Tai Lieu Chat Luong Mapping Spatial PPs OXFORD STUDIES IN COMPARATIVE SYNTAX Richard Kayne, General Editor The Higher Functional Field: Evidence from North Italian Dialects Cecilia Poletto The Structure of CP and IP: The Cartography of Syntactic Structures, Volume Edited by Luigi Rizzi The Syntax of Verb-Initial Languages Edited by Andrew Carnie and Eithne Guilfoyle The Syntax of Anaphora Ken Safir Parameters and Universals Richard Kayne Principles and Parameters in a VSO Language: A Case Study in Welsh Ian G Roberts Portuguese Syntax: New Comparative Studies Edited by João Costa XP-Adjunction in Universal Grammar: Scrambling and Binding in Hindi-Urdu Ayesha Kidwai Infinitive Constructions: A Syntactic Analysis of Romance Languages Guido Mensching Subject Inversion in Romance and the Theory of Universal Grammar Edited by Aafke Hulk and Jean-Yves Pollock Subjects, Expletives, and the EPP Edited by Peter Svenonius A Unified Theory of Verbal and Nominal Projections Yoshiki Ogawa Functional Structure in DP and IP: The Cartography of Syntactic Structures, Volume Edited by Guglielmo Cinque Syntactic Heads and Word Formation Marit Julien The Syntax of Italian Dialects Christina Tortora The Morphosyntax of Complement-Head Sequences: Clause Structure and Word Order Patterns in Kwa Enoch Oladé Aboh Structures and Beyond: The Cartography of Syntactic Structures, Volume Edited by Adriana Belletti Movement and Silence Richard S Kayne Restructuring and Functional Heads: The Cartography of Syntactic Structures, Volume Guglielmo Cinque Scrambling, Remnant Movement, and Restructuring in West Germanic Roland Hinterhölzl The Syntax of Ellipsis: Evidence from Dutch Dialects Jeroen van Craenenbroeck Mapping the Left Periphery: The Cartography of Syntactic Structures, Volume Edited by Paola Benincà and Nicola Munaro Mapping Spatial PPs: The Cartography of Syntactic Structures, Volume Edited by Guglielmo Cinque and Luigi Rizzi Mapping Spatial PPs The Cartography of Syntactic Structures, Volume Edited by Guglielmo Cinque Luigi Rizzi 2010 Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc Published by Oxford University Press, Inc 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mapping spatial PPs / edited by Guglielmo Cinque and Luigi Rizzi p cm — (Oxford studies in comparative syntax The cartography of syntactic structures; v 6) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-0-19-539367-5; 978-0-19-539366-8 (pbk) Grammar, Comparative and general—Prepositional phrases Grammar, Comparative and general—Syntax I Cinque, Guglielmo II Rizzi, Luigi, 1952– P285.M37 2010 415—dc22 2009032327 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper CONTENTS Contributors Mapping Spatial PPs: An Introduction Guglielmo Cinque vii Prepositions, Postpositions, Circumpositions, and Particles Hilda Koopman 26 On the Functional Structure of Locative and Directional PPs Marcel den Dikken 74 Spatial P in English Peter Svenonius 127 À to Zu Máire Noonan 161 Locative Prepositions and Place Arhonto Terzi 196 The P Route Enoch O Aboh 225 Misleading Homonymies, Economical PPs in Microvariation, and P as a Probe Werner Abraham 261 Subject Index Language Index Name Index 295 299 301 This page intentionally left blank CONTRIBUTORS Enoch O Aboh Department of Linguistics/ACLC Universiteit van Amsterdam Hilda Koopman Department of Linguistics UCLA Werner Abraham Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft Universität Wien Máire Noonan Department of Linguistics McGill University Guglielmo Cinque Dipartimento di Scienze del Linguaggio Università Ca’ Foscari, Venezia Peter Svenonius Center for Advanced Study in Theoretical Linguistics University of Tromsø Marcel den Dikken Linguistics Program CUNY Graduate Center Arhonto Terzi Technological Educational Institute of Patras This page intentionally left blank Mapping Spatial PPs MISLEADING HOMONYMIES, MICROVARIATION, AND P AS A PROBE 281 c im Becken [ins Wasseri (hineini) hüpfen soll]i man nicht gleich ti in.dat pool prep.acc water (dd.prep) dive aux one.subj not right away ‘In the pool, one shouldn’t jump into the water right away.’ but: *Ins Wasseri im Becken (hineini)hüpfen soll man nicht gleich (47) a Hin in den Kanali geraten kann man leicht dd (prep) prep art.acc channel prep get into aux one.subj easily ‘Into the channel, one can easily go.’ b Hin auf die Wellei gleiten muß der Surfer dd (prep) prep art.acc wave prep glide aux the.nom surfer ‘Onto the waves, the surfer must glide.’ c Her über die Bahni (überi)hüpfen soll man nicht gleich dd (prep) prep the.nom railway (prep)hop aux one not right away ‘Over the bay, one should not hop right away’ 4.2 The syntax of telic/perfective predications Accusative preposition assignments may be licensed and anaphorically represented by the particle hin-; they are perfective; they therefore allow for a resultative smallclause predication, grounded in event semantics, as an extension of the simple verb (Abraham 1990, 1993, 1995) The dative PP, by contrast, is an adverbial with scope over the VP Syntactically, it is a VP adjunct: (48) a [cpda [ipKarl [vpja [vp vor der Tür[vp [v(hin und her-) läuft]]]]]] since K emph prep art.dat door (dd conj dd) run.3sg ‘since Karl runs back and forth in front of the door’ b [cpda [ip Karl [vp ja [vp vor Hans [sc [v vor die Tür [v (hin-) tritt]]]]]]] since K emph prep H prep the.acc door (dd) step.3 sg ‘since Karl steps in front of the door before Hans’ The verb treten in vor die Türe treten must contain an element, semantically/syntactically clearly identifiable, that licenses the accusative assignment We assume the existence of a pro, namely, a pro-treten, that may optionally be lexicalized at any time as hin- and that in every instance licenses the accusative case Resultativity, expressible as secondary object predication, creates a copular predication that is independent of the simplex motion predicate The verb-particle alternate, {pro/hin}, is located in Spec, DDP This deictic verb component must rise to the functional category, FP, in the small clause, SC, in order to license the accusative case, as in (48b) (49) a [vpNPi [VP t‘i [scti [fp vorj Case[+DAT] [pp tj der Tür] [ddp hin Case[+ACC]]]] [[ddp {proi, ein}]-treten]]] In addition, (49a) reflects the semantics of one-place perfective eintreten in (4938b) 282 (49) MAPPING SPATIAL PPS θi To eingetreten b θi tritt ein |