Tai Lieu Chat Luong the cambridge history of RU S S I A The second volume of The Cambridge History of Russia covers the imperial period (1689–1917) It encompasses political, economic, social, cultural, diplomatic and military history All the major Russian social groups have separate chapters and the volume also includes surveys on the non-Russian peoples and the government’s policies towards them It addresses themes such as women, law, the Orthodox Church, the police and the revolutionary movement The volume’s seven chapters on diplomatic and military history, and on Russia’s evolution as a great power, make it the most detailed study of these issues available in English The contributors come from the USA, UK, Russia and Germany: most are internationally recognised as leading scholars in their fields, and some emerging younger academics engaged in a cutting-edge research have also been included No other single volume in any language offers so comprehensive, expert and up-to-date an analysis of Russian history in this period dominic lieven is Professor of Russian Government at the London School of Economics and Political Science His books include Russia’s Rulers under the Old Regime (1989) and Empire: The Russian Empire and its Rivals (2000) Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 the cambridge history of RU S S I A This is a definitive new history of Russia from early Rus’ to the successor states that emerged after the collapse of the Soviet Union Volume I encompasses developments before the reign of Peter I; volume II covers the ‘imperial era’, from Peter’s time to the fall of the monarchy in March 1917; and volume III continues the story through to the end of the twentieth century At the core of all three volumes are the Russians, the lands which they have inhabited and the polities that ruled them while other peoples and territories have also been give generous coverage for the periods when they came under Riurikid, Romanov and Soviet rule The distinct voices of individual contributors provide a multitude of perspectives on Russia’s diverse and controversial millennial history Volumes in the series Volume I From Early Rus’ to 1689 Edited by Maureen Perrie Volume II Imperial Russia, 1689–191 Edited by Dominic Lieven Volume III The Twentieth Century Edited by Ronald Grigor Suny Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 THE CAMBRIDGE H I S TO RY O F RU S S I A * VO LU M E I I Imperial Russia, 1689–1917 * Edited by DOMINIC LIEVEN London School of Economics and Political Science Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, S˜ao Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521815291  C Cambridge University Press 2006 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published 2006 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library isbn-13 978-0-521-81529-1 hardback isbn-10 0-521-81529-0 hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Contents List of plates ix List of maps xi Notes on contributors xii Acknowledgements xvi Note on the text xvii List of abbreviations in notes and bibliography Chronology xx xviii Introduction dominic lieven part i EMPIRE · Russia as empire and periphery dominic lieven 27 · Managing empire: tsarist nationalities policy theodore r weeks · Geographies of imperial identity mark bassin 45 part ii C U LT U R E , I D E A S, I D E N T I T T I E S · Russian culture in the eighteenth century lindsey hughes 67 v Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Contents · Russian culture: 1801–1917 rosamund bartlett 92 116 · Russian political thought: 1700–1917 gary m hamburg · Russia and the legacy of 1812 alex ander m martin 45 part iii N O N - RU S S I A N NAT I O NA L I T I E S · Ukrainians and Poles timothy snyder 65 · Jews 84 benjamin nathans 10 · Islam in the Russian Empire vladimir bobrovnikov 202 part iv RU S S I A N S O C I E T Y, L AW A N D E C O N O M Y 11 · The elites 227 dominic lieven 12 · The groups between: raznochintsy, intelligentsia, professionals elise kimerling wirt schafter 245 13 · Nizhnii Novgorod in the nineteenth century: portrait of a city catherine evtuhov 264 14 · Russian Orthodoxy: Church, people and politics in Imperial Russia gregory l freeze 15 · Women, the family and public life barbar a alpern engel 306 vi Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 284 Contents 326 16 · Gender and the legal order in Imperial Russia michelle lamarche marrese 344 17 · Law, the judicial system and the legal profession jorg baberowski 18 · Peasants and agriculture david mo on 369 394 19 · The Russian economy and banking system boris ananich part v G OV E R N M E N T 20 · Central government zhand p shakibi 429 21 · Provincial and local government janet m hartley 449 22 · State finances 468 peter waldron part vi FOREIGN POLICY AND THE ARMED FORCES 23 · Peter the Great and the Northern War paul bushkovitch 24 · Russian foreign policy, 1725–1815 hugh r agsdale 489 04 25 · The imperial army 30 william c fuller, jr 26 · Russian foreign policy, 1815–1917 5 david schimmelpenninck van der oye vii Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Contents 27 · The navy in 1900: imperialism, technology and class war nikolai afonin part vii R E F O R M , WA R A N D R E VO LU T I O N 28 · The reign of Alexander II: a watershed? larisa zakharova 29 · Russian workers and revolution reginald e zelnik 30 · Police and revolutionaries jonathan w daly 31 · War and revolution, 1914–1917 eric lohr 93 61 637 65 Bibliography 670 Index 71 viii Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 75 Plates The plates can be found after the Index Imperial mythology: Peter the Great examines young Russians returning from study abroad From Russkii voennyi flot, St Petersburg, 1908 Imperial grandeur: the Great Palace (Catherine Palace) at Tsarskoe Selo Author’s collection Alexander I: the victor over Napoleon From Russkii voennyi flot, St Petersburg, 1908 Alexander II addresses the Moscow nobility on the emancipation of the serfs Reproduced courtesy of John Massey Stewart Picture Library Mikhail Lomonosov: the grandfather of modern Russian culture Reproduced courtesy of John Massey Stewart Picture Library Gavril Derzhavin; poet and minister Reproduced courtesy of John Massey Stewart Picture Library Sergei Rachmaninov: Russian music conquers the world Reproduced courtesy of John Massey Stewart Picture Library The Conservatoire in St Petersburg Author’s collection Count Muravev (Amurskii): imperial pro-consul By A.V Makovskii (1869–1922) Reproduced courtesy of John Massey Stewart Picture Library and Irkutsk Fine Arts Museum 10 Imperial statuary: the monument to Khmel’nitskii in Kiev Reproduced courtesy of John Massey Stewart Picture Library 11 Tiflis: Russia in Asia? Reproduced courtesy of John Massey Stewart Picture Library 12 Nizhnii Novgorod: a key centre of Russian commerce Reproduced courtesy of John Massey Stewart Picture Library 13 Rural life: an aristocratic country mansion Author’s collection 14 Rural life: a central Russian village scene Author’s collection 15 Rural life: the northern forest zone Author’s collection 16 Rural life: the Steppe Author’s collection 17 Naval ratings: the narod in uniform From Russkii voennyi flot, St Petersburg, 1908 18 Sinews of power? Naval officers in the St Petersburg shipyards Russkii voennyi flot, St Petersburg, 1908 19 The battleship Potemkin fitting out Russkii voennyi flot, St Petersburg, 1908 ix Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-81529-1 - The Cambridge History of Russia, Volume II: Imperial Russia, 1689-1917 Edited by Dominic Lieven Index More information Index on inadequacy of state budget 468, 486 industrialisation policy 241, 434, 619 influence of 573 monetary reform (1897) 412 and Nicholas II 442 and Russo-Japanese War 569 and shipbuilding programme 578 Wittelsbach dynasty, Bavaria 511 women 306, 319, 323 and 1905 Revolution 322–5 education higher 317, 318, 323 non-elite 312–13, 318 family responsibilities and ideals 306, 310 in industry (First World War) 662 in labour market 319–20 migrant 319–21 and modernisation 313–22 feminist organisations 322 image of ‘new woman’ 324–25 and populist movement 317–18 rejection of conventions 316 rights 314–15 ‘sexual question’ 324 and socialist ideals 316 in nunneries 291, 309 as nurses in Crimean War 314 peasants consumption patterns 319 gendered division of labour 383 political rights 322–3 in public life 321 in Russian art 71 soldiers’ wives (soldatka) 248, 311 state controls over sexuality 312, 324 as teachers 314, 317, 321 in universities 315, 317 wives’ duty of obedience 300, 333, 338 ‘woman question’ 313–14, 316, 327 as writers 87, 308 see also divorce; marriage; women, elite; women, legal status of women, elite 306, 308, 326 and criminal law 339, 340 education 307–8 and inheritance laws 327–9 litigation rights 328 management of estates 329 and serf ownership 330–3 and women’s rights movement 315 women, legal status of 311, 326–7 abused wives 334, 335 Vyshnegradskii, I A., minister of finance 405, 409–11, 412, 482 Wagner, Richard 111 Wanderers, the (artists) 101, 103 Wanli, Ming Emperor of China 445 Waqf institutions 203, 208, 209, 216, 217 war, effect on state finances 478 War of the Austrian Succession (1740–48) 505 War for the Fatherland (1812) 147–8 liberal nationalist view of 145, 150 War Ministry, and Muslims 213, 216, 218 War of Polish Succession (1733–36) 505 Warsaw 171, 178 Jews in 35, 197 lost to Germans (1915) 44 surrendered to Russians (1794) 535 Warsaw, Grand Duchy of (Napoleonic) 149, 172, 525, 526 Waterloo, battle of (1815) 527 Wedgwood, Josiah 81 Weil, G., German orientalist 212 Western Provinces (modern Belarus, Lithuania and western Ukraine) 34, 148 cultural Russification in 38 Polish hegemony 31, 37 see also Belarus; Lithuania; Ukraine Westernisation debate with Slavophiles 126–30 intellectual opposition to 88 resistance to Peter the Great’s reforms 77 of Russian elite 17, 21, 67 see also Europe Westernisers, view of Russian national identity 128–30 Wielopolski, Aleksander, Polish reformer 178 Wilhelm I, king of Prussia and German Emperor 564 Wilhelm II, emperor of Germany 447, 567 Wilkicki, Andrzej, Polish naval scientist 182 William I, of Orange, king of Netherlands 558 Wilmot, Catherine 328, 331 Wiszniewski, Wincenty, Polish astronomer 174 witchcraft, belief in 353 Witkiewicz, Jan Prosper, Polish scholar 175 Witte, Count Sergei (S Iu.), minister of finance 56, 221, 237, 405, 411–14, 417 criticism of Kokovtsov 422 economic reforms 411 and expenditure on railways 409, 472 763 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-81529-1 - The Cambridge History of Russia, Volume II: Imperial Russia, 1689-1917 Edited by Dominic Lieven Index More information Index in criminal law 339–42 and family law 330, 335–9, 341 inheritance laws 327–9 obligation to obey husbands 308, 333, 335, 336, 337–9, 343 and passports 337, 343 presumption of frailty of women 336, 337, 339, 340–1, 343 property transactions between husband and wife 333–5 right to own and manage property 311, 326, 327, 328 and serf ownership 330–3 women’s suffrage 323 Women’s Union 322, 323 Woolf, Virginia 93 workers 617–18 and 1917 Revolution 635–6 artisans in Nizhnii Novgorod 268, 270 and Civil War 636 on industry councils (First World War) 662 links to communes 619 petition to tsar (1905) 630–1 politicised 24, 623, 634 relations with intelligentsia 623–4, 627, 645 and St Petersburg soviet 632–4 serfs as factory workers 400, 618 social and political importance of 620–1, 624–5 state peasants 617 and strikes in 1870s 621–3 urban industrial 619 wage labour 389, 391, 486 women in factories 319 Zubatov’s government-sponsored organisations for 625–7, 644 workers’ soviets 636 St Petersburg (Petrograd) 632–4, 657, 669 working class growth of 415 and identity 624 Lenin’s view of 142 Nizhnii Novgorod 273 urban 131 working conditions and labour disputes 433, 434 regulation of 408, 410, 641 World of Art, The (art journal) 110–11 Xinjiang (China) 561, 563, 564 yasak (tribute paid in furs) 28 Yeni Dunai, Turkish fortress 30 Yiddish language 187 Yusupov family, Tatar origins of 234 Zablotskii-Desiatovskii, A P., survey of serf estates 597 Zachary Zhdanov & Co., banking house 420 Zakataly district (Transcaucasia) 216 Zamoyski, Count Andrzej, Polish nationalist 178 Zaporihizian Sich, free Cossacks in 167, 168, 170 Zarudnyi, S I., legal reformer 347 Zasulich, Vera, shooting of General Trepov 317, 365, 639 Zavodovs’ky (Zavadovskii, Petr), Petro 171 Zavodovs’kyi (Zavadovskii) family 170 Zeidman, A.I & Co., banking house 420 Zemgor (All-Russian Union of Zemstvo and Municipal Councils) 667 zemstvo assemblies (from 1864) 259, 275, 388, 450, 461–5 conflicts with central government 453–4, 464, 610, 611 functions of 276, 453 inter-province co-peration 454 and jury lists 350, 609 legislation on 450, 463 Nizhnii Novgorod 276, 280 peasant representation on 609 power of Third Element (employees) 462 property qualifications 462 resistance to Stolypin’s land reforms 464 rights of taxation 258, 276, 453, 463 and Statute of 1890 615 Statute (1864) 600, 602 and urban institutions 463 war relief work 454, 466 Zemtsov, Mikhail, architect 70 Zhitomir, Jewish rabbinical institute 35 Zhukovsky, V V., businessman 420 Zhukovsky, V A., poet 595 Zhuliakov, Toigil’da, Muslim 205 Zikrism, Sufi movement 211 Zinovev, I A., ambassador 409 Zionism 199 Z´olkiew, battle of (1706) 498 Zorndorf, battle of (1758) 506, 534 764 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-81529-1 - The Cambridge History of Russia, Volume II: Imperial Russia, 1689-1917 Edited by Dominic Lieven Index More information Index Zubatov, Sergei, Moscow Security Bureau 640 and 1903 strikes 646 government organisations for workers 625–7, 644 and growing revolutionary unrest 645 police methods 643–4, 649 use of informants 642–4 use of surveillants 641–2 Zubov family, and Catherine the Great’s foreign policy 514 Zubov, Aleksei, engraver 72 Zubov, Ivan, engraver 72 Zybin, S S., governor of Nizhnii Novgorod 276 765 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Figure Imperial mythology: Peter the Great examines young Russians returning from study abroad Figure Imperial grandeur: the Great Palace (Catherine Palace) at Tsarskoe Selo Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Figure Alexander I: the victor over Napoleon Figure Alexander II addresses the Moscow nobility on the emancipation of the serfs Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Figure Mikhail Lomonosov: the grandfather of modern Russian culture Figure Gavril Derzhavin; poet and minister Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Figure Sergi Rachmaninov: Russian music conquers the world Figure The Conservatoire in St Petersburg Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Figure Count Muravev (Amurskii): imperial pro-consul Figure 10 Imperial statuary: the monument to Khmel’nitskii in Kiev Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Figure 11 Tiflis: Russia in Asia? Figure 12 Nizhnii Novgorod: a key centre of Russian commerce Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Figure 13 Rural life: an aristocratic country mansion Figure 14 Rural life: a central Russian village scene Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Figure 15 Rural life: the northern forest zone Figure 16 Rural life: the Steppe Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Figure 17 Naval ratings: the narod in uniform Figure 18 Sinews of power? Naval officers in the St Petersburg shipyards Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Figure 19 The battleship Potemkin fitting out Figure 20 Baku: the empire’s capital of oil and crime Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Figure 21 Alexander III: the monarchy turns ‘national’ Figure 22 The coronation of Nicholas II Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 Figure 23 A different view of Russia’s last emperor Figure 24 Nicholas II during the First World War Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008