanislav, 147 shuttle trade, 153 Siberia, 2, 3, 4, 27, 30, 34, 35, 38, 41, 48, 56, 57, 62, 65, 68, 73, 80, 91, Index 96, 97, 112, 117, 125, 128, 131, 144, 158, 160, 165, 166, 211 Silicon Valley, siloviki, 169, 185, 214 Silver Age, 62 Sinatra Doctrine, 134 Sino-Soviet relations, 90, 135 –136, 204 See also China slaves, 12, 18, 27, 30 – 31, 34, 43, 52, 53, 87 Slavophiles, 49 – 50, 214 Slavs, 2, 9, 10, 13, 14, 29, 30, 55, 64, 87, 116 – 118, 125 Sleeping Beauty ( Tchaikovsky), 62 Small Earth, The (Brezhnev), 107 Smolensk, 12, 15, 46, 83 Smolnyi Institute, 39, 42 Snow Maiden, The ( RimskyKorsakov), 62 Sobchak, Anatoly, 146, 182 Social Democratic Labor Party, 56, 73 Social Democrats (SPD), 85, 213, 214 See also Bolsheviks; Mensheviks social groups, 34, 41, 61, 172 social networking, 187 socialism, 19, 40, 54, 55 – 57, 58, 59, 65 – 67, 69, 71–72, 73 – 74, 75 – 76, 77, 79, 82, 84, 85, 89, 91– 92, 97– 98, 101–102, 103 –106, 108 –109, 111, 113–114, 121, 125, 126, 129, 156, 172 socialism in one country, 71–72, 73 socialist realism, 63 – 64, 75 – 76, 91– 92, 101–102 Socialist Revolutionary Party (SRs), 59, 65, 66, 67, 69, 210 Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED), 89 society, 11–12, 14 –15, 19, 25, 28 –29, 30 – 31, 33, 34, 36 – 37, 38, 40 – 43, 247 47, 48 – 50, 54, 56, 58, 60 – 61, 63, 65 – 66, 74 –76, 81, 83, 84, 87– 88, 90 – 91, 94, 98, 105 –106, 111, 112, 117–119, 127–128, 132, 133, 137–143, 150, 154, 158 –156, 157, 159, 160, 161, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 175 –176, 179, 182, 187–189, 195, 198, 200 –202, 208 Sofia, Tsarina, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39 Solidarity Labor Movement, 108, 126 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 102, 114, 133, 141, 145, 211 Sophie Auguste Frederike See Catherine II South Korea, 90, 137, 153, 166, 172, 178, 202 South Ossetia, 203, 205, 207 South Stream gas pipeline, 206 Sovetskaya Rossiya, 142 soviets, 59 – 65 – 66, 214 Soviet Union, The: The Incomplete Superpower ( Dibb), 136 sovkhoz, 80, 112, 214 See also farmers sovnarkozy See Regional Economic Councils Spain, 46, 61, 86, 171, 172, 186 Speransky, Mikhail, 45 – 46, 48 Sputnik, 104 stagnation, 121, 124, 127, 209 Stakhanov, Alexei, 79 Stalin, Joseph, 212, 215; agriculture and, 74, 77–78, 79, 80, 83, 87– 88, 91, 92; birth of, 73; Cold War and, 87, 88 – 91, 93, 97; collectivization under, 75, 77, 79 – 80, 81, 86, 91, 92, 94; CPSU and, 73 – 74, 76, 77, 78, 80, 82, 83, 85, 87, 89; cult of personality of, 73, 87, 92, 97, 103, 106, 109; culture under, 18, 70, 72, 74 –76, 83, 92; death of, 93; dictatorship 248 of, 5, 72, 83, 88, 92, 93; early life of, 73; economy under, 78 – 80, 83, 86; de-Stalinization of, 5, 91, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100 –103, 176; famine under, 70, 71, 80, 81, 87, 91; foreign policy of, 74, 80, 83, 85, 86 – 87, 88, 90, 91, 92; industrialization under, 74, 78, 79, 84; kulaks and, 74, 77, 79, 80, 81; labor camps under, 75, 81, 87, 91, 94, 97– 98; Lenin and, 72, 73, 74; military under, 71, 74, 75, 82, 86, 88; opposition against, 71, 72–73, 74, 78, 86; oppression under, 5, 70, 72, 73, 74 –75, 83, 209; paranoia of, 72, 81– 82, 86, 93; purges of, 81– 82, 86, 93, 142; rise to power of, 72 –73; Russian Orthodox Church and, 73, 77; secret police and, 74, 81– 82, 89, 92, 96; society under, 70, 71, 73, 76, 81, 83, 84, 87– 88, 90, 91, 94, 209; terror under, 68 – 69, 81– 82, 83, 86, 91, 93 –94, 98, 118 –119, 124, 126, 142, 147; totalitarianism of, 82– 84; Trotsky and, 71, 72, 74; World War II and, 70, 77–78, 83, 92 Stalin in Power ( Tucker), 82 Stalin’s Heirs (Yevtushenko), 102 Stalingrad, 87 Starovoitova, Galina, 159 START treaties, 136, 178 State Committee for the State of Emergency, 145, 146 State Council, 45, 48, 53, 59, 190 State Nanotechnology Corporation, 196 –197 State Planning Committee See Gosplan State Pricing Committee, 124 State Statistics Committee, 157–158 Index Stavropol, 127–128 St Basil’s Cathedral, 27, 28 Stepashin, Sergei, 155, 182 Sterligov, Aleksandr, 177 St Isaac’s Cathedral, 42 stock market, 125, 152, 154, 155, 195, 199 Stoglav See Hundred Chapters Stolypin, Peter, 58–60 St Petersburg, 4, 7, 8, 13, 36, 39, 41, 42, 44, 45, 48, 49, 55, 56, 58, 59, 62, 63, 148, 158, 159, 182, 185, 192–193, 197, 201, 211 See also Leningrad; Petrograd St Petersburg Imperial Academy of the Arts, 62–63 St Petersburg Soviet, 59 Strategic Arms Limitations Talks (SALT), 109 Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), 127 St Sophia Cathedral, 14 sudebnik (law codes), 24, 25, 214 Supremacist Movement, 63 Supreme Court, 159, 167 Supreme Soviet, 107, 121, 140, 146 –147, 151, 158, 161, 193 Surikov, Vasily, 63 Suslov, Mikhail, 106, 126, 147 Suvorov, Aleksandr, 44 Suzdal, 12, 15, 16, 17 Sverdlovsk, 138, 145, 161, 212 Sviatopolk (the “Damned”), 13 Sviatoslav, Prince, 10, 15 Swan Lake ( Tchaikovsky), 62, 212 Sweden, 18, 27, 30, 36, 46, 78, 102 Switzerland, 5, 64, 66, 157 Symbolists, 62 Table of Ranks, 36, 37 Taiwan, 90, 103, 172 Tajikistan, 115, 117, 178, 199, 204 Index Tale of the White Cowl of Novgorod, 29 Tatars, 2, 5, 17, 23 – 24, 27–28, 30, 35, 42, 91, 113 –115, 150, 154, 164, 165 –166, 200 See also Mongols Tatarstan, 164 –166 Tatlin, Vladimir, 63 – 64, 75 taxation, 6, 10, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 23, 30, 32, 37, 42, 43, 53, 58, 77, 96, 129 –130, 153, 154, 155, 160, 165 –166, 167, 169, 186, 189, 191, 195, 196, 208 Tbilisi (Georgia), 93, 125, 139, 203, 205 Tchaikovsky, Peter, 62, 212 technology, 17, 32, 35, 37, 79, 84, 89, 108, 109 –110, 121, 127, 132, 147, 185, 196 –197 Teheran Conference (1943), 89, 92 Telescope (Chaadaev), 49 Tennyson, Alfred Lord, 50 Tenth Party Congress (1921), 69, 70, 133 Terras, Victor, 29 terror, 41, 68 – 69, 81– 82, 83, 86, 91, 93 – 94, 98, 118 –119, 124, 126, 142, 147 terrorism, 2, 37, 55 – 56, 59, 64, 178, 179, 182, 189 –190, 200 –202, 204, 206, 209 Test Ban Treaty, 104 Teutonic Knights, 18, 22, 75 – 76 thaw, 101–103, 126 Thaw, The ( Ehrenburg), 101 theater, 7, 41, 62, 141 Theognostus, Bishop, 22 – 23 Third Department, 48 See also secret police Third International Communist Movement See Comintern Third Rome, 24, 25, 29, 32 Third World, 104 –105, 126, 130, 134 –135, 176 –177 249 Tiananmen Square, 136 Tikhon, Patriarch, 77 Time of Troubles, 28, 31–32, 35, 62, 70 Timofeevich, Ermak, 30 Tito, Josip Broz, 88 – 89, 97 Tolstoy, Count Leo, 46, 60, 61– 62, 212 Tomsk-7 (city), 158 Tomsky, Mikhail, 82 totalitarianism, 5, 82– 83, 118 –119, 137, 175 trade, 11, 12, 13, 15, 22, 24, 29, 30, 32, 35, 67, 70, 74, 84, 110, 130, 132, 137, 138 –139, 150, 153, 159, 199, 202, 204, 207 trade unions, 35, 58, 68, 82, 101, 113, 138, 142 –143, 144, 153, 172, 175 Transcarpathia, 88 Transcaucasus, 48, 93 Transparency International, 194 Trans-Siberian Railroad, 57 Treaty of Andrusovo (1667), 35 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918), 68, 84 Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji (1774), 44 Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689), 35 Treaty of Nystadt (1721), 36 Treaty of Paris (1856), 50, 52 Treaty of Tilsit (1807), 46 Treaty of Versailles (1919), 84 Trends in the New Russia Barometer, 163 Tretiakov, Pavel, 63 Tretiakov Gallery, 8, 63 Trotsky, Leon, 59, 66 – 67, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73 –74, 78, 82, 97, 133, 212 Truman, President Harry, 89, 90 Tsarskoe Selo, 39 Tulip Revolution, 204 Turgenev, Ivan, 52, 54, 60 – 61, 212 Turkey, 44, 46, 50, 63, 64, 105, 116, 178 250 Turkmenistan, 115, 117, 196, 203 Turks, 2, 14, 15, 19, 24 –25, 32, 36, 44, 46, 63, 64, 78, 80, 96, 116, 117, 165, 213 Twelve, The ( Blok), 209 Twentieth Party Congress (1956), 97, 98 – 99, 100, 102, 103, 127–128 See also Secret Speech Twenty-Second Party Congress (1961), 105 Twenty-Seventh Party Congress (1986), 130 Tyulkin, Viktor, 173 Ukraine, 2–3, 9–17, 20, 21, 22, 29, 30, 32, 35 –37, 42, 43, 44, 65, 68 – 69, 80, 87, 91, 96, 98, 102, 113, 115, 116 –117, 131, 132–133, 134, 144, 147, 149, 150, 192, 194, 196, 203, 204 – 205, 207 Ukrainian Communist Party, 116 Ulianov, Aleksandr, 56 Ulianov, Vladimir See Lenin, Vladimir ulozhenie (law codes), 29, 34, 214 unemployment, 2, 6, 7, 81, 150, 156, 159–160, 167, 175, 196 Unified Energy Systems, 185, 204 Union of Right Forces Party, 183, 188 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), 2, 5, 9, 18, 72, 80, 82, 85 – 89, 91– 92, 98 –102, 104 –111, 114, 116, 120 –121, 124 –128, 131, 133, 134 –137, 140, 141, 143, 144, 146 –147, 149, 158, 160, 162, 177, 210 Union Republics, 114, 134, 144 Union Treaty, 140, 145, 164 United Nations, 106, 134, 198, 202 United Russia Party, 185, 187, 188, 191, 192, 193, 194, 198 Index United States, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 30, 57, 66, 74, 81, 84, 85, 87– 93, 97, 98, 101, 103 –105, 109 –111, 121, 124 –126, 135 –136, 139, 141, 154, 157, 164, 176 –178, 196, 198 –199, 200 –207 Unity Party, 183, 185 Unofficial Committee, 45, 47 Ural Mountains, 3, 4, 6, 8, 16, 30, 42, 57, 100, 135, 138, 145, 161, 213 Uzbekistan, 115, 117, 134, 135, 194, 199, 203, 204 Vakhtangov, Evgenii, 75 Vasilii I, 23 Vasilii II, 23 Vasilii III, 24 – 25 Vasilii IV, 32 veche (town assembly), 11, 16, 22, 24, 214 Vereshchagin, Vasily, 63 Vernadsky, George, 19 Viatichi, 10 Vienna, 46, 110 Vietnam, 110–111, 126, 130, 136 village prose, 117, 144 villages, 4, 12, 43, 46, 53 – 55, 63, 74, 80, 81, 111, 117, 144 Vilnius, 45, 143 Virgin Lands Project, 96, 107, 117 virtual economy, 155 Vladikavkaz, 205 Vladimir (city), 14, 15, 16, 17, 22 Vladimir I, Prince, 10 – 11, 212 Vladimir-Suzdal, 15, 16, 17 Vladivostok, 4, 57, 68, 69, 78, 109, 153 Vlasov, Yuri, 138 –139 Volga River, 2, 3, 16, 17–18, 23, 30, 91 Volkogonov, General Dmitrii, 92 Volatire, 33, 41 Volyhnia, 15 Index Vorkuta, 131 Voroshilov, Kliment, 93 – 94 voting See elections Vsevolod, Prince, 15, 16 Vyshinsky, Andrei, 82 – 83 Vzshnegradsky, Ivan, 58 wages, 6, 79 – 80, 105, 111, 112, 113, 131, 151, 152, 153, 155, 156, 159 – 160, 176, 195 –197, 200, 214 Wallachia, 44, 50 War and Peace ( Tolstoy), 46, 61, 212 War Communism, 67, 70 War of Laws, 164 Warsaw Pact, 99, 108, 110, 135 See also Warsaw Treaty Organization Warsaw Treaty Organization ( WTO), 99 We (Zamyatin), 75 wealth, 2, – 4, –7, 12, 25, 28 –29, 30 –31, 53, 56, 63, 74, 77, 79, 85, 93, 112, 126, 151, 152, 153, 154, 157, 159, 161–162, 176, 182, 183, 185, 186, 190, 194, 196, 197, 199 welfare, 30, 156, 171 West Berlin, 104 Western Europe, 11, 14, 18, 89, 99, 104, 117, 135, 152, 177, 206, 214 Westernization, 39 – 40, 41, 45 Westernizers, 3, 27, 30, 32, 33 – 35, 38, 41, 45, 48, 49 – 50, 60 – 61, 92, 93, 96, 97, 111, 113, 114, 123 –126, 142, 152, 157, 160 –161, 163, 167, 172, 178 –179, 189, 192, 203, 204 –205, 215 West Germany, 89, 99, 108 What Is To Be Done? (Chernyshevsky), 54, 57 What Is To Be Done? ( Lenin), 57 White Army, 68, 75, 77 White House ( Moscow), 6, 146, 163, 169 251 White Russia See Belarus Wilhelm II, Kaiser, 64 Winter Palace, 4, 39, 55, 58 – 59, 66 – 67 Witte, Sergei, 58 women, 7, 31, 39 – 43, 47, 49, 52, 54, 55, 58, 59, 61, 63, 65 –76, 83, 98, 111–112, 113, 138, 142 – 143, 152–153, 157–160, 161, 172, 176, 187, 192, 198 “ Women of Russia,” 159 Women’s Department, 76 Woo, President Roh Tae, 137 workers’ councils See soviets Workers’ Opposition Party, 69 Workers’ Russian Party, 173 World Bank, 132, 176 – 177 World War I, 60, 64 – 65, 66, 68, 71, 74, 77, 84, 98, 211 World War II, 76, 77, 83 – 84, 85 – 87, 88, 89, 90 – 91, 92, 98, 100, 102, 102, 107, 114 –115, 134, 137 Yabloko Party, 164, 169, 174, 183, 188, 198 Yakovlev, Aleksandr, 129, 137, 141–142, 145 Yakunin, Vladimir, 192 –193 Yakutia, 35, 165, 166 Yalta Conference (1945), 89 Yanayev, Gennadii, 146 Yanukovych, Viktor, 203 Yastrzhembskii, Sergei, 175 Yavlinsky, Gregorii, 173, 174, 183 Yazov, Dmitrii, 146 Yeltsin, Boris, 4, 149, 181–183, 186, 190 –193, 211, 212; August coup and, 145 –147, 161, 162; background of, 138, 145, 161; birth of, 161; Commonwealth of Independent States formation and, 147; economy under, 6, 252 151–153, 155, 162–162, 167, 169 –170, 172, 175, 195 –196; elections of, 145, 146, 163, 165, 167–169, 174 –175; foreign policy of, 6, 162 –163, 178 –179, 201– 203; Gorbachev and, 137, 138, 145, 146, 147, 175, 201; government under, 6, 160 –162, 207; health of, 138, 163, 169, 182; nationalities and, 6, 147, 164 –165, 166, 203; opposition to, 6, 138, 147, 155, 162–164, 169 –170, 171, 174, 175; Putin and, 55, 178, 181, 182, 183, 186 –187, 191; reforms under, 137, 138, 147, 156 –157, 160 –162, 166 –167, 171–172, 174, 175; resignation of, 182; rise to power of, 138, 145, 146, 161; society under, 6, 156, 157, 178 – 172, 175 Yenesei River, 57 Yesenin, Sergei, 75 Yevtushenko, Yevgeny, 102 Yezhov, Nicholas, 93 Young Pioneers, 76 – 77 youth groups, 54, 76 – 77, 128, 157, 189, 194, 200, 201, 214 Index Youth Guard Party, 194 Yugoslavia, 88 – 89, 97, 142, 178 Yukos Company, 186, 197 Yushenko, Victor, 204 Zagorsk, 13 Zalygin, Sergei, 141 Zamyatin, Evgenii, 75 Zaporozhe Region, 30, 35 Zaslavskaya, Tatiana, 128 Zasulich, Vera, 56 Zedong, Mao, 83, 90, 103 Zemskii sobor, 25, 32, 34 Zemstvos, 53, 215 Zhdanov, Andrei, 91– 92, 101, 215 Zhdanovshchina, 91– 92, 215 Zhirinovsky, Vladimir, 145, 164, 172–173, 177, 183, 188, 192, 193 Zhukov, Marshal Georgii, 100 Zinoviev, Gregorii, 72, 73, 74, 82, 112, 212 Zionists, 142 Zorkin, Valerii, 167 Zochchenko, Mikhail, 91 Zubatov, Sergei, 58 Zyuganov, Gennadii, 165, 168, 169, 172–174, 183, 193 About the Author CHARLES E ZIEGLER is Professor and University Scholar in the Political Science Department at the University of Louisville He is the author of Foreign Policy and East Asia (1993) and Environmental Policy in the USSR (1987), co-editor of Russia’s Far East: A Region at Risk (2002) and author of dozens of scholarly articles and book chapters This page intentionally left blank Other Titles in the Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations Frank W Thackeray and John E Findling, Series Editors The History of Afghanistan Meredith L Runion The History of Finland Jason Lavery The History of Argentina Daniel K Lewis The History of France W Scott Haine The History of Australia Frank G Clarke The History of Germany Eleanor L Turk The History of the Baltic States Kevin O’Connor The History of Ghana Roger S Gocking The History of Brazil Robert M Levine The History of Great Britain Anne Baltz Rodrick The History of Cambodia Justin Corfield The History of Haiti Steeve Coupeau The History of Canada Scott W See The History of Holland Mark T Hooker The History of Central America Thomas Pearcy The History of India John McLeod The History of Chile John L Rector The History of Indonesia Steven Drakeley The History of China David C Wright The History of Iran Elton L Daniel The History of Congo Didier Gondola The History of Iraq Courtney Hunt The History of Cuba Clifford L Staten The History of Ireland Daniel Webster Hollis III The History of Egypt Glenn E Perry The History of Israel Arnold Blumberg The History of El Salvador Christopher M White The History of Italy Charles L Killinger The History of Ethiopia Saheed Adejumobi The History of Japan, Second Edition Louis G Perez The History of Korea Djun Kil Kim The History of Saudi Arabia Wayne H Bowen The History of Kuwait Michael S Casey The History of Serbia John K Cox The History of Mexico Burton Kirkwood The History of South Africa Roger B Beck The History of New Zealand Tom Brooking The History of Spain Peter Pierson The History of Nigeria Toyin Falola The History of Sri Lanka Patrick Peebles The History of Pakistan Iftikhar H Malik The History of Sweden Byron J Nordstrom The History of Panama Robert C Harding The History of Turkey Douglas A Howard The History of the Philippines Kathleen M Nadeau The History of Ukraine Paul Kubicek The History of Poland M.B Biskupski The History of Venezuela H Micheal Tarver and Julia C Frederick The History of Portugal James M Anderson The History of Vietnam Justin Corfield The History of Russia Charles E Ziegler