ENVIRONMENTAL HYDROLOGY SECOND EDITION This page intentionally left blank ENVIRONMENTAL HYDROLOGY SECOND EDITION Andy D Ward Stanley W Trimble FOREWORD BY M.G WOLMAN LEWIS PUBLISHERS A CRC Press Company Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2003 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S Government works Version Date: 20121003 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4200-5661-7 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint Except as permitted under U.S Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400 CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Dedication To my parents, Alan and Beryl, for their love, wisdom, understanding, high moral standards, compassion for humanity, and ability to make the best of any situation To my children, Samantha and Trevor, and my wife, Clover, for their love, support, tolerance, understanding, and the sacrifices they made during the many hours, weeks, and months I spent working on this book Andy Ward To my parents, to my family, to my students, and to my teachers, especially my geography graduate mentor, Kirk H Stone, 1914–1997 To the taxpayers of California and the United States While most of them will never read this book, they have supported the activities that have given me the knowledge and experience to write my contributions to it Stan Trimble In Loving Memory Jarrett Mynear April 16, 1989–October 4, 2002 A kind and strong spirit who inspired everyone he touched Jarrett (left) on his 12th birthday with Samantha, Trevor, and Andy Ward A portion of Andy’s royalties will be donated to Jarrett’s Joy Cart Be inspired and read about the Joy Cart and Jarrett’s story at www.thejoycart.com In Appreciation The Blair School of Music at Vanderbilt University, which has been so important to Stan’s daughters, Alicia and Jennie, and, in a broader sense, important to the cultural life of middle Tennessee A portion of Stan’s royalties will be donated to Blair Read more about Blair at www.vanderbilt.edu/blair This page intentionally left blank Foreword: For the Student This is not your ordinary textbook Environmental Hydrology is indeed a textbook, but five elements often found separately combine here in one text to make it different It is eclectic, practical, in places a handbook, a guide to fieldwork, engagingly personal and occasionally opinionated The material covered includes expected chapters on basic aspects of the hydrologic cycle such as rainfall, runoff, and evapotranspiration There is, at the same time, extensive coverage of stream processes, soil erosion and sedimentation, and human impacts on the hydrologic cycle Throughout, the authors have chosen to emphasize the practical rather that the theoretical aspects of hydrology Many texts this in hydrology, perhaps too many, but in this book that orientation is enhanced with a content and style that evidence their commitment to what the authors call a “student-centered” view Many, if not most of us, in the academic world profess this centered vision but quickly lodge our teaching on the periphery Not so here Chapters devoted to the application of remote sensing and geographic systems to hydrology and to conducting and reporting hydrologic studies nicely capture the practical flavor At the same time, a focus on the practical leads not only to the inclusion of many approaches to solving specific problems but also to the inclusion in text and appendices of the vital statistics of hydrology, thus the attribute of a modest handbook I hope any student will enjoy, just not profit from the careful advice given to those involved in their first observations of rivers in the field For example, the authors “stoop” to telling the student reader how many persons should be engaged in carrying out a task; perfectly laughable unless you have nearly drowned by failing to the obvious, or finished a day’s fieldwork and notes by lantern in the dark And, perhaps most engaging to me, in places the authors offer personal views as well as more strongly worded opinions The former often relate to evaluation of alternative approaches, or formulations, of specific solutions to specific hydrologic problems One or the other of the authors, not the anonymous royal we, states his choice based on his own experience More rarely, it is noted that contrary to the notoriety of some hydrologic findings, the findings are grossly in error and the resulting policies foolish and misdirected This thick book is a labor of love No doubt it contains errors of commission and perhaps even omission One hopes that students, as they struggle with the material in the text, will warm both to what inspires the authors and through that to the subject — hydrology Professor M Gordon Wolman The Johns Hopkins University This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgments Preparation of this book would not have been possible without the outstanding collective contributions of many people We regret that it is not possible for us to fully express our gratitude for these efforts or to adequately recognize every contribution Particular thanks are extended to Dawn Farver for her extraordinary efforts in coordinating the final preparation of the book materials, contributing to Chapter (some of the statistics) and Chapter 12 (bioassessment methods), and providing many valuable suggestions Chase Langford brilliantly produced many of the final illustrations in the book Diane Yagich also produced many fine illustrations and assisted Dawn Farver with preparing all the illustrations in their final format Dan Mecklenburg reviewed Chapter and parts of Chapter 12, provided technical assistance with several of the Excel illustrations, provided data for several examples and figures, and provided some photographs of streams Several illustrations were prepared by Jeff Blatt and Julie Thomas Bill Elliot, John Lyon, David Montgomery, and the Center for Watershed Protection provided a large number of the photographs Additional photographs were provided by Yuichi Kayaba, Don McCool, Gary Sands, Dawn Farver, David Derrick, the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, and Salix Applied Earthcare Northwest Tennessee Tourism provided photographs of Reelfoot Lake and the photograph on the back cover Chapter 13 was written by John Lyon, who also prepared the information on data sources that are presented in the appendices, Charles Luce wrote parts of Chapter 10, and E Scott Bair wrote most of Chapter 11 Bill Elliot wrote some of the materials on soil erosion (the first part of Chapter 9) and contributed to Chapters and Portions of Chapters 3, and are based on material from the “Purple Book” that were prepared by Jay Dorsey and Sue Nokes We would like to thank Terry Logan who contributed to the 1st Edition of the book Important contributions were provided by Jan Boll (part of the discussion on cold climate hydrology in Chapter 9), Anne Christy and Julie Weatherington-Rice (fracture flow, Chapters and 11), Kerry Hughes (landfills, Chapter 12), Tim Lawrence (NEMO, Chapter 12), and Lance Williams (stream biota, Chapters and 12) The section on constructed wetlands in Chapter 12 was primarily based on information presented in fact sheets written by Ted Tyson and Ken Simeral We would also like to thank Dave Rosgen and Wildland Hydrology, for allowing use of various materials on stream processes Reviews of portions of the book were provided by Felicia Federico, John D Hewlett, Anand Jayakaran (several chapters), David Montgomery (classification section of Chapter 6), Frank Parker (part of Chapter 12), Mike Singer (part of Chapter 3), Terry Stewart (several chapters), Peter Whiting (Chapter 6), Lance Williams (Chapter 6), and Jon Witter (several chapters) Other important contributions were provided by Jean Boenish, Jan Boll, Tess Brennan, Larry Brown, Ann Chin, Jeff Harvey, John Hewlett, Barbara Hoag, Linda O’Hirok, Norman Meek, Alex Mendel, Paul Price, Lisa Lindenmann, Ken Schwarz, and Steve Workman Terry Stewart assisted with the research for several topics, produced a few of the Excel figures, and did all the collating and formatting of the references, glossary of terms, and some of the other materials in the appendices The many hours that Anand Jayakaran and Jon Witter spent obtaining materials from various libraries is greatly appreciated Additional help was provided by Erick Powell Thanks to Joan Wu who provided an errata for materials from the 1st edition and some helpful suggestions We are indebted to Professor M Gordon (Reds) Wolman for writing a preface to the book We hope that this book will aid society and partially repay the many excellent scientists and engineers who have shared their knowledge and wisdom with us throughout our careers Every effort has been made to accurately and fairly represent the collective knowledge of the countless people whom we have been fortunate to work with and learn from The corrections, suggestions, and patience of the many students who have used parts of the book during the past few years are also greatly appreciated The authors would like to recognize the valuable support and many sacrifices that were made by students and their families during the development of the book The permission that was granted by many people and organizations to use a diversity of copyright materials helped us to produce a book of this quality Acknowledgment of each contribution of work published by others is presented in the text or caption for each table and figure where appropriate We apologize if we have inadvertently failed to recognize anyone for their contribution and for any omissions in obtaining a necessary copyright permission In particular, we apologize for any omissions in citing the page and figure or table number from an original sources Contributions to the 1st and 2nd editions were prepared by many people during a period of almost 10 years Tracking down all oversights became an overwhelming task This page intentionally left blank Appendix D: Hydrologic Soil Group and Erodibility Factors for the Most Common Soils in Each State Provided by the U.S Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service Soil Series Group Type K Values A C B B B 0.10–0.10 0.24–0.24 0.17–0.17 0.28–0.28 0.10–0.10 D D D BC D 0.37–0.37 0.05–0.05 0.05–0.05 0.24–0.24 0.05–0.05 Winona Thunderbird Barkerville Springerville Clovis D D C D B 0.15–0.32 0.05–0.24 0.20–0.20 0.05–0.28 0.17–0.28 Enders Mountainburg Linker Sharkey Carnasaw C D B D C 0.32–0.32 0.17–0.24 0.24–0.28 0.43–0.43 0.24–0.32 A/B C B D D 0.10–0.24 0.20–0.20 0.20–0.32 0.32–0.32 0.20–0.24 A B B B C 0.17–0.24 0.32–0.32 0.15–0.24 0.20–0.28 0.20–0.37 Soil Series Group Type K Values Almontevallo Algorgas Townley Bibb Dothan D D C D B 0.28–0.28 0.17–0.20 0.28–0.37 0.20–0.20 0.15–0.15 Akina Mosman Godstream Strandline Kushneahin D D D B D 0.05–0.05 0.15–0.15 0.05–0.05 0.37–0.37 0.05–0.05 Sheppard Mohall Gilman Denure Gunsight A B BD B B 0.10–0.20 0.20–0.43 0.28–0.55 0.10–0.55 0.02–0.15 Nella Leadvale Sacul Guyton Perry B C C D D 0.15–0.15 0.43–0.43 0.28–0.28 0.43–0.43 0.37–0.37 Gaviota Auburn Millsholm Rositas Los Osos D D D AC C 0.24–0.24 0.15–0.32 0.20–0.37 0.10–0.43 0.32–0.32 Olney Platner Baca Manvel Stoneham B C BC BC B 0.15–0.28 0.20–0.28 0.20–0.37 0.28–0.43 0.37–0.37 Alabama Troup Luverne Smithdale Nauvoo Lorangeburg Alaska Tolstoi Salamatof Maybeso Kupreanof McGilvery Arizona Arkansas California Cajon Cieneba Hanford San Joaquin Maymen Colorado Valent Wiley Ascalon Vona Weld 453 454 Environmental Hydrology Soil Series Group Type K Values Charlton Hollis Paxton Woodbridge Hinckley B C/D C C A 0.20–0.24 0.20–0.20 0.20–0.24 0.20–0.24 0.20–0.20 Fallsington Sassafras Evesboro Pocomoke Woodstown B/D B A B/D C 0.24–0.24 0.28–0.28 0.17–0.17 0.20–0.20 0.24–0.24 Myakka Candler Immokalee Lakeland Smyrna D B/D A D B/D A D B/D 0.10–0.10 0.10–0.10 0.10–0.10 0.10–0.10 0.10–0.10 Tifton Cecil Madison Fuquay Pacolet B B B B B 0.10–0.10 0.28–0.28 0.24–0.24 0.15–0.15 0.15–0.20 Akaka Kekake Kiloa Keei Puu Pa A D A D A 0.05–0.05 0.02–0.02 0.02–0.02 0.02–0.02 0.10–0.20 Portneuf Purdam Pancheri Ririe Wickahoney B C B B D 0.49–0.49 0.32–0.43 0.43–0.49 0.43–0.49 0.20–0.20 Drummer Tama Ipava Hickory Fayette B/D B B C B 0.28–0.28 0.28–0.43 0.28–0.28 0.37–0.37 0.32–0.43 Crosby Blount Pewamo Miami Brookston C D C/D B B/D 0.37–0.43 0.43–0.43 0.24–0.24 0.37–0.37 0.28–0.28 B B B B/D B B 0.24–0.28 0.32–0.43 0.28–0.37 0.28–0.32 0.24–0.24 Soil Series Group Type K Values Canton Sutton Ridgebury Leicester Wethersfield B B C C C 0.20–0.24 0.20–0.24 0.20–0.24 0.24–0.28 0.24–0.28 Matapeake Rumford Chincoteague Johnston Keyport B B D D C 0.49–0.49 0.17–0.17 0.32–0.32 0.17–0.17 0.43–0.43 Blanton Riviera Basinger Beaugallie Pineda AB D B/D C/D D B/D D B/D D B/D 0.10–0.10 0.10–0.10 0.10–0.10 0.10–0.10 0.10–0.15 Pelham Orangeburg Dothan Leefield Cowarts B/D B B C C 0.10–0.10 0.10–0.10 0.15–0.15 0.10–0.10 0.15–0.15 Kahaluu Mawae Guam Hanipoe Honokaa D A D BC A 0.02–0.02 0.02–0.02 0.05–0.05 0.10–0.17 0.05–0.05 Power Rexburg Arbidge Chilcott Declo B B C CD B 0.43–0.43 0.32–0.49 0.20–0.24 0.24–0.49 0.37–0.49 Rozetta Sable Bluford Flanagan Hosmer B B/D C B C 0.37–0.43 0.28–0.28 0.43–0.43 0.28–0.28 0.43–0.43 Wellston Glynwood Fincastle Crider Cincinnati B C C B C 0.37–0.37 0.43–0.43 0.37–0.37 0.32–0.32 0.43–0.43 B/D B/D B B B 0.24–0.24 0.24–0.24 0.28–0.43 0.28–0.43 0.28–0.43 Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Clarion Fayette Colo Galva Nicollet Canisteo Webster Marshall Tama Monona Appendix D: Hydrologic Soil Group and Erodibility Factors for the Most Common Soils in Each State Soil Series Group Type K Values Harney Ulysses Richfield Keith Crete B B B B C 0.32–0.32 0.32–0.32 0.32–0.32 0.32–0.32 0.37–0.37 Shelocta Eden Latham Lowell Loring B C D C C 0.32–0.32 0.17–0.43 0.43–0.43 0.37–0.37 0.49–0.49 Sharkey Guyton Sacul Commerce Ruston D D C C B 0.20–0.43 0.43–0.43 0.28–0.28 0.37–0.37 0.15–0.15 Lyman Monarda Marlow Thorndike Telos C/D D C C/D C 0.20–0.28 0.15–0.28 0.20–0.24 0.17–0.20 0.15–0.28 Sassafras Manor Glenelg Othello Fallsington B B B D C/D B/D 0.20–0.28 0.32–0.37 0.24–0.32 0.24–0.37 0.24–0.24 Paxton Hinckley Lyman Carver Merrimac C A C/D A A 0.20–0.24 0.17–0.20 0.20–0.28 0.10–0.10 0.24–0.24 Kalkaska Marlette Spinks Rubicon Oshtemo A B A A B 0.15–0.15 0.32–0.32 0.15–0.15 0.10–0.15 0.24–0.24 Canisteo Clarion Webster Barnes Lester D B/D B B/D B B 0.16–0.24 0.24–0.28 0.24–0.24 0.20–0.28 0.28–0.28 B D C B C 0.17–0.17 0.20–0.43 0.49–0.49 0.49–0.49 0.49–0.49 Soil Series Group Type K Values Holdrege Uly Irwin Colby Clime B B D B C 0.32–0.32 0.32–0.32 0.32–0.37 0.43–0.43 0.20–0.28 Zanesville Faywood Crider Caneyville Baxter C C B C B 0.43–0.43 0.32–0.37 0.32–0.32 0.28–0.43 0.28–0.28 Allemands Fausse Barbary Moreland Clovelly D D D D D 0.32–0.32 0.20–0.20 Plaisted Burnham Colonel Hermon Dixfield C D C A C 0.20–0.20 0.24–0.24 0.17–0.20 0.10–0.17 0.17–0.20 Beltsville Mattapex Matapeake Elkton Woodstown C C B D C/D C 0.43–0.43 0.37–0.37 0.43–0.49 0.24–0.43 0.24–0.28 Woodbridge Freetown Canton Hollis Charlton C D B C/D B 0.20–0.24 Capac Parkhill Graycalm Houghton Boyer C B/C A D A/D B 0.32–0.32 0.17–0.24 0.10–0.10 Hamerly Glencoe Ves Nicollet Seelyeville C D B/D B B D A/D 0.28–0.28 0.28–0.28 0.17–0.24 0.24–0.24 0.10–0.10 Sweatman Alligator Ruston Ora Savannah C D B C C 0.37–0.37 0.37–0.37 0.15–0.15 0.28–0.28 0.37–0.37 Kansas Kentucky Louisiana 0.43–0.43 Maine Maryland Massachusetts 0.20–0.24 0.20–0.24 0.20–0.24 Michigan 0.17–0.24 Minnesota Mississippi Smithdale Sharkey Providence Memphis Loring 455 456 Environmental Hydrology Soil Series Group Type K Values Clarksville Goss Armstrong Mexico Menfro B B C D B 0.28–0.28 0.24–0.24 0.32–0.37 0.43–0.43 0.37–0.37 Cabbart` Yawdim Williams Cabba Zahill D D B D C 0.37–0.37 0.32–0.32 0.20–0.43 0.17–0.24 0.28–0.37 Valentine Valent Coly Holdrege Hastings A A B B B 0.15–0.17 0.17–0.24 0.43–0.43 0.17–0.32 0.32–0.32 Stewval Palinor Cleavage Unsel Chiara D D D B D 0.10–0.10 0.24–0.24 0.10–0.20 0.10–0.24 0.20−0.55 C C B C/D A 0.20−0.24 0.17–0.20 0.17–0.28 0.20−0.28 0.10−0.17 B B D C/D A A 0.20–0.20 0.20–0.28 0.17–0.17 0.17–0.17 0.17–0.17 Deama Ector Kimbrough Clovis Amarillo D D D B B 0.05–0.20 0.10–0.15 0.37–0.37 0.28–0.28 0.24–0.24 Volusia Mardin Lordstown Arnot Nassau C C C C/D C 0.24–0.37 0.24–0.32 0.20–0.20 0.24–0.24 0.32–0.32 Pacolet Cecil Norfolk Rains Evard B B B B/D B 0.15–0.20 0.24–0.28 0.20–0.20 0.15–0.15 0.15–0.24 Soil Series Group Type K Values Keswick Shelby Lamoni Gara Lagonda C B C C C 0.32–0.37 0.28–0.37 0.37–0.37 0.28–0.37 0.37–0.37 Phillips Delpoint Neldore Scobey Cambert C C D C C 0.43–0.43 0.20–0.37 0.32–0.32 0.20–0.43 0.37–0.37 Uly Nora Crete Moody Hobbs B B C B B 0.32–0.32 0.32–0.32 0.37–0.37 0.32–0.32 0.32–0.32 D BC B D C 0.10–0.20 0.28–0.55 0.15–0.49 0.05–0.24 0.17–0.24 B C B C A 0.20–0.24 0.20–0.24 0.20–0.24 0.20–0.24 0.15–0.15 Rockaway Lakewood Manahawkin Aura Freehold C A D B B 0.17–0.24 0.10–0.10 0.05–0.05 0.43–0.43 0.28–0.28 Pastura Travessilla Upton Lozier Berino D D C D B 0.37–0.37 0.10–0.55 0.15–0.15 0.15–0.15 0.17–0.17 Bath Honeoye Ontario Oquaga Howard C B B C A 0.24–0.24 0.24–0.32 0.24–0.32 0.20–0.28 0.32–0.32 Georgeville Goldsboro Appling Chewacla Badin B B B C B 0.24–0.43 0.20–0.20 0.24–0.24 0.24–0.24 0.15–0.32 Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada Marlow Becket Monadnock Lyman Hermon Theon Mazuma Orovada Downeyville Sumine New Hampshire Canton Tunbridge Berkshire Peru Colton New Jersey Downer Sassafras Atsion Evesboro Lakehurst New Mexico New York North Carolina Appendix D: Hydrologic Soil Group and Erodibility Factors for the Most Common Soils in Each State Soil Series Group Type K Values Barnes Williams Svea Hamerly Zahl B B B C B 0.20–0.28 0.15–0.28 0.28–0.28 0.28–0.28 0.28–0.28 Blount Hoytville Pewamo Gilpin Crosby C C/D C/D C C 0.43–0.43 0.24–0.28 0.24–0.24 0.24–0.32 0.43–0.43 Dennis Stephenville Richfield Quinlan Carnasaw C B B C C 0.43–0.43 0.17–0.20 0.32–0.32 0.37–0.37 0.32–0.32 Lickskillet Bohannon Ritzville Walla Walla Preacher CD C B B B 0.05–0.24 0.10–0.15 0.49–0.49 0.43–0.43 0.17–0.17 Hazleton Gilpin Dekalb Weikert Oquaga B C AC B/D C 0.15–0.17 0.24–0.32 0.17–0.17 0.20–0.28 0.20–0.28 Canton Charlton Hinckley Woodbridge Merrimac B B A C A 0.20–0.24 0.20–0.24 0.20–0.20 0.20–0.24 0.24–0.24 Cecil Pacolet Lakeland Lynchburg Goldsboro B B A C B 0.28–0.28 0.20–0.20 0.10–0.10 0.15–0.15 0.20–0.20 Sansarc Opal Clarno Pierre Samsil D D B D D 0.37–0.37 0.37–0.37 0.20–0.20 0.37–0.37 0.37–0.37 Bodine Memphis Smithdale Loring Baxter B B B C B 0.28–0.28 0.49–0.49 0.17–0.17 0.49–0.49 0.28–0.37 Soil Series Group Type K Values B D D C/D C/D 0.20–0.28 0.32–0.32 0.20–0.24 0.28–0.28 0.32–0.32 Westmoreland Bennington Miamian Upshur Mahoning B C C D D 0.28–0.37 0.43–0.43 0.37–0.37 0.37–0.43 0.43–0.43 Hector Port Darnell Clarksville Woodward D B C B B 0.10–0.15 0.37–0.37 0.20–0.20 0.28–0.28 0.37–0.37 Condon Bakeoven Klickitat Peavine Simas C D B C C 0.43–0.43 0.05–0.10 0.20–0.20 0.28–0.28 0.17–0.37 Berks Cookport Ernest Wellsboro Buchanan C C C C C 0.17–0.17 0.24–0.32 0.32–0.43 0.24–0.32 0.24–0.24 Paxton Newport Bridgehampton Ridgebury Sutton C C B C B 0.20–0.24 0.24–0.28 0.43–0.49 0.20–0.24 0.20–0.24 Coxville Rains Wilkes Madison Johnston D B/D C B D 0.24–0.24 0.15–0.15 0.24–0.24 0.24–0.24 0.17–0.17 Highmore Williams Houdek Promise Lakoma B B B D D 0.32–0.32 0.15–0.28 0.20–0.28 0.37–0.37 0.37–0.37 Lexington Talbott Grenada Ramsey Mimosa B C C D C 0.49–0.49 0.32–0.37 0.49–0.49 0.17–0.20 0.28–0.37 North Dakota Buse Fargo Cabba Parnell Tonka Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee 457 458 Environmental Hydrology Soil Series Group Type K Values D D D B B 0.10–0.20 0.32–0.32 0.15–0.15 0.24–0.24 0.32–0.37 Rizno Skumpah Saltair Moenkopie Amtoft D BD D D D 0.28–0.32 0.43–0.55 0.49–0.49 0.10–0.15 0.10–0.24 Tunbridge Berkshire Lyman Peru Marlow C B C/D C C 0.20–0.24 0.20–0.24 0.20–0.28 0.20–0.24 0.20–0.24 Cecil Appling Frederick Berks Emporia B B B C C 0.28–0.28 0.24–0.24 0.28–0.32 0.17–0.17 0.28–0.28 Ritzville Alderwood Shano Athena Quincy B C B B A 0.49–0.49 0.15–0.15 0.55–0.55 0.37–0.37 0.15–0.32 Gilpin Dekalb Berks Upshur Muskingum C AC C D C 0.24–0.32 0.17–0.17 0.17–0.17 0.37–0.43 0.24–0.37 Pence Plainfield Menahga Padus Newglarus B A A B BC 0.24–0.24 0.15–0.17 0.15–0.15 0.24–0.24 0.37–0.37 Shingle Hiland Forkwood Kishona Theedle D B BC BC C 0.02–0.37 0.20–0.37 0.32–0.43 0.28–0.43 0.32–0.32 B C B B D 0.17–0.17 0.10–0.10 0.10–0.10 0.10–0.10 0.05–0.05 Soil Series Group Type K Values Miles Houston Black Olton Crockett Sherman B D C D D 0.24–0.24 0.32–0.32 0.32–0.32 0.43–0.43 0.32–0.32 Chipeta Tooele Hiko Peak Sheppard Begay D B B A B 0.43–0.43 0.17–0.37 0.10–0.20 0.20–0.20 0.49–0.49 Vergennes Rawsonville Cabot Houghtonville Woodstock C C D C D 0.49–0.49 0.43–0.49 0.28–0.32 0.43–0.49 0.24–0.24 B BC BC B/D B 0.24–0.24 0.15–0.24 0.24–0.43 0.20–0.28 0.20–0.37 B B B B B 0.43–0.43 0.32–0.32 0.55–0.55 0.24–0.28 0.24–0.37 Weikert Pineville Westmoreland Calvin Cateache B/D B B C C 0.20–0.28 0.20–0.24 0.37–0.37 0.15–0.37 0.28–0.32 Kewaunee Magnor Fayette Seaton Valton C C B B BC 0.17–0.37 0.37–0.37 0.32–0.43 0.37–0.37 0.32–0.32 D C C A C 0.10–0.10 0.10–0.10 0.17–0.17 0.02–0.02 0.10–0.10 Texas Tarrant Pullman Ector Amarillo Reagan Utah Vermont Virginia Madison Hayesville Nason Weikert Tatum Washington Walla Walla Palouses Warden Newbell Aits West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Aua Pavaiai Ofu Oloava Iliili American Samoa Puapua Sogi Leafu Tafuna Fagasa Appendix D: Hydrologic Soil Group and Erodibility Factors for the Most Common Soils in Each State Soil Series Group Type K Values Soil Series Group Type K Values B C C B D 0.15–0.15 0.10–0.10 0.10–0.10 0.10–0.10 0.05–0.05 C C B B A 0.17–0.24 0.24–0.24 0.15–0.15 0.15–0.15 0.15–0.15 A 0.02–0.02 B C A D B 0.15–0.15 0.05–0.15 0.15–0.15 0.20–0.20 0.20–0.20 Ngardmau Dechel Wollei Peleliu Tabecheding B D D D C 0.05–0.05 0.15–0.15 0.10–0.10 0.05–0.05 0.17–0.17 Descalabrado Pandura Soller Naranjito Callabo D D D C C 0.24–0.24 0.17–0.17 0.17–0.17 0.10–0.10 0.10–0.10 Tolonier Dolen Fomseng Naniak Dolekei B B C D B Fed Sts Micronesia 0.05–0.05 Umpump 0.05–0.05 Rumung 0.10–0.10 Weloy 0.05–0.05 Yap 0.10–0.10 Ilachetomel Guam Akina Pulantat Agfayan Ritidian D B C D D 0.05–0.05 0.20–0.20 0.24–0.24 0.20–0.20 0.02–0.02 Ngedebus A 0.05–0.10 Chinen Luta Takpochao Dandan Saipan D D D C B North Mariana Islands 0.10–0.15 Laolao 0.10–0.10 Kagman 0.10–0.10 Shioya 0.15–0.15 Banaderu 0.02–0.15 Akina Aimeliik Palau Ilachetomel Ngardok Babelthuap B B D B B 0.10–0.10 0.10–0.10 0.05–0.05 0.15–0.15 0.05–0.05 Mucara Caguabo Humatas Consumo Los Guineos D D C B C 0.10–0.10 0.24–0.24 0.02–0.02 0.10–0.10 0.10–0.10 Guam Inarajan Ylig Togcha Atate Shioya Marshall Islands Majuro Palau Puerto Rico 459 This page intentionally left blank Appendix E: Sources of Data and Images SOURCES OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS AND SENSOR IMAGES U.S DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR The U.S Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC) archives and produces copies of aerial photographs and other imagery acquired by Department of the Interior agencies These acquisitions include USGS mapping photographs, products from high-altitude aerial photography programs such as NAPP and NHAP, and products of different emulsion types, such as color infrared, color, and black-and-white infrared and aerial radar images EDC also archives Landsat satellite data and NASA (National Aeronautic and Space Administration) space and aerial images and U.S Bureau of Land Management, U.S National Park Service, and other agency photos and images A computerized database of products can be accessed by latitude and longitude locators or by USGS quadrangle or other reference location Computer printouts and microfiche of high-altitude aerial photographs are available at no charge Copies of products can be ordered from EDC For assistance, please contact User Services, EROS Data Center, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 or www.usgs.gov U.S DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The former U.S Department of Agriculture–Agriculture Stabilization and Conservation Service (USDA-ASCS) holds photographs acquired by agencies of the Department of Agriculture These groups include the U.S Forest Service, U.S Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS; formerly the Soil Conservation Service, SCS), Farm Services Agency (the former ASCS), and other agencies Listings of holdings are supplied by computer printout and are available at no cost Information about their holdings can be accessed by latitude and longitude of the site or by county name For information, contact the Aerial Photography Field Office, USDA, Sales Branch, 2222 West 2300 South, Salt Lake City, UT 84125 or www.usda.gov NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORD ADMINISTRATION The National Archives and Record Administration (NARA) archives a variety of photo and map data, particularly government archive aerial photographs taken prior to 1945 Generally, one or two dates of aerial photography coverage are available for counties in the United States For more information, please contact the National Archives and Records Administration, 700 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20408 or www.nara.gov NATIONAL OCEANIC ADMINISTRATION AND ATMOSPHERIC The National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) provides a variety of image and digital data products from weather and environmental satellites These products are from the geostationary weather satellites (GOES), the moderate-resolution satellite data used to make biomass maps of regional and continental areas (advanced very high resolution radiometer, AVHRR), and other atmospheric and weather satellite data Technical and ordering information are available from NOAA-NEDIS, Room 100, Princeton Executive Square, Washington, DC 20233 or www.noaa.gov The NOAA Coast and Geodetic Survey (CGS) has acquired aerial photography and other image data for coastal and offshore areas in support of its mapping mandates For more information, contact NOAA-CGS, 6001 Executive Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20852, or www.noaa.gov OTHER SOURCES OF DATA OR INFORMATION Research and engineering efforts often involve federal lands or lands in-holding found within federal management and ownership boundaries In these cases, appropriate aerial photographs may be available locally or regionally from the agencies discussed next Sources of Maps Small-scale topographic and other maps made by the U.S Geological Survey are available These maps may be purchased locally from vendors such as map stores, climbing 461 462 Environmental Hydrology and outdoor shops, and hunting and fishing stores These maps also can be obtained from the USGS One should be aware of the time frame necessary for delivery It may be faster to obtain maps locally or to copy maps available in an archive such as a library or state natural resource agency, or try topozone.com Map orders may be placed through USGS Map Sales, Box 25286, Denver, CO 80225 or www.usgs.gov The U.S Geological Survey also vends a variety of digital cartographic and geographic data These computercompatible files allow the user to access data digitally and to conduct computer processing and graphical display exercises The most interesting data are the digital elevation model (DEM) products, which are files of point elevations, and the digital line graph (DLG) products, which display cultural or planimetric details such as roads and resource data such as drainage systems Should an application require this sort of information, DEM and DLG data sets can be of great assistance in regional analyses of hydrological variables Other sources of digital data may be identified Conventional navigation maps and bathymetric maps are available from Mapping and Charting, NOAA, 6001 Executive Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20852 or, for orders, contact the Distribution Branch, National Ocean Service, NOAA, Riverdale, MD 20737 or www.noaa.gov The following are USGS geographic information system (GIS) data Web sites: • • • USGS Water Resources: http://water.usgs.gov/GIS/ USGS TerraServer: http://mapping.usgs.gov/digitalbackyard/ USGS EROS: http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/doc/edchome/ ndcdb/ndcdb.html Other sites for topographic maps, orthophotos, and most GIS layers are • • • • • http://gisdatadepot.com/ http://www.delorme.com/ http://www.topozone.com/find.asp http://www.esri.com/ http://www.geocomm.com/ Floodplain Maps Floodplain maps are available from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) through its local, state, and regional offices These offices can be located through numbers listed in the government section of the telephone directory These maps and information can also be obtained from FEMA, 500 C Street, Washington, DC 20472 or www.fema.gov Watershed Boundaries For watershed boundaries, contact NRCS Hydrologic Units at http://www.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/huc_data.html OTHER DATA SOURCES The National Weather Service (NWS) of the Department of Commerce can be contacted for a variety of weather records Products that record the weather conditions at a neighboring station are available on a daily basis Summary statistics by location, region, and state are also available Many times, these publications and general records are deposited in libraries and at universities, where they may be accessed quickly and at no charge For weather records, contact the NOAA National Climatic Data Center, Federal Building, 37 Battery Park Avenue, Ashville, NC 28801-2733 or www.noaa.gov The Hydrometeorological Design Studies Center is part of the National Weather Service’s Office of Hydrologic Development, Hydrology Laboratory Their home page is for those interested in probable maximum precipitation (PMP) and precipitation frequency (PF); see the NWS Hydrometeorological Design Studies Center at http://www.nws.noaa.gov/oh/hdsc/ Additional climatic data can be found at these Web sites: • • National Climatic Data Center: http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/ncdc.html Intellicast Realtime Weather and Weather Forecasts: http://www.intellicast.com/ For airborne measurements of hydrological variables such as airborne-measured snow moisture equivalents, maps of snow cover during the winter, and other synoptic hydrological data, contact the NOAA-NWS, National Operational Hydrologic Remote Sensing Center, 1735 Lake Drive West, Chanhassen, MN 55317-8582 or www.nohrsc.nws.gov National Wetland Inventory Maps REGIONAL HYDROLOGICAL INFORMATION National Wetland Inventory (NWI) Maps and information are available from the USGS, 507 National Center, Reston, VA 22092 or www.usgs.gov The U.S Geological Survey maintains offices in most states, and many of these offices are responsible for collecting hydrological information The information may Appendix E: Sources of Data and Images include water gaging station data for major and minor rivers and streams and water quality sampling information for selected locations The local USGS offices concerned with hydrology can be accessed locally through numbers listed in the government pages of the telephone directory One can also contact the USGS directly at the larger centers listed in the Sources of Maps section and through the USGS national clearinghouses of information The Hydrologic Information Unit, U.S Geological Survey, 419 National Center, Reston, VA 22092 or www.usgs.gov can also be contacted Discharge data are available at USGS Water Resources at http://water.usgs.gov/ Additional hydrologic data are available for USGS environmental impact analysis data at http://water.usgs.gov/eap/env_data.html#HDR3 WATER QUALITY INFORMATION For EPA water quality criteria and standards, information is available at http://www.epa.gov/wqsdatabase WATERSHED INFORMATION • • • • • • AND RESEARCH EPA watershed: http://www.epa.gov/OWOW/watershed/ Center for Watershed Protection: http://www.cwp.org/ National Wild and Scenic Rivers System: http://www.nps.gov/rivers/ Stroud Water Research Center: http://www.stroudcenter.org/ European Center for River Restoration: http://www.ecrr.org/ Dave Rosgen’s Wildland Hydrology home page: http://www.wildlandhydrology.com/ 463 and coastal boundaries, and other geographic information, including attribute characteristics Information is available from Customer Services, Bureau of the Census, Washington Plaza, Room 315, Washington, DC 20233 or www.census.gov U.S ARMY CORPS FEDERAL AGENCIES • • • • • The USDA and the NRCS (formerly SCS) have created several databases of soil boundaries and soil attributes for the United States These include programs on local soils (SSURGO), regional soils (SSURGO, STATSGO), and national soils (STATSGO, NATSGO) These databases are very useful for GIS studies Information can be obtained from National Cartographic and Geographic Information Systems Center, USDA, P.O Box 6567, Fort Worth, TX 76115 or www.usda.gov • OF THE CENSUS The Bureau of the Census of the Department of Commerce creates a number of useful products In particular, the Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing (TIGER) system databases are used to form GIS variables for analyses TIGER line files and other extracttype products provide administrative boundaries, water ENGINEERS COMMANDS When corresponding with U.S Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) commands, it is best to locate the district-level office that has regional jurisdiction in the area of interest The district jurisdictions are often based on the boundaries of watersheds and may not be easy to ascertain Use the local telephone directory and the government pages to locate telephone numbers for the appropriate command The USACE districts and divisions are also listed in Lyon (1993) The field activities of USACE are organized under divisions, and the activities are conducted by the districts The initial point of contact for hydrological or wetlandrelated issues is the Hydraulics and Hydrology Branch or the Regulatory Functions Branch of the district Information for USACE is available online at http://www.usace army.mil/ REGIONAL SOILS INFORMATION BUREAU OF • • • RIVER • • U.S Bureau of Reclamation: http://www.usbr.gov/main/index.html Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory: http://chl.wes.army.mil/ U.S Environmental Protection Agency: http://www.epa.gov/ EPA River Corridor and Wetland Restoration: http://www.epa.gov/owow/wetlands/restore/ EPA Rapid Bioassessment Protocol: http://www.epa.gov/owow/monitoring/rbp/ U.S Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service: http://www.ars.usda.gov/ Natural Resources Conservation Service: http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/ NRCS National Water and Climate Center: http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/ U.S Fish and Wildlife Service: http://www.fws.gov/ AND STREAM MANUALS AND GUIDELINES U.S Fish and Wildlife Service: http://www.r6.fws.gov/pfw/r6pfw2h.htm Federal Agency Stream Corridor Restoration document: www.usda.gov/stream_restoration/newgra html 464 Environmental Hydrology • • Habitat Technical Assistance: http://www.wa.gov/wdfw/hab/ahg/strmbank htm Management Recommendations for Washington’s Priority Habitats: Riparian: http://www.wa.gov/wdfw/hab/ripxsum.htm WATER REGULATIONS • • • • Anderson’s Ohio Revised Code (all state statutes): http://onlinedocs.andersonpublishing com/revisedcode/ Clean Water Act (Cornell law site): http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/ unframed/33/ch26.html National Pollution Discharge Elimination System Permit Program: http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/ Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) program: http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/ This page intentionally left blank Environmental Science & Technology “This is not your ordinary textbook…It is eclectic, practical, in places a handbook, a guide to fieldwork…and, perhaps most engaging to me, in places the authors offer personal views as well as more strongly worded opinions The former often relate to evaluation of alternative approaches, or formulations, of specific solutions to specific hydrologic problems I hope any student will enjoy, not just profit from, the careful advice given to those involved in their first observations of rivers in the field…” —Professor M Gordon (Reds) Wolman, Johns Hopkins University Environmental Hydrology, Second Edition, builds upon the foundation of the best-selling first edition by providing a qualitative understanding of hydrologic processes while introducing new methods for quantifying hydrologic parameters and processes Written by authors with extensive multidisciplinary experience, the text first discusses the components of the hydrologic cycle, then follows with chapters on precipitation, stream processes, human impacts, new information system applications, and numerous other methods and strategies Nearly all of the content is new, updated with information on the newest analytical tools and measurement methodologies in the field The authors provide an ideal reference for students in environmental science, hydrology, soil science, geology, ecological engineering, and countless other environmental fields What’s New in the Second Edition: • A larger format that includes more than 100 tables and 300+ illustrations and photographs • 100+ worked examples, plus 140 problems, laboratory exercises, and projects • Special focus on remote sensing and geographic information systems • New chapter on river geomorphology • Extensive information on biota, riparian zones, constructed wetlands, detention/retention ponds, and landfill hydrology • Detailed overview of watershed sediment budgets, classification applications, precipitation, and various scales of hydrologic processes L1616 Lewis Publishers w w w c r c p r e s s c o m