“An unprecedented anthology in scope and content The selections are well chosen and succinctly introduced The translations are highly scholarly and remarkably readable This anthology will be very useful to students of Asian history and culture as well as to general readers.” — n g o v i n h l on g, University of Maine ge or ge e d u t ton is associate professor of Southeast Asian languages and cultures and vice chair of the Department of Asian Languages and Cultures at the University of California, Los Angeles Sources of Vietnamese Tradition “An essential research tool for anyone interested in Vietnamese history The editors have done a marvelous job of locating, interpreting, and translating key documents written in a variety of languages.” —h u e -ta m ho ta i, Harvard University Dutton, Werner, S ources of Vietnamese Tradition provides an essential guide to two thousand years of Vietnamese history and a comprehensive overview of the society and state of Vietnam Strategic selections illuminate key figures, issues, and events while building a thematic portrait of the country’s developing territory, politics, culture, and relations with neighbors The volume showcases Vietnam’s remarkable independence in the face of Chinese and other external pressures and respects the complexity of the Vietnamese experience both past and present The anthology begins with selections that cover more than a millennium of Chinese dominance over Vietnam (111 b.c.e.–939 c.e.) and follows with texts that illuminate four centuries of independence ensured by the Ly, Tran, and Ho dynasties (1009–1407) The earlier cultivation of Buddhism and Southeast Asian political practices by the monarchy gave way to two centuries of Confucian influence and bureaucratic governance (1407–1600), based on Chinese models, and three centuries of political competition between the north and the south, resolving in the latter’s favor (1600–1885) Concluding with the colonial era and the modern age, the volume recounts the ravages of war and the creation of a united, independent Vietnam in 1975 Each chapter features readings that reveal the views, customs, outside influences on, and religious and philosophical beliefs of a rapidly changing people and culture Descriptions of land, society, economy, and governance underscore the role of the past in the formation of contemporary Vietnam and its relationships with neighboring countries and the West and Whitmore, Eds “A one-of-a-kind introduction to Vietnamese history, lending us an ear to Vietnamese voices that speak beyond revolution and war The English flows smoothly—never an easy task, especially when working from literature and other forms of culture-bound discourse An important contribution to teaching Vietnamese history.” —c h a r l e s w heel er , University of Hong Kong Sources of vietnamese Tradition j ay n e s w er n er is associate research scholar at the Weatherhead East Asian Institute at Columbia University and professor emerita of political science at Long Island University i n t r o d u c t i o n t o a s i a n c i v i l i z at i o n s ISBN: 978-0-231-13863-5 c o l u m b i a u n i v e r s i t y p r e s s    New York   cup.columbia.edu  Printed in the U.S.A c o v e r i m a g e : Detail of a badge, with a rooster, for third-rank civil official (silk- and metallic-thread 780231 138635 Tai Lieu Chat Luong embroidery), Vietnam, nineteenth century (Dodi Fromson Collection; Maggie Smith Photography) columbia j o h n k w h i tm o r e is research associate at the Center for Southeast Asian Studies, University of Michigan, and a specialist on premodern Vietnamese and Southeast Asian history edited by george e du t ton, jayne s w er ner , a nd john k w hitmor e Sources of Vietnamese Tradition I ntr oduc ti on to As i an C i vi l i z a t i o n s Introduction to Asian Civilizations Wm Theodore de Ba ry, Ge ne r al E di t or Sources of Japanese Tradition, 1958; paperback ed., vols., 1964 2d ed., vol 1, 2001, compiled by Wm Theodore de Bary, Donald Keene, George Tanabe, and Paul Varley; vol 2, 2005, compiled by Wm Theodore de Bary, Carol Gluck, and Arthur E Tiedemann; vol 2, abridged, pts., 2006, compiled by Wm Theodore de Bary, Carol Gluck, and Arthur E Tiedemann Sources of Indian Tradition, 1958; paperback ed., vols., 1964 2d ed., vols., 1988 Sources of Chinese Tradition, 1960, paperback ed., vols., 1964 2d ed., vol 1, 1999, compiled by Wm Theodore de Bary and Irene Bloom; vol 2, 2000, compiled by Wm Theodore de Bary and Richard Lufrano Sources of Korean Tradition, 1997; vols., vol 1, 1997, compiled by Peter H Lee and Wm Theodore de Bary; vol 2, 2001, compiled by Ylngho Ch’oe, Peter H Lee, and Wm Theodore de Bary Sources of East Asian Tradition, 2008, vols., edited by Wm Theodore de Bary Sources of Vietnamese Tradition Edited by George E Dutton, Jayne S Werner, and John K Whitmore Columbia University Press New York Columbia University Press Publishers Since 1893 New York Chichester, West Sussex Copyright © 2012 George E Dutton, Jayne S Werner, and John K Whitmore All rights reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sources of Vietnamese tradition / edited by George E Dutton, Jayne S Werner, and John K Whitemore p cm — (Introduction to Asian civilizations) Texts chiefly translated from Vietnamese, with some translated from Chinese and French; commentary in English Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-0-231-13862-8 (cloth : alk paper) ISBN 978-0-231-13863-5 (pbk : alk paper) ISBN 978-0-231-51110-0 (e-book) Vietnam—Civilization—Sources Vietnam—History—Sources I Dutton, George Edson II Werner, Jayne Susan III Whitmore, John K IV Title V Series: Introduction to Asian civilizations DS556.42.S69 2012 959.7—dc23 2011033923 Columbia University Press books are printed on permanent and durable acid-free paper This book is printed on paper with recycled content Printed in the United States of America c 10 p 10 jacket image: Detail of a badge, with a rooster, for third-rank civil official (silk- and metallicthread embroidery), Vietnam, nineteenth century (Dodi Fromson Collection; Maggie Smith Photography) References to Internet Web sites (URLs) were accurate at the time of writing Neither the editors nor Columbia University Press is responsible for URLs that may have expired or changed since the manuscript was prepared C o n t en t s Preface xvii Chronology xxi Chronicles and Other Historical Sources xxxv A Note on Names and Dates xxxix Introduction Part one Premodern Vietnam The Period of Northern Empire The Land 11 Chen Shou: S ou t h a n d Nor t h 11 Shen Quanqi: L i f e i n t h e S ou t h 12 Zeng Gun: T h e S pi r i t C ao L o 13 vi C o n t ents Economics and Trade 15 Chen Shou: R ic h e s of t h e S ou t h 15 Xue Zong: Ec onom ic s i n t h e S ou t h 15 Liu Xu: M a r i t i m e T r a de i n t h e S ou t h 16 Philosophy and Religion 16 Mou Bo: Be l i e f s i n t h e S ou t h 16 Chen Shou: S c hol a r s h i p i n t h e S ou t h 17 Tan Qian: Bu ddh i s m i n t h e S ou t h 18 Shen Quanqi: Bu ddh i s m a s I t E x i s t e d i n t h e S ou t h 18 Zeng Gun: T h e Mou n ta i n S pi r i t 19 Governance 20 Fan Ye: M a Y ua n ’s A dm i n i s t r at ion 20 Chen Shou: G ov e r n i ng t h e S ou t h 21 Zhao Cheng: A n I n dige nou s K i ng 23 Gao Pian: A Nor t h e r n e r G ov e r n i ng t h e S ou t h 24 Society and Culture 25 Fan Ye: H a n Of f ic i a l s i n t h e S ou t h 25 Zhou Cheng: M e mor i a l on t h e S ou t h 25 Xue Zong: C u s t om s of t h e S ou t h 26 Dao Huang: R e l at ion s w i t h C h a m pa 27 The Ly, Tran, and Ho Epochs 28 The Land 31 Ly Thai To: Edic t on Mov i ng t h e C a pi ta l 31 Ly Thuong Kiet: T h e S ou t h e r n L a n d 33 T h e S pi r i t of T o L ic h 33 Ly Nhan Tong: P oe m s on a Bu ddh i s t L a n d 35 Tran Minh Tong: Ro y a l P oe m s on t h e L a n d 36 Conte nts Ly Te Xuyen: T h e C u lt of Ph u ng H u ng 37 T h e Bu ddh i s t Mon k K h uong V i e t 38 A V i e t n a m e s e A n t iqu i t y 39 Nguyen Nhu Thuyet: Pro t es t on Mov i ng t h e C a pi ta l 40 Economics and Trade 41 Le Van Huu: P r e s e rv i ng L i v e s t o c k 41 Le Van Huu: F or eign T r a de 41 Ngo Si Lien: T h e Di k i ng S y s t e m 42 Ngo Si Lien: Nor t h e r n C om m e rc e 43 Philosophy and Religion 44 P ow e r a n d R e de m p t ion 44 Bu ddh i s t P oe m s 45 Le Van Huu: Bu ddh i s t C u lt s 46 L a d y G od of t h e E a r t h 47 The Queen Mother and Thong Bien: T h e Or igi n s of Bu ddh i s m i n Da i V i e t 48 F u n e r a l I n s c r i p t ion of a C ou r t M i n i s t e r 51 Bu ddh i s m a n d t h e S age s 53 L i t e r at i on Bu ddh i s m a n d t h e S pi r i t s 53 Tue Trung: T h i e n Be l i e f s 54 Ly Te Xuyen: T h e T ru ng S i s t e r s 56 Truong Han Sieu: A L i t e r at u s ’s I n s c r i p t ion f or a Bu ddh i s t T e m p l e 57 T h e L i t e r at i ’s N e w Wor l dv i e w 58 Governance 60 Phap Thuan: A dv i s i ng t h e K i ng 60 Om e n s a n d P roph ec i e s 61 T h e S pi r i t of Ph u D ong 61 vii viii C o n t e n ts F u n e r a l I n s c r i p t ion of a C ou r t M i n i s t e r 63 Ngo Si Lien: T h e Oat h R i t ua l 65 Ngo Si Lien: Of f ic i a l s a n d V i l l age R egi s t e r s 66 Le Van Huu: A L i t e r at u s ’s C r i t iqu e of a Pa s t C ou r t M i n i s t e r 66 Le Van Huu: U t i l i z i ng t h e Pa s t t o De f i n e t h e P r e s e n t 67 Ly Te Xuyen: T h e I de a l Of f ic i a l 68 How t o G ov e r n 69 L i t e r at i P oe m s, L i t e r at i C onc e r n s 70 Ho Quy Ly: Da i Ngu a n d t h e M i ng C ou r t 72 Society and Culture 73 Ly Thanh Tong: L i f e i n J a i l 73 F u n e r a l I n s c r i p t ion of D o A n h V u: L i f e of a C ou r t M i n i s t e r 73 F u n e r a l I n s c r i p t ion of t h e Ph u ng T h a n h L a dy: L i f e of a C ou r t L a dy 75 Dam Di Mong: C l e a n i ng U p t h e Mon a s t ic C om m u n i t y 77 Ngo Si Lien: s o c i a l c at eg or i e s 78 Ngo Si Lien: A r i s t o c r at ic L i f e 78 Ngo Si Lien: S c hol a r ly L i f e 79 Le Van Huu: T h e T ru ng S i s t e r s 80 V i e w s o n Nor t h e r n I n f lu e nc e 81 Ethnic Relations 81 T h e N u ng a n d t h e C h a m 81 Le Van Huu: M u s ic of C h a m pa 82 E x t e r n a l T h r e at s 83 Le Van Huu: C r i t iqu e on H a n dl i ng t h e N u ng 85 Ngo Si Lien: A T r a n P r i nc e a n d a Mou n ta i n C h i e f 85 Nguyen Trung Ngan: T h e M a N h a i I n s c r i p t ion 86 Ngo Si Lien: F or eign C u lt u r e s 87 Conte nts The Le and Mac Epochs 89 The Land 93 Le Thai To and Nguyen Trai: Gr e at Pro c l a m at ion on t h e De f e at of t h e M i ng 93 M a ppi ng t h e L a n d 94 Hoang Duc Luong: A L i t e r at i V i e w of t h e L a n d 94 Duong Van An: A C o s m ic V i e w of t h e L a n d 96 Economics and Trade 97 Le Thai To and Nguyen Trai: E dic t on C u r r e nc y 97 Le Code: P u bl ic a n d Pr i vat e L a n d s 98 F or eign T r a de 101 Le Code: L aw s on F or eign C om m e rc e 101 Le Thanh Tong: G ov e r n m e n t a n d t h e Ec onom y 103 Le Code: Dr a f t A n i m a l s 103 Le Code: E l e ph a n t s 104 Le Code: M a r k e t R egu l at ion s 105 Philosophy and Religion 106 P r a y i ng f or R a i n 106 De b at e ov e r M u s ic a n d R i t ua l 10 Phan Phu Tien: T h e T e m p l e of L i t e r at u r e 108 Le Thanh Tong: C h a ngi ng t h e R eign N a m e 109 Ru l e s of Be h av ior 10 Ngo Si Lien: L i t e r at i Be l i e f s 111 Vu Quynh: C ol l ec t i ng Ta l e s 112 L i t e r at i a n d Bu ddh i s t T e m p l e I n s c r i p t ion s 113 Nguyen Binh Khiem: T h e T h r e e T e ac h i ng s 114 Governance 116 Le Thai To and Nguyen Trai: How t o G ov e r n 116 Le Code: V i l l age R egi s t e r s 117 ix 608 index Han Guangwu (Chinese emperor, Eastern Han dynasty), 56, 208n.59, 312 Han Lam (Hanlin) Academy, 79 Han Mac Tu, 409, 412, 542 Han Wudi (Chinese emperor, Western Han dynasty), 142, 173, 236 Han Yu, 58–59, 176 Hanoi, xxii, xxiv, xxx, xxxii, 3, 13, 20n.8, 26, 34n.3, 40, 61, 232, 257, 263, 308–9, 329, 337n.4, 373, 426–27, 455, 469, 473, 478, 486, 513, 530, 548–49, 551, 571n.63, 576 See also Thang Long Hepu, 22, 56, 80 heroes, heroines, 72, 112, 346, 361–68, 398, 459, 470, 472, 476 See also Le Thai To; Quang Trung (emperor); Tran Quoc Tuan; Trung sisters Hesse, Herman, 559 Hien Chi Queen Mother (Ly dynasty), 64 Hien Mai, 573 Hieu Vu emperor See Nguyen The Tong History (Do Thien), 13, 56 “History of the Country of Annam” (Lich su nuoc Annam; Bento Thien), 123, 223–26 History of the Han Dynasty (Hanshu; Ban Gu), 245n.121 History of the Later Han Dynasty (Hou Han shu; Fan Ye), 21, 25 “History of the Loss of the Country, The” (Viet Nam vong quoc su; Phan Boi Chau), 342–53 Ho Chi Minh (Nguyen Ai Quoc), 396–402, 447, 470–71; on American war, 454–57; and August Revolution, 575, 576; on culture, 525; Declaration of Independence of, 473–76; and democratic reform, 495; on land reform, 496–99; and Marriage and Family Law, 536; on reunification, 486–87; and Viet Minh, 571, 573 Ho Chi Minh Trail (Truong Son trail), 467, 576 Ho dynasty, 31, 40, 89, 97, 118, 241 Ho Hao Nghia, 485 Ho Quy Ly (Le Quy Ly; emperor, Ho dynasty), 31, 72, 90, 165; and literati, 58–60, 81, 111–12 Ho Xuan Huong, 305–6 Hoa Hao (Peace and Harmony; Buddhist sect), 337, 438–44, 449 Hoan Kiem (lake), 265, 268 Hoang Cam, 450–54 Hoang Cao Khai, 346 Hoang Dao, 406–9 Hoang Dieu, 337–39 Hoang Duc Luong, 94–95, 238 Hoang Quang, 152, 229–31 Hoang To, 204 Hoang Van Thai, 575 Hoanh, Mount, 140, 155, 165, 312, 358 Hoi Luong, 282 Hon Dien, 263 Hong Kong, 396 Hongwu See Ming Taizu Hou Chi (Hau Tac), 51 household registers See village registers Huang Fu, 267 Huang Gai, 365 Hue, xxxvi, 40, 92, 96, 125, 253–55, 280, 306, 340, 372, 543, 562 See also Phu Xuan Hue Lam, 47–48 Huineng, 53 Huizong Tangxiu, 239 Hung kings, xxi, 31, 39–40, 59, 156, 436 hunger, 73, 117, 123–24, 474, 510 Huong Hai, 239 huong hoa (incense and fire) ritual land, 130, 136, 137, 500 Huy Can, 409, 411–12 Huy Quan, 210 Huyen Quang, 176n.20, 239 Huyen Thien, 267 Huynh Cong Ly, 281 Huynh Phu So, 438–44 “Ideal of Annamese Youth, The” (L’idéal de la jeunesse annamite; Nguyen An Ninh), 382–89 Imperial Rescript on Education (Japan), 391–92 imperialism, 518, 526–28, 581; war against, 457–59, 474 See also Britain: colonialism of; France: colonialism of Imperially Ordered Mirror and Commentary on the History of the Viet, The (Kham dinh Viet su thong giam cuong muc), 290–92 India, 264, 286; in Ly-Tran-Ho period, 48, 49, 50; trade with, 15, 18; vs Vietnamese culture, 383–84, 405 individualism, 390, 406–9, 426, 524, 542; vs collectivism, 398–402, 522, 524 Indra (god), 29–30, 46–47 industrialization, 373, 417, 493, 584; and new working class, 427–28; and reform, 374, 394, 504–6; and socialism, 487–88 i nde x “Intellectual and Moral Reform” (Réforme intellectuelle et morale; Pham Quynh), 389–93 intuition, 419–20, 542 Italy, 284 Japan: and American war, 471; and August Revolution, 576; culture of, 383, 425; currency from, 165; and French colonialism, 367, 447, 474–75; and global economy, 582; modernization of, 375, 391; occupation of Vietnam by, 414, 447, 474–75; press in, 373; and reform, 389, 391–93; representative government in, 355; and Russo-Japanese War, 365, 391; trade with, 150, 162; Vietnamese in, 335, 342; war against, 456, 473, 475, 572–75 Java, 41, 101, 143 Jiaozhou/Jiaozhi (northern Vietnam), 1, 11–13, 21, 27, 31, 50, 273, 295 Jie (tyrant, Xia dynasty), 346, 362 Jin dynasty (China), 27 Jin Wen Gong, 224n.76 Jing Ke, 364 Jiuzhen (Cuu-chan), 22, 25, 56, 80 Johnson, Lyndon B., 454–55, 468 Kang Hai, 178, 179n.26 Kang Senghui, 49–50 Kangxi (Chinese emperor, Qing dynasty), 306 Kelley, Liam, 94 Kham Clan Book of Protocol (Kham Thi Nghi Tiet), 295 Khanh Duc emperor (Le dynasty), 143, 162–63 Khanh Phuong, 573 Khanh Thai, 263 Khao Vuong, 204 (essence) See qi Khmer people, 1, 53, 149, 263 Khuong Viet, 38–39, 45 Khuyen Luong, 162 Kinh (lowland Vietnamese), Korea (Chosln), 139 Ky Dao, 224 La San, 207 labor service, 100, 228, 324; in French colonial period, 348, 350; in south, 297–98; in Tay Son dynasty, 166–67 labor unions, 428 Lac Long, kingdom of, 265 609 Lam, Mount (Lam Son), 89–92, 116, 128, 132–33, 156, 205, 290, 358 Lam Ap See Champa “Lament for the South” (poem; Hoang Quang), 153, 229–31 Lan Xuyen, 266 land reform: in Democratic Republic of Vietnam, 448, 496–99; in Republic of Vietnam, 448, 499–503; in reunified Vietnam, 449; and war against France, 457–59, 461–62 See also property Land to the Tiller Program, 499–503 landlordism, 480, 497–503, 518, 520, 574 Lang Son, 262, 573 Lao people, 1, 23, 69, 87, 138 Lao Qua, 143 Laos, 86, 91, 259, 357; and American war, 465, 467; economic relations with, 507, 582 Laozi, 175n.19 Laozi (Lao Tu), 115 laws: Chinese, 11, 21, 89; and democracy vs monarchy, 376–78, 381; European, 314–15; extraterritorial, 318; and festivals, 224; on foreign trade, 101–3; on land reform, 496, 499–503; Marriage and Family, 536–42; in Nguyen dynasty, 277–78, 307, 317, 377–78; on property, 98–100; and reforms, 189–90, 495, 509; on religion, 565–70; of Republic of Vietnam, 576–79; of Socialist Republic of Vietnam, 565–70; in south, 281, 283, 299; vs spirit cults, 323; sumptuary, 226, 321; in Trinh-Nguyen period, 196–97, 241 See also Le Code Le Ba Ngoc, 74 Le Chieu Tong (emperor, Le dynasty), 126, 156–57, 217 Le Code, 89–90, 92, 98–106, 126–37, 277; on children, 133–34; on ethnic relations, 137–38, 143; on marriage, 131, 134–35, 249, 536; and morality, 133, 306; on property, 91, 98–100, 117, 126–27, 129, 132–33, 136–37, 496; on religion, 320; and ritual, 136–37, 186; on taxes, 117–18, 273; on trade, 162; on women, 134–36 Le Du Tong (emperor, Le dynasty), 190, 205 Le Duy Mat, 116, 205–8, 340 Le dynasty: agriculture in, 91, 103–5, 123–24, 166–67, 496; and China, 93, 121–22, 138–39, 202, 217; Christianity in, 328; currency of, 97–98, 165; economy of, 97–106, 274; and Europeans, 275; expansion of, 261–62; former, 60–61, 89–92; government of, 116–24, 120; and 610 index Le dynasty (continued) land reform, 98, 448; legends about, 265; and literati, 90–94, 128, 202–3, 242; literature of, 239, 241; loyalists of, 404; military of, 315–17; and names for Vietnam, 260; and Nguyen dynasty, 253, 254, 277, 278, 289–92, 404; and Nguyen family, 149, 159–60, 203–5, 218; overthrow of, by Mac, 125–26, 156–57, 189, 292; overthrow of, by Tay Son, 148, 208–15, 217; poetry of, 93, 236, 311; and resistance against France, 358; Restoration of, 92, 147, 190, 200–201, 207, 236, 242, 278, 290, 316–17, 340; ritual of, 90, 106–8, 139, 187; taxation in, 98, 105, 117–18, 273; and trade, 150, 162–63; and Trinh family, 91–93, 151, 188, 201, 205–15, 218 See also Le Code Le Hien Tong (Canh Hung; emperor, Le dynasty), 91, 266, 268, 291 Le Hoan, 28, 39, 60–61, 75 Le Huu Trac (Hai Thuong Lan Ong), 73, 232–35 Le Loi See Le Thai To Le Man De (emperor, Le dynasty), 291 Le Nganh, 200 Le Nghi Dan (emperor, Le dynasty), 90, 118, 121 Le Ngoa Trieu, 61 Le Nhan Tong (emperor, Le dynasty), 90, 106, 119, 121, 128, 140, 156 Le Ninh See Le Trang Tong Le Quang Dinh, 261–62 Le Quat, 71, 119 Le Quy Don, 94, 123, 151–52, 209–10, 239–42, 308; anthologies compiled by, 18, 36, 39, 58, 70, 163–64, 170–74, 235–39, 277 Le Quy Ly See Ho Quy Ly Le Tac, 12, 24–25, 54, 61 Le Thai To (Cao Hoang, Le Loi, Thai To Cao Hoang De; emperor, Le dynasty), 139–40, 156, 205, 267, 311; and Buddhism, 115; and economy, 97, 117; government of, 116, 202, 290; in legend, 61, 268; and Ming, 89–90, 93; and poetry, 236; and ritual, 107–8 Le Thai Tong (Thai Tong Van Hoang De; emperor, Le dynasty), 90, 106–8, 118, 138–40, 156 Le Thanh Nghi, 572, 574 Le Thanh Tong (emperor, Le dynasty), 90–94, 156, 160, 266, 290; on Champa, 139–42; and Confucianism, 103, 105, 109–11, 241; and foreigners, 101, 143; on government, 119–21, 123–24, 196; and Mac dynasty, 92; on morality, 112, 132–36, 226; on names, 93, 143, 576; and poetry, 236; and ritual, 186 Le Thi Hong Gam, 551 Le Thi Trinh Minh (queen, Ly dynasty), 68 Le Tien Hoang, 236 Le Trang Tong (Le Ninh; emperor, Le dynasty), 156–57, 291, 311 Le Uy Muc (emperor, Le dynasty), 91, 291 Le Van Duyet, 254, 280–81 Le Van Huu, 27, 46–48, 57, 103, 111; on foreigners, 82–83, 84–85, 86; on government, 122; on Ly-Tran-Ho period, 32–33, 41, 44, 46, 53, 66–67, 80, 83, 85 Le Van Thinh, 243n.100, 268 Le Vinh To, 200 Lei Gong, 233 Lenin, V I., 473, 489 “Letter from Abroad Written in Blood, A” (Hai ngoai huyet thu; Phan Boi Chau), 353–69 Li Guangbi, 341 Li Jue, 236 Li Mengyang, 179 Li Qingzhao, 239 Li Tong, 59 Liang dynasty (China), 154, 236 Liang Qichao, 375 Lien Trung marquis (Dinh Tich Nhuong), 213 Lieu Diep, 263 Lieu Thang, 206 Linh River, 148, 155, 212n.63, 312–13, 325 Linyi See Champa literacy, 371–72, 387, 436, 574 literati: vs aristocracy, 119–20; and Buddhism, 53–54, 57–58, 113–15, 124–25; and China, 81, 89; and Confucianism, 111–12; criticisms from, 188–91, 194; and foreigners, 85–86, 87–88; in French colonial period, 335, 344, 354; and government, 116, 119–21, 126, 422–23; and Ho dynasty, 58, 59–60, 81, 111, 112; in Le dynasty, 90–94, 128, 202–3, 242; in Ly-Tran-Ho period, 30–31, 51–54, 57–60; in Mac dynasty, 92; in Nguyen dynasty, 254, 258, 277, 279–80; and poetry, 58–59, 70–72, 235, 238; in south, 149–50, 204, 281, 283, 294; and Tay Son, 194, 215–17, 242, 404; in Tran dynasty, 42, 66–67, 70, 79–80; in Trinh-Nguyen period, 149, 151–52, 196; and Vietnamese antiquity, 39–40, 58, 67 literature: and American war, 542–47; Chinese, 95, 239–41, 403, 405; and Communist Party, 448, 522; and i nde x Confucianism, 239, 241–42, 277, 405, 424; criticism of, 526–28, 529; “following the brush” (tuy but) genre of, 152, 248; French, 405–6, 527–28; in French colonial period, 336, 372, 374, 527–28; Indian, 405; in Le dynasty, 239, 241; in Nguyen dynasty, 257, 277; in reunified Vietnam, 449; socialist realism in, 524, 525–30; in Trinh-Nguyen period, 152, 239–42; Vietnamese, 3, 235–41, 277, 383, 405–6; Western, 406 See also Temple of Literature Liu Bang See Han Gaozu Liu Long, 56 Liu Qin, 179 Liu Xu, 16 Liu Zhu of Qin, 341n.8 Local Records (Trung), 212 Long Do, 34, 40 Lotus Sutra, 51 Louis XVI (king of France), 219–22, 256 loyalty, 44, 74, 93, 124, 125, 339, 341, 419 Lu (empress, Han dynasty), 362n.28 Lu Dongbing, 207n.52 Lu Donglai, 237 Lu Jiuyuan, 176 Lu Wen, 240 “Lullaby of Cannons for the Night, A” (song; Trinh Cong Son), 543, 545–46 Luo Congyan, 59 Luong Dang, 107–8, 294 Luu Trong Lu, 409, 411 Luu Van Lang, 385 ly (li; proper principle), 123, 124, 152, 170–74; and Buddhism, 177–80 Ly Anh Tong (emperor, Ly dynasty), 42, 57, 64, 74, 76, 83, 84 Ly Cao Tong (emperor, Ly dynasty), 42, 77, 83, 84 Ly Cong Binh, 54, 84 Ly Cong Uan See Ly Thai To Ly dynasty, 28–29, 39–40, 119, 156, 218; and Buddhism, 29, 46, 176, 180; and China, 33, 154, 316; court society in, 73; defeat of, 65, 85; and geography, 261; government of, 63–65; and Le dynasty, 93; literature of, 200, 241–42; medicine in, 73–74; military of, 316; and neighbors, 81–82; and Nguyen dynasty, 277–78, 290; and poetry, 35–36, 95, 236, 239; ritual in, 106, 186–87; spirit cults in, 28, 33, 61–63; taxation in, 274; and trade, 42, 150; and Tran dynasty, 66–67, 78; women in, 73–77 611 Ly Hoang, 68–69 Ly Manh Thu, 154 Ly Nhan Tong (emperor, Ly dynasty), 29, 41, 63–64, 74, 77n.28, 316; poetry of, 35–36, 236; and tiger, 243n.100, 268 Ly Phat Tu (king), 122 Ly Te Xuyen, 19, 23, 33, 37–38, 47, 56–57, 68–69, 242, 324 Ly Thai To (Ly Cong Uan; emperor, Ly dynasty), 28, 31–33, 35, 40, 60–63, 242 Ly Thai Tong (emperor, Ly dynasty), 45–46, 68, 74, 316; and foreigners, 81, 83, 85 Ly Thanh Tong (emperor, Ly dynasty), 46–47, 64, 69, 73, 75; and Champa, 53–54, 83; poetry of, 236 Ly Thuong Kiet, 33–35, 74 Ly Ton, 154 Ly Tu Tan, 138, 241 Ma Nhai inscription (1336), 86–87 Ma Yuan (Ma Vien), 9, 20–21, 56, 268 Mac Dang Dung (emperor, Mac dynasty), 92, 156–57, 217, 293 Mac Dinh Chi, 80 Mac dynasty, 92, 157–60, 189, 206; and Confucianism, 114; and Le dynasty, 157, 201, 316; and literature, 241; and Nguyen dynasty, 147, 291; regionalism in, 96–97; success of, 125–26; women in, 92, 136, 250, 292–93 Mac Thien Tu, 152 Macao, 167, 168–70 MacMahon, Patrice de, 380 Mahakasyapa, 49 Mai Thuc Loan, 154 Maitreya Buddha, 329 mandarins See literati Mandate of Heaven, 86, 117, 142, 217, 291, 422 Mang Thi Kinh, 180–86 Manjusri, 49 markets, 105–6, 350, 451 marriage, 26; and divorce, 540–41; and Hoa Hao, 444; Le Code on, 131, 134–35, 249, 536; and mourning, 135, 250, 537; in south, 294–95; in Trinh-Nguyen period, 180, 226–27, 248–51; and Westernization, 427 See also Marriage and Family Law Marriage and Family Law (1959), 536–42 martyrdom, 364 Marx, Karl, 583 Marxism-Leninism: and Buddhism, 554; and Catholicism, 561–64; and culture, 522–30; 612 in d e x Marxism-Leninism (continued) language of, 564; in reunified Vietnam, 449, 489, 494, 580; and war against France, 336, 447, 462 Master Lu’s Spring and Autumn Annals (Lushi chunqiu), 245n.120 Mazu, 50 Medical Practices of the Lazy Master of Hai Thuong, The (Hai Thuong Lan Ong y tong tam linh; Le Huu Trac), 232–35 medicine, 298, 323; and five phases, 171–72; in Ly dynasty, 73–74; modern, 523; in Nguyen dynasty, 272–73; in Trinh-Nguyen period, 232–35 Meiji Restoration (Japan), 391 Mekong Delta, xxvii–xxix, 262, 438, 547, 572 Mekong River, xxii, xxx, 513 Melaka, 143 Mencius, 58, 375–76, 421–22 Mencius, 216, 284 Meng Bi, 345 Meritorious Subjects (Cong Than), 132–33 Miao Shan (Dieu Thien, Guan Yin of the Southern Seas), 115 “Mighty River, The” (poem; Huy Can), 409, 411–12 military See American war; France: war against; Tet Offensive; warfare Millerand, Alexandre, 380 Milner, Joaquim António, 169 Ming dynasty (China): clothing of, 295; defeat of, 33, 93, 98, 205, 311, 316; and foreigners, 143, 276; influence of, 87, 88, 90, 103, 106, 108–9, 121; laws of, 117, 376; and Le dynasty, 89–91, 93–94, 121, 128, 138; and Ly-Tran-Ho period, 31, 89; and Mac dynasty, 92; and morality, 306; and names for Vietnam, 260; and Nguyen dynasty, 287, 290; occupation of Vietnam by, 89, 97, 116, 156, 241 Ming Taizu (Hungwu, Zhu Yuanzhang; Chinese emperor, Ming dynasty), 139, 306, 376 Minh Mang emperor (Prince Chi Dam; Nguyen dynasty), 72, 257; on Christianity, 256, 325–28; on morality, 110, 255, 306–7, 396; and names for Vietnam, 258–60; and reform, 277; on south, 280–84; succession of, 254; on trade with foreigners, 275–76 Minh Mieu, 204 Miracle of Mindfulness, The (Thich Nhat Hanh), 554–61 Mirror of Song Literature (Lu Donglai), 237 missionaries: French, 255–56, 275; and Nguyen dynasty, 255–56, 284, 308, 325–26; and script, 223 modernization: and Confucianism, 335–36, 414–24; and democratic reform, 493; and education, 371–72; of Japan, 375, 391; and morality, 408, 416–17; and Westernization, 406–9 “Modernize Completely and Without Hesitation” (Theo moi hoan toan theo moi khong chut du; Hoang Dao), 406–9 monarchy: as lackeys of France, 343–44, 354–58; and Le dynasty, 107, 116, 122; and loyalty to emperor, 204, 292, 337–39; and Ly-Tran-Ho period, 32, 60, 67, 69–70, 84–85; and Neo-Confucianism, 109, 120–23, 422 “Monarchy and Democracy” (Phan Chau Trinh), 375–82 Mongols: defeat of, 24, 36, 37, 40, 54, 56, 79, 316; invasions by, 30, 43, 85, 341n.10 See also Yuan dynasty Montmorin, Count Émile de, 220 morality: and Cao Dai, 430–31; Communist, 396–402; Confucian, 110–12, 305, 419, 421, 424; and education, 422–24; and French colonialism, 336, 339, 341, 343, 345–46, 354–56, 365, 367; and government, 376, 414; and Hoa Hao, 439; Le Code on, 133, 306; in Le dynasty, 112, 124, 128, 132–36, 203, 226; and medicine, 232–34; Minh Mang emperor on, 110, 255, 306–7, 396; and modernization, 408, 416–17; in Nguyen dynasty, 110, 255, 257; and reform, 389–93; in reunified Vietnam, 449; and revival of Buddhism, 436; and Tay Son, 219; in Trinh-Nguyen period, 152, 226–28; and Westernization, 428 Moteng (Kasyapa Matanga), 49 Mou Bo, 16, 49, 50 Mounier, Emmanuel, 447, 476 mourning: and Hoa Hao, 443–44; in Le dynasty, 130–32, 135; and marriage, 135, 250, 537; in Nguyen dynasty, 299; in north, 309; in south, 295; in TrinhNguyen period, 226, 228 Mozi, 175n.18 Mu Lian, 322 Muc Chan, 268 Muhammad (Mac Duc Na king), 173 Mundane and Random Records (Pham Dinh Ho and Nguyen An), 248 i nde x music and dance, 249, 371; of Champa, 82–83; in China, 245n.120; in Le dynasty, 90, 106–8, 124, 128, 131, 139; in south, 281, 294, 295 Musset, Alfred de, 404 Myanmar (Burma), 29, 46, 91, 139, 255, 286 Nanzhao (Yunnan), 10–11, 13, 24 national culture: and Confucianism, 416; decline of, 521; and intellectual and moral reform, 388–90; and Marxism, 523–30; and Tale of Kieu, 405–9; and Westernization, 425; and youth, 383–84 National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (National Liberation Front [NLF]), 448; and American war, 454, 455, 478, 484–85, 550; and Cao Dai, 485; Five-Point Position of, 455; founding of, 478, 484–85; and Paris peace talks, 469–70; and People’s Liberation Armed Forces (PLAF), 570–76; and People’s Revolutionary Party, 485; and Phoenix program, 467n.15; tactics of, 465, 476–86; and Tet Offensive, 465–73; and women militants, 478, 547–54 nationalism, 336; and Communist Party, 399, 447; and culture, 384, 389, 523–25; and Hoa Hao, 440–41; and reform, 391–92; in Republic of Vietnam, 476 See also American war; Tet Offensive Nationalist Party See Vietnam Nationalist Party NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 580 Neo-Confucianism, 58–59, 89–90, 111–12, 215, 476 neotraditionalism, 336, 389–93; and Marxism, 393 New Poetry movement, 409–14, 542 New Year festival (Tet Nguyen Dan), 105, 107, 108, 223–24, 294, 296–97 See also Tet Offensive Nghe An Province, 47, 54, 64, 68–69, 86, 97, 157, 193–94, 213, 261, 313, 316, 352, 497 Ngo Chi Lan, 239 Ngo Dinh Diem, 447–48, 476–78, 552; and ethnic Chinese, 576; and land reform, 499; and NLF, 478, 484–85 Ngo Dinh Nhu, 476 Ngo Quyen, 31, 37, 38 Ngo Si Lien, 48, 78–81, 289; and Confucianism, 92; on government, 121–23 See also Complete Chronicle of Dai Viet 613 Ngo The Lan, 165–66, 510 Ngo The Long, 208n.61 Ngo Thi Chi, 208 Ngo Thi Nham (Hai Luong), 116, 151–52, 174–78, 208, 215–17, 554 Ngo Thi Si, 151, 153–55 Ngo Tuong Dao, 215 Nguyen, Lady (concubine of Minh Khang), 158–59 Nguyen Ai Quoc See Ho Chi Minh Nguyen An, 248 Nguyen An Ninh, 382–89 Nguyen Anh See Gia Long emperor Nguyen Binh Khiem, 114–15, 124–25, 170, 193, 292–93 Nguyen Canh, 219 Nguyen Cao, 345 Nguyen Co Thach, 579 Nguyen Cong, 206 Nguyen Cong Binh, 164 Nguyen Cong Hoan, 187 Nguyen Cu Trinh, 152, 191–93, 518 Nguyen Dang So (Hai Hoa), 177 Nguyen Dinh Thi, 528 Nguyen Du, 299–304, 403–6 Nguyen Duong, 67, 123 Nguyen dynasty, 253–331; Buddhism in, 264, 269, 300, 304–6, 321, 322–23, 329–30; Catholicism in, 256, 284, 325–26; and China, 254, 278, 286, 288, 290; and colonialism, 255, 258, 284, 287, 313–14; Confucianism in, 254, 256, 277, 280, 284, 294, 306–7; culture of, 255, 257, 266, 292–310, 320; economy of, 253, 273–76; foreign relations of, 311–20; and France, 219–22, 255–56; geography of, 257, 258–73, 308; government of, 120, 253–55, 259, 273, 277–92; and land reform, 448; laws of, 277, 278, 307, 317, 377–78; and Le dynasty, 253–54, 277–78, 289–92, 404; literati in, 254, 258, 277, 279–80; missionaries in, 255–56, 284, 308, 325–26; and morality, 110, 255, 257; reform in, 255–56, 284, 314; spirit cults in, 321–25; taxation in, 257, 273–74, 277, 320; and Tay Son, 261, 269–70, 290–91 Nguyen Hoang (Gia Du emperor, Nguyen dynasty), 147, 155–59, 160, 229, 260, 262; and Buddhism, 329–30 Nguyen Hue (Binh) See Quang Trung emperor Nguyen Huu Chinh, 208–14, 291, 464 Nguyen Huy Binh, 214 614 index Nguyen Huy Luong, 36, 153, 242–48 Nguyen Khoa Chiem, 152, 156–59 Nguyen Kim (An Tinh marquis, King Chieu Huan Tinh), 157–58, 291 Nguyen Minh Triet, 293 Nguyen Nhac, 212, 218, 230 Nguyen Nhu Thuyet, 40 Nguyen Phan Long, 385 Nguyen Phi Khanh, 70–72 Nguyen Phuc Chu (Hien Tong), 330 Nguyen Phuc Hoang, 158 Nguyen Phuc Khoat See Nguyen The Tong Nguyen Phuc Nguyen, 148, 155 Nguyen Phuc Tan (Thai Tong), 330 Nguyen Phuc Thuan, 164 Nguyen Quang Cu, 345 Nguyen rule (south; 1627–1788): and Buddhism, 151; economy of, 163–64, 191–93, 273; and France, 168–69; history of, 156–59, 290; and Le dynasty, 91–93, 203–5; and literati, 149–50; and literature, 152; and Mac dynasty, 92; overthrow of, 229–31; and Tay Son, 208; and Trinh, 147–49, 152, 155, 159–62, 196, 218, 281 Nguyen Tan, 346 Nguyen Thai Hoc, 336, 393–95 Nguyen Thanh, 345 Nguyen The Tong (Nguyen Phuc Khoat; Hieu Vu emperor, Nguyen dynasty), 150, 163, 191, 203–5, 217, 295 Nguyen Thi Dinh, 478–86, 548 Nguyen Thi Du, 292, 293 Nguyen Thi Thap, 547–54 Nguyen Thiep, 193–95 Nguyen Thong (Ky Xuyen), 378 Nguyen Trai, 61, 70, 87, 88, 241, 266, 294; on currency, 97–98, 165; on foreigners, 138–39; on government, 116–17; on Ming, 33, 93, 311; on ritual, 106–8 Nguyen Trat (Nguyen Quang Toan), 201, 242, 312 Nguyen Tri Phuong, 339 Nguyen Trung Ngan, 86–87 Nguyen Truong To, 255–56, 284–89, 342, 369 Nguyen Van Binh, 561–64 Nguyen Van Que, 281 Nguyen Van Sieu, 262–65 Nguyen Van Thanh, 377 Nguyen Van Thieu, 469, 499 Nguyen Van Thinh, 385 Nguyen Xi, 120 Nha Ca, 543, 546–47 Nhan Van Giai Pham affair (1956–1957), 530 Nhat Linh, 406 Nhuong Hoi, 214 Nie Zheng, 364 Ninh Thon (Vi Phai marquis), 211 No Other Road to Take (Nguyen Thi Dinh), 478–86 Norodom Sihanouk (prince and king of Cambodia), 467 nuclear weapons, 582 Nung, kingdom of (Tai), 81–82, 85 Nung Ton Phuc, 82, 85 Nung Tri Cao, 85 O Chau, 90, 125, 204 oath of allegiance, 29–30, 65 Office of Strategic Services (OSS; U.S.), 473 Old History of the Tang Dynasty (Jiu Tang shu; Liu Xu), 16 “On the Other Side of the Duong River” (Ben song Duong; Hoang Cam), 450–54 opium, 276, 281 Opium Wars (1839), 255, 275–76 oral tradition, 229, 250 Outline of Vietnamese Culture, An (Viet Nam van hoa su cuong; Dao Duy Anh), 424 Pagan, kingdom of (Myanmar), 29, 46 Patrenotre Treaty (1884), 339 patrilineality, 130, 136–37 Peach Blossom Spring , The (Taohuayuan ji; Tao Yuanming), 244n.109 peasants, peasantry, 41, 66, 78, 127, 166, 283, 316; as a class, 428–29, 518; effects of colonialism on, 474; and food shortages, 71, 511; and land reform, 497–503; and Marxist cultural policy, 525; and resistance against France, 341, 394, 461, 533, 553, 574; and resistance against U.S., 479–86; and Thai Binh revolt, 490–93, 518 “Peasants and Countryside in Vietnam Today, The” (Nong dan va nong thon Viet Nam hien nay; Dinh Thu Cuc), 517–22 personalism, 447, 476 Pham Dinh Ho, 109, 152, 186–88, 248–51, 294, 305 Pham Doan, 345 Pham Quynh, 382, 389–93, 402–6, 414, 476 Pham Su Manh, 39, 71, 119 Pham Sung, 35 Pham Tam, 263 Pham Thai, 242 Pham Viet Huy, 326–27 Phan Boi Chau, 335, 342–69, 375 i nde x Phan Chau Trinh, 336, 353, 375–82 Phan Dinh Phung, 345 Phan Doan Nam, 579–85 Phan Huy Chu, 98, 122, 152, 255, 257, 265–69, 313–17 See also Categorized Records of the Institutions of Successive Dynasties Phan Huy Ich, 151, 174–76 Phan Phu Tien, xxxvi, 108–9, 111, 118–19, 121, 241 Phan Trong Muu, 345 Phan Xich Long, 379 Phap Hien, 50 Phap Loa, 176n.20, 239 Phap Thuan, 60 Phat Lam (Fu Lin, Byzantium), 286 Philippines, 167–68, 259, 471 Phu Dong, 54, 61–63 Phu Thanh Cam Linh Nhan (queen mother, Ly dynasty), 48–51 Phu Xuan, xxviii, 159, 188, 191, 209–11, 213, 217–18, 229, 312, 329 See also Hue Phung An, 23–24 Phung Hung (Cu Lao, Bo Cai), 23–24, 37–38, 244 Phung Thanh Lady, 75–77 Phung The Trung, 201 Pigneau de Béhaine, Pierre, 219–20, 325 pirates, Japanese, 276 Plain Questions, 171–72 “Plan for Making the People Wealthy and the Country Strong, A” (Nguyen Truong To), 284–89 poetry, Chinese, 11, 139, 235–37, 239; vs Vietnamese, 94–95, 405 See also Classic of Poetry poetry, Vietnamese: and American war, 542–47; anthologies of, 3, 18, 36, 39, 58, 70; and Buddhism, 18–19, 35–36, 45–46, 300, 304–6; vs Chinese, 94–95, 405; in French colonial period, 336, 372, 404; in independence period, 530–36; in Le dynasty, 93, 236, 311; and literati, 58–59, 70–72, 235, 238; in Ly dynasty, 35–36, 95, 236, 239; of New Poetry movement, 409–14, 542; in Nguyen dynasty, 302–3, 305–6; and printing, 95; prison, 409, 412–14; royal, 36–37; on Tay Son, 311–13; in Tran dynasty, 95, 236–39; in TrinhNguyen period, 152–53, 235–39, 242–48; and wars of independence, 450–54 Poulo Condore, 221–22, 413 poverty, 41, 347, 428, 474, 496, 510 print media, 336, 371, 373–74 615 “Prison Thoughts” (poem; To Huu), 409, 412–14 property: Le Code on, 91, 98–100, 117, 126–27, 129, 132–33, 136–37, 496; in Marriage and Family Law, 537–38, 541; and Ngo Dinh Diem, 480; public, 98–99, 132–33; taxation of, 348 Protestantism, 449, 567 qi (khi; energy, force), 54, 96, 115, 125, 152, 170–74, 240 Qi dynasty (China), 18, 236 Qianlong (Chinese emperor, Qing dynasty), 217, 295, 376–77 Qin dynasty (China), 9, 190n.32, 207, 316 Qin Shihuang di (Chinese emperor, Qin dynasty), 341n.9 Qing dynasty (China), 150, 217, 295, 358; and European colonialism, 255, 275–76; laws of, 376–77; and morality, 306–7; and names for Vietnam, 258, 260; and Tay Son rebellion, 148, 168–69 Quai Vac (diking) system, 42 Quan Am (bodhisattva Guanyin), 46, 180–86, 269, 329, 557 Quang Nam, xxiii–xxiv, 148, 155, 158–59, 163–64, 169, 192, 281, 352 Quang Ngai, 164, 192, 378, 572 Quang Trung (soldier), 573 Quang Trung emperor (Nguyen Hue [Binh]; Tay Son dynasty), 32, 116, 174, 311, 464, 551, 553; on agriculture, 166–68; ascension of, 217–19; and China, 258; and literati, 194; and Nguyen, 148, 168–70; and resistance against France, 358; and resistance against U.S., 551, 553; and script, 151; and Trinh, 209, 211–14 Quat Nguyen, 225 Qui Nhon (Thi Nai), xxiv, xxviii, 29, 141, 148, 218, 312 quoc ngu (romanized alphabet), 3, 223, 336, 371–72, 374, 429 Quoc Tu Giam (academy), 372n.37 rebellions: against China, 154; in Democratic Republic of Vietnam, 497; and ethnic Chinese, 148, 282; Le Van Khoi, 254, 280–82, 327n.50; and Nguyen dynasty, 253; Tay Son, 148, 153, 156, 168–69, 219, 231n.87; Thai Binh, 490–93, 518; in Trinh-Nguyen period, 148–49; by women, 478, 482–84; Yen Bai, 393–95 616 index Recent Record of O Chau, A (O Chau can luc; Duong Van An), 96–97, 125–26 Recent Records of Trieu Chau, 331 Recorded Tales of the Founding of the Country (Viet Nam khai quoc chi truyen; Nguyen Khoa Chiem), 152, 156–59 Records Declaring the Ultimate, 33–34, 37, 47, 56, 61–62 Records of Jiao Province (Duke Zhao), 23, 34 Records of the Customs and People of Hai Duong (Hai Duong phong vat chi; Tran Dam Trai), 292–93 Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji; Sima Qian), 247n.131 Records of the Imperial Viet Territory (Hoang Viet dia du chi; Phan Huy Chu), 265–69 Records of Upper Son Nam, 267 Red River, xxi–xxiii, xxv, 9–11, 13, 18n.5, 19, 23, 25, 27–32, 34n.3, 40–43, 59, 61, 64–65, 72, 89, 92, 96, 103, 118, 148, 337, 450, 513, 574 reform: of agriculture, 370, 373, 504, 506, 518–19; of Buddhism, 434; and Confucianism, 415; cultural, 374, 382–89; and democratization, 375–82; economic, 191–93, 394, 491, 492–93, 496, 504–9; educational, 284, 369–75, 390–93, 394; and elites, 387–93; of examination system, 81, 189, 284, 372, 374; in French colonial period, 335–36; of government, 79–80, 390, 392–93, 493–96, 509; and industry, 374, 394–95, 504–6, 584; intellectual, 30–31, 57–58, 90, 108–9, 375, 382–93; in Nguyen dynasty, 255–56, 284, 314; in reunified Vietnam, 449, 490–96; vs revolution, 353; of script, 371–72; social, 25–27, 31, 39–40, 58–59, 109–11, 130–32, 134–35, 415; in Trinh-Nguyen period, 152, 188–203 Reforming the Way We Work (Ho Chi Minh), 397 regionalism, 28, 32, 40, 93, 96–97, 253–55, 281 reincarnation, 432–33, 438 See also Buddhism religion: European, 149; and evangelization, 433–34; in French colonial period, 336, 429–44; in Le-Mac period, 106–15; in Ly-Tran-Ho period, 44–60; in modern Vietnam, 449, 487, 500, 554–70; in Nguyen dynasty, 320–31; in period of Northern empire, 16–20; in TrinhNguyen period, 149, 170–88 See also Buddhism; Cao Dai; Catholicism; Christianity; Hoa Hao; Protestantism; spirit cults Reminiscences on the Army for National Salvation (Chu Van Tan), 570–76 Ren Yan, 25–26 Republic of Vietnam See Vietnam, Republic of “Resurrection” (poem; Thanh Tam Tuyen), 542, 544–45 revolution: and class struggle, 497; and foreign affairs, 579–80; and modernity, 408–9; and postwar changes, 547–54; and remorse, 530–36; and resistance against France, 394–402, 450–54, 457–63, 518; and resistance against U.S., 470–72, 486, 518 “Revolutionary’s Code of Conduct, The” (Tu cach mot nguoi cach mang; Ho Chi Minh), 396–97 “Rhapsody on West Lake” (poem; Nguyen Huy Luong), 36, 153, 242–48 Ricci, Matteo, 173 rights, 368, 395, 448–50, 490, 495 Rights of Man and the Citizen (France), 473–74, 495 Rinan (Nhat-nam), 21, 56, 80, 84 Rites of Zhou, 261, 294 ritual: in family, 407, 500; and Hoa Hao, 438, 442–44; Le Code on, 136–37, 186; in Le dynasty, 90, 106–8, 130–32, 139, 187; in Ly dynasty, 106, 186–87; marriage as, 248–51; in Nguyen dynasty, 254–57, 278, 320–24; in north, 308, 310; and revival of Buddhism, 436; Sacrifice to Heaven, 107, 109, 186–88, 223; in south, 294–96; and spirits, 324–25; taxation of, 350; in Tay Son dynasty, 186–88; in Tran dynasty, 65, 106, 186–87; in Trinh-Nguyen period, 186–88, 223–26, 249 Road to Revolution, The (Ho Chi Minh), 396 Romance of the Three Kingdoms, 208n.57 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 475n.23 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 369 Russia, 373 See also Soviet Union Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), 365, 391 Sacrifice to Heaven (Nam Giao, Giao Le) ritual, 107, 109, 186–88, 223 sage-kings, 30, 69–70, 259 Saigon, xxxi–xxxii, 148, 308, 339n.4, 348–49, 351, 374, 379n.43, 382, 385n.46, 426–27, 455n.4, 466, 468–69, 472n.21, 478, 481, 486, 548–49, 551–52, 562 San Francisco Conference (1945), 475 Sau Danh, 549, 552 i nde x schools, 26, 30, 57–58, 80, 81, 89, 90, 188, 372, 394, 426, 429, 436–37 science: and Confucianism, 424; and education, 370, 422–23; and global economy, 579, 581–82, 584; and intuition, 417, 420–21; and modernization, 417; in new democracy, 522–24; and reform, 391; Western, 414, 419, 425 “Secret Scent” (poem; Phan Thi Thanh Nhan), 542–44 secret societies, 360, 364 Selecting the Beautiful Poetry Collection (Hoang Duc Luong), 94, 238, 241 self-cultivation, 419–21, 434, 436, 438 Self-Reliance Literary Group, 336, 406–9 Sengcan, 50 sericulture, 123–24, 131, 182, 199, 207, 275, 370, 373, 428 sexuality, 132–33, 305–6, 410–11, 420, 435 Shang dynasty (China), 32, 116, 241, 246n.124 Shaokang (Chinese emperor, Xia dynasty), 291 Shen Quanqi, 10, 12, 18–19 Shi Xie (Si Nhiep, Si Vuong King Si), 11, 12, 15, 17, 21–22, 39, 67 Short History of Dai Viet (Viet su luoc), 39, 58, 77 Short Record of Annan (An Nam chi luoc; Le Tac), 12, 24–25, 54, 61 Shun (Chinese sage-ruler of antiquity), 218n.69, 235, 245, 246nn.125,127 Siam See Thailand Siddartha (Hesse), 559 Sima Guang, 120–21 Sima Qian, 247n.131 Singapore, 313 Small Chronicle of Things Seen and Heard (Kien van tieu luc; Le Quy Don), 18, 94 Soaring-to-Heaven Spirit, 54, 63 social Darwinism, 335 social progress and development, 371, 408, 497, 505, 580, 584 social structure: and Confucianism, 421–22; Le Code on, 126–27, 130; and medicine, 232; in modern Vietnam, 520–21; and modernization, 407, 416; new classes in, 426–28 See also aristocracy; elites; literati socialism: and Catholics, 562–64; in countryside, 518; and global economy, 579–81, 583–84; and reform, 504–9; and reunification, 486–89; and war against France, 462; and war against U.S., 456–57 socialist realism, 524–30 617 Socialist Republic of Vietnam See Vietnam, Socialist Republic of Son Nam, 157, 213, 265–69 Song dynasty (China), 10, 81, 84, 93; defeat of, 38–39, 316; influence of, 81, 84; and Le dynasty, 139, 202; literature of, 236, 240; and Ly-Tran-Ho period, 28–29, 33, 44, 58; and names for Vietnam, 260 Song Taizong (Chinese emperor, Song dynasty), 236 Sound of the True Great and Perfect Enlightenment from the Bamboo Grove, The (Ngo Thi Nham), 176–78; preface to, 174–76 “Sounds of Autumn, The” (poem; Luu Trong Lu), 409, 411 Southeast Asia, 11, 29, 31, 90, 582; trade with, 15, 41–42 See also specific countries Southern Ethos (Nam Phong; journal), 389 Southern Han dynasty (China), 32, 36 Soviet Union, 507, 575, 580, 582 Spain, 319–20 spirit cults, 10, 19–20, 65, 93, 242; vs Buddhism, 56, 324, 329; and Cao Dai, 429–30; and festivals, 226; in Le dynasty, 111–12; in Ly-Tran-Ho period, 28–29, 31, 33, 47–48, 56, 61–63; in Nguyen dynasty, 321–25; in north, 309, 310; in south, 294–95, 296; of Trung sisters, 111, 112; Whale, 324–25 Spring and Autumn Annals (Chunqiu), 17, 142, 212, 216n.66, 311 Stalin, Joseph, 475n.23 Strange Tales from South of the Passes (Linh Nam chich quai; Vu Quynh), 112–13, 243nn.97–98, 267 Su Shih (Su Dongpo, To Dong Pha), 270, 295 Sui dynasty (China), 10, 49–50, 122, 240 Sui Dynasty History (Sui shu), 264 Sui Gaozu (Chinese emperor, Sui dynasty), 49 Sui Yang, 339n.3 Sumatra, 42 Summary Record of an Overseas Journey (Hai trinh chi luoc; Phan Huy Chu), 313–15 Summary Records of Our Land (Ban Quoc Chi Luoc), 267 sumptuary laws, 226–28, 321–22, 536 Sun Quan, 15 Sun Shi Yi (Ton Si Nghi), 217 surrealism, 336, 409, 412, 544–45 syncretism, 429–31 See also Three Teachings Tagore, Rabindranath, 384, 405 Tai, Mount, 59, 203 618 in d e x Tai kingdoms, 11, 29–30, 81–82, 86–87, 91, 139 Tai Yue Ren (Bian Que, Master Yue), 235 Tale of Kieu, The (Kim Van Kieu; Nguyen Du), 299, 300, 402–6 Tales from a Journey to the Northern Region (Truyen di Bac Ky; Truong Vinh Ky), 308–10 Tam Canh, 548–50, 552 Tam Giao See Three Teachings Tan Qian, 10, 50 Tan Trao, xxxii, 573, 575–76 Tan Vien, 19–20, 40 Tang (king of Shang), 229, 230, 246 Tang Con, 14 Tang Dezong (Chinese emperor, Tang dynasty), 24 Tang dynasty (China), 10–11, 16, 28, 31, 93, 154, 240; and An Lushan, 207; clothing of, 295; influence of, 12, 14; and Le dynasty, 117, 138, 202; and Ly-Tran-Ho period, 58, 60, 72; and names for Vietnam, 260; poetry of, 95, 236, 237, 409; spirit cults in, 19 Tang Taizong (Chinese emperor, Tang dynasty), 236 Tang Xuanzong (Chinese emperor, Tang dynasty), 340 Tao Quan, Duke of, 209, 210–11 Tao Yuanming, 244n.109 taxation: of agriculture, 273–74, 352–53; in French colonial period, 319, 320, 342, 343, 347–53, 377–78, 474, 553; and land reform, 502; in Le dynasty, 98, 105, 117–18, 273; in Liberated Zone, 574; in Nguyen dynasty, 257, 273–74, 277, 320; in period of Northern empire, 15–16; in reunified Vietnam, 449; of ritual, 350; in south, 297; in Tay Son dynasty, 166–68, 219; of trade, 274, 276, 350–53; in Tran dynasty, 274; in TrinhNguyen period, 148, 150, 161, 164, 192–94, 273 Tay Son dynasty: and agriculture, 166–68; and China, 148, 167–69, 217; and Christianity, 325, 328; currency of, 165; defeat of, 148–49, 253, 255, 262, 299, 311–13; and Europeans, 167, 168–70; government of, 120, 312n.37; and literati, 174, 194, 215–17, 242, 404; and Nguyen dynasty, 261, 269–70, 290, 291; poems on, 153, 242, 299–300; as rebels, 33, 148, 153, 156, 168, 169, 219, 231n.87, 317n.42; and ritual, 186–88; taxation in, 166–68, 219; and Trinh-Nguyen period, 148, 208–15, 217, 229–31; victory of, 217–19; and war against France, 457, 464; women in, 365 technology, 373, 375, 475, 521, 524–25, 581–82, 584 Tehran Conference (1943), 475 Temple of Literature (Van Mieu), 108–9, 200–203 “Ten Moral Precepts” (Minh Mang emperor), 110, 306–7, 396 Terrace of the Jade Mirror (Ngoc Kinh Dai), 250 Tet Offensive (1968), 448, 463–73, 543 Thai Dinh marquis, 213–14 Thai To Cao Hoang De See Le Thai To Thai Tong Van Hoang De See Le Thai Tong Thailand (Siam), 86, 87, 143, 262, 264, 286; and American war, 471; Gia Long in, 312; and Le dynasty, 91, 138; modernization of, 375; and names for Vietnam, 259; and Nguyen family, 149, 169; and Tay Son, 218; trade with, 41, 101 Than Tong, 204 Thang Long, xxiv–xxv, xxvii–xxviii, 20n.8, 28–30, 35, 40, 42, 47, 61, 65, 73, 78, 82, 89, 92, 132, 143, 149, 157, 176, 200n.41, 201, 206n.49, 209, 218, 253, 265, 317n.42 See also Hanoi Thanh Hoa, 22n.9, 25, 31, 40, 42, 64, 89, 96, 107–8, 116, 118, 128, 156–57, 213, 266, 313, 316, 511 Thanh Minh (Qing ming; Tomb-Sweeping Day), 297 Thanh Tam Tuyen, 542, 544–45 Thanh Thai emperor (Nguyen dynasty), 343 Thanh Tri, 162, 266–67 The Quan, 210 Theory of the General Trends and Synthesis and Analysis of That Under Heaven, 289 Thi Nai (Champa) See Qui Nhon Thi Sach, 56 Thich Nhat Hanh, 554–6 Thien (Chan, Zen) Buddhism: in Ly-Tran-Ho period, 48–51, 54–56; and poetry, 45, 95, 236, 239; in Trinh-Nguyen period, 151, 174–80 See also Bamboo Grove (Truc Lam) school Thien Mu pagoda, 329–31 Thien Nam (Dai Viet), 90, 94 Thien Tue, 46 Thieu Tri emperor (Nguyen dynasty), 255, 329 Thinh Vuong, 187 “This Is Vi Gia Village” (poem; Han Mac Tu), 409, 412 Thong Bien, 18, 48–51 i nde x Three Kings (Fuxin, Suiren, Shennong), 217, 218n.69 Three Teachings (Tam Giao; Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism), 114–15, 175, 430 Thuc (Shu, Sichuan), 19, 39 Thuc Phan See An Duong Thuy Trung marquis, 213 To Dinh, 56 To Hien Thanh, 75, 83, 84 To Huu, 409, 412–14, 551 To Lich River, 33–35, 245n.115 tobacco, 352–53 Tolstoy, Alexis, 526 Ton Duc Thang, 549 Tong Son, 157 Tonkin (French protectorate), 1, 337, 348 Tonkin Free School (Dong Kinh Nghia Thuc), 284, 336, 369–75, 386, 449 Torch of Wisdom (Duoc Tue; journal), 435, 437 Tra Son Bay, 276 Tra Toan, 141 trade: and Buddhism, 18; with China, 43, 150, 162–64, 167, 210, 370; and espionage, 162–63; and ethnic minorities, 577–79; with Europeans, 148–50, 162–63, 167–70, 275–76; with France, 221–22, 370; in French colonial period, 256, 319, 337, 344, 350–53; and global economy, 579–85; with India, 15, 18; with Japan, 150, 162; in Le dynasty, 91, 101–3, 150, 162–63; in LyTran-Ho period, 29, 41–43, 150; and Mac dynasty, 92; and modernization, 417; in Nguyen dynasty, 255, 273–76, 283, 288; and reform, 370, 373, 394; in reunified Vietnam, 449, 507, 579–85; with Southeast Asia, 15, 41–42; taxation of, 274, 276, 350–53; in Tay Son dynasty, 167–70; in Trinh-Nguyen period, 150, 162–70 Tran Cao, 91, 206, 241 Tran Dam Trai, 257, 292–93 Tran Dang Ninh, 574 Tran Do, 490–96 Tran Du Tong (emperor, Tran dynasty), 139 Tran Duy (Vu Uy prince), 79 Tran dynasty, 29–31, 38–40, 42, 67, 218; aristocracy in, 78–79, 226; Buddhism in, 47, 54–56, 174, 176; and China, 93, 156; Confucianism in, 53, 108; and foreigners, 85–88; founding of, 65; and geography, 261; and Le dynasty, 90, 93, 98, 118–19; literati in, 42, 66–67, 70, 79–80; literature of, 200, 241–42; and Ly dynasty, 66–67, 78; military of, 316; and names for Vietnam, 619 260; and Nguyen dynasty, 277–78, 290; and poetry, 95, 236–39; and resistance against France, 358; ritual in, 65, 106, 186–87; taxation in, 274; and trade, 150 Tran Ich Tac (prince, Tran dynasty), 79, 80 Tran Khanh Du, 43 Tran Minh Tong (emperor, Tran dynasty), 30, 36–37, 56, 68–70, 86, 119 Tran Nghe Tong (emperor, Tran dynasty), 81, 88, 109, 241 Tran Nguyen Dan, 58–59, 70–71, 87, 88 Tran Nhan Tong (emperor, Tran dynasty), 54, 86, 176n.20, 178, 316 Tran Nhat Duat, 86 Tran Phong, 120, 132 Tran Quang Dieu, 312n.36, 313 Tran Quang Dung, 313 Tran Quang Khai, 341n.10 Tran Quoc Tuan (Hung Dao prince), 30 Tran Thai Tong (emperor, Tran dynasty), 42, 53, 79, 80 Tran Thanh Tong (emperor, Tran dynasty), 79 Tran Trong Kim, 414–24 Tran Van Don, 385 Tran Van Tra, 463–73 Tran Vuu, 243 Trang Dang Ninh, 572 Tri Hai, 434–38 Trieu dynasty, 93, 154, 156 Trinh Can, 159–61, 196, 281 Trinh Chua, 223n.74 Trinh Cong Son, 543, 545–46 Trinh Cuong, 190n.33, 226–28, 321 Trinh Duy San, 157 Trinh Giac Mat, 86 Trinh Giang, 188, 190n.33 Trinh Hoai Duc, 261, 308, 324–25 See also Gia Dinh Citadel Records Trinh Kha, 106, 128 Trinh Khai (Prince Doan), 317 Trinh Kiem (Minh Khang), 157, 158, 160, 200, 212n.64 Trinh Nghi To, 267 Trinh Quang Khanh, 326 Trinh rule (north; 1627–1788), 268; criticisms of, 188–91; and economy, 193–95; and household registers, 150–51; and Le dynasty, 91–93, 151, 188, 201, 205–15, 218; and literati, 149, 151; and Mac dynasty, 92; and morality, 110; and Nguyen, 147–49, 152, 155–56, 159–63, 218, 281; and Nguyen dynasty, 290–91; and religion, 174; and taxation, 150, 273; and women, 293 620 index Trinh Sam, 194, 212n.64, 232, 291 Trinh Tac, 149, 159, 161, 195–99 Trinh Trang, 293 Trinh Tung (Trinh Thanh To), 200, 267 Truc Lam See Bamboo Grove (Truc Lam) school True Record of Mount Lam (Lam Son thuc luc; Nguyen Trai), 116–17 Trung sisters (Trac/Nhac, Nhi), 9, 20, 25, 56–57, 80, 243n.98, 365; spirit cult of, 111, 112 Truong Chinh, 447–48, 486–89, 497, 522–30, 571–72 Truong Han Sieu, 53, 57–60, 109 Truong Phuc Loan, 163–64, 229 Truong Thac, 154 Truong Vinh Ky, 257, 308–10 Tu Duc emperor (Nguyen dynasty), 255, 257, 284, 317, 377–78 Tu Uyen, 268 Tue Trung, 54–56 Tung Gian, 239 Twenty Scenic Views of the Divine Capital, 329 Unification Records of Dai Nam, The (Dai Nam nhat thong chi), 329–31 Unification Records of the Imperial Le, The (Hoang Le nhat thong chi; Ngo Family Literary Group), 156, 208–15 Unified Buddhist Congregation of Vietnam (UBCV), 555, 565 United Nations, 475n.23 United States, 373, 425, 488, 533; Buddhism in, 554; Declaration of Independence of, 473–74, 495; and global economy, 580, 582; and Republic of Vietnam, 476, 483, 499; Vietnamese in, 450; and war against France, 353, 458, 459, 461 See also American war Van Chieu Khanh Thien, 239 Van Dinh, 292 Van Don, 29, 41–43, 101–2, 162 Van Hanh, 28, 35, 45 Van Lang, 1, 31, 39–40, 59 Van Nham, 159 Van Tien Dung, 572 Van Xuan, Vatican II, 561, 562 Verbiest, Ferdinand, 173 Veritable Records of Dai Nam, The (Dai Nam thuc luc), 155, 165, 192, 229, 307n.28, 317–20; on Christianity, 326–28 Vi Hoang, 213 Vien Thong, 69 Viet Cong See National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam Viet Minh League for the Independence of Vietnam (1941), 447, 473, 478, 547; and August Revolution, 575–76; and Japanese, 475, 572; and land reform, 499; and military, 570, 573; and war against France, 457 Vietnam: division of, 92, 148, 155, 212, 218, 355, 454, 478, 486, 531; geographic definition of, 1–2, 4; independence of, 28, 32, 89, 353–69, 379, 383, 387, 389–90, 393–95, 399, 402, 413–14, 455, 457, 471, 473–76, 488, 535; names for, 1, 9, 12, 31, 72, 87n.32, 258–60; reunification of, 448, 486–89, 497 Vietnam, Democratic Republic of: Declaration of Independence of, 473–76; ethnic relations in, 576; founding of, 447, 475; Four-Point Position of, 455; Ho Chi Minh campaign of, 469–71; Marriage and Family Law of, 536–42; People’s Army of Vietnam (PAVN), 461–63, 570–76; poetry in, 409 Vietnam, Republic of: Army of (ARVN), 463–73, 479–84; constitution of, 476–78; ethnic relations in, 576–79; fall of, 486; poetry in, 544–47; and Tet Offensive, 489; and U.S., 476, 483, 499 Vietnam, Socialist Republic of, 561; Christianity in, 449, 562, 567, 569; democracy in, 449, 490–91, 493–96, 580; economy of, 449, 486–89, 505–17; education in, 449, 521–22, 563–64, 568; foreign policy of, 579–85; MarxismLeninism in, 449, 489, 494, 580; reform in, 490–96, 504–9, 519; religion in, 565–70; and Thai Binh revolt, 490–93, 518; and trade, 449, 507, 516, 579–85 Vietnam Nationalist Party (Vietnam Quoc Dan Dang [VNQDD]), 336, 393–95 Vietnam Propaganda and Liberation Army, 456 See also Vietnam, Democratic Republic of: People’s Army of Vietnam Vietnam War See American war Vietnam Workers’ Party, 478, 489, 509, 522; criticism of, 490–96, 510–17; and land reform, 497–99; and village bullies, 517; and war against France, 462 Vietnamese language: literature in, 403–6; in New Poetry movement, 409–14; and Western culture, 406 See also Vietnamese language, scripts for i nde x Vietnamese language, scripts for, 256, 284, 434; Chinese vs romanized, 336; chu nom, 3, 153, 205, 242; quoc ngu, 3, 223, 336, 371–72, 374, 429; in south, 294, 298–99; and Westernization, 429 village registers: in Le dynasty, 91, 100, 117–18; in Ly-Tran-Ho period, 66, 68, 78; under Ngo Dinh Diem, 479; in south, 297; and taxes, 274; in Tay Son dynasty, 166–67; and Trinh rule, 150–51 villages, 166–67, 188, 193, 225–28, 255, 266–67, 296–98, 307–11, 323-24; bullies in, 517–18, 520–21; in Le dynasty, 98, 126; under Ngo Dinh Diem, 481, 550–52; in Nguyen dynasty, 255, 296–98, 307–11, 323–24; in Tay Son dynasty, 166–67 See also agriculture; land reform Vinitaruci (Ty Ni Da Luu Chi), 49–50 Vo Doan Nha, 346 Vo Ngon Thong, 49–50 Vo Nguyen Giap, 448, 457–63, 570–74, 576 Vo Van Kiet, 509–17 Vu Dai, 67, 122–23 Vu Duc Khue, 275 Vu Quynh, 112–13 Vu Trinh (Hai Au), 178–80 Vuong Chan Khong, 50 Vuong Thang Trieu, 154 Wang Mang, 9, 21, 206n.50, 312n.35 warfare: against France, 459–61, 463, 484, 570–76; against Japan, 456, 473, 475, 572–75; effects of, 116–17, 142, 338, 450–53, 454, 467, 533–35; European customs of, 314–15; guerrilla, 9, 116–17, 450, 457; in Le Dynasty, 91, 116–17, 142, 316–17; in Ly-Tran-Ho period, 54, 68, 81–82, 83, 84, 86–87, 316; and Marxism-Leninism, 462; military strategy for, 209, 214, 340, 464–65, 470–72, 480–81, 485–86, 571, 575–76; military training for, 268, 462–63, 572; in Nguyen dynasty, 281–83, 315–19; and Nguyen rule, 149; in period of Northern empire, 27; tactics of, of NLF, 476–86; urban uprisings as, 469; and women, 9, 20, 25, 56–57, 80, 112, 478–86 See also American war; France: colonialism of; Tet Offensive Warsaw Pact, 580 Watt, James, 370 “Way to Practice Religion and Rules for Everyday Life, The” (Huynh Phu So), 438–44 621 “We Must Win” (poem; Tran Dan), 530–36 Wei dynasty (China), 40, 236 Wen (king of Zhou), 142, 229, 376 Wen Gong (Van Cong), 249 Wen Zhong (Van Trung), 249 West Lake, 32n.1, 36, 153, 188, 242–48, 267–68 Westernization: cultural, 403, 406–9, 417, 450; and education, 369, 372, 382, 414, 418, 426, 429; and modernity, 406–9; and science, 414, 419, 425; and Vietnamese culture, 371, 382, 390–93, 406, 408–9, 414–17, 424–29, 524–25 Westmoreland, William, 465–68 Wheeler, Earle, 468 “Why We Must Revive Buddhism” (Vi ma phai chan Phat Giao; Tri Hai), 434–38 women: in American war, 472n.21, 547, 551, 553; in Cao Dai, 430, 434; and Communist Party, 448, 478, 547; and Confucianism, 110–11, 292; as entertainers, 309; and foreign cultures, 83; Le Code on, 134–35, 136; in Le dynasty, 90, 91, 129, 130; in Liberated Zone, 574; in Ly-Tran-Ho period, 73–77, 80; in Mac dynasty, 92, 136, 250, 292, 293; in Marriage and Family Law, 536–41, 574; and medicine, 232–33; and modernization, 408; in Nguyen dynasty, 257, 292–93, 302–3, 305–6; and NLF, 485, 547; in north, 308–10; poetry by, 543, 546–47; as queens, 48–51, 64, 68, 75, 84–85, 118, 122–23; and resistance against France, 354, 360, 365; and socialism, 487; in south, 294, 297–98; in TrinhNguyen period, 164, 239; uprisings by, 478, 482–84; and Westernization, 427 World War II, 337, 572 Wu (king of Zhou), 246n.124, 376 Wu dynasty (China), 15, 27 Xi Guang, 25 Xia dynasty (China), 206, 241, 246n.124, 291, 312n.34, 346, 362 Xia Shaokang, 312 Xiang Yu, 207n.54 Xiaoyan (Chinese emperor; Liang dynasty), 322 Ximen Bao, 323 Ximeng, 239 Xuan Dieu, 409–11 622 in d e x Xue Zong, 15–16, 26, 153, 249 Xunzi, 376 Y Tong Vinh, 295 Yan Zhitui, 173 Yang Shi, 59 Yao (Chinese sage-ruler of antiquity), 206, 218n.69, 229n.83, 245, 246n.125, 247n.131 Yellow Emperor, 172n.15, 218n.69 Yen Bai uprising (1930), 393–95 Yi Yin (Y Doan), 123, 301, 362 yin and yang, 76, 170–72, 174, 177, 246, 289; and geography, 270–73; in south, 294–95 youth, 74, 133–34; education of, 110, 416, 436–37, 521; and matrimony, 74, 135, 536–42; military mobilization of, 78, 543–44; and national culture, 382–89; and NLF, 482–83, 485, 549, 554, 557–58; revolutionary training of, 396; and Westernization, 408, 427, 429 Yu (Chinese sage-ruler of antiquity), 230, 235, 242n.94, 246 Yu Rang, 366 Yuan dynasty (China), 93, 138, 139, 260, 287, 316, 358 See also Mongols Zao Mo, 339 Zeng Gun, 13, 19–20 Zeng Xi (Dian), 244n.104 Zhang Fu, 241 Zhang Rang, 178 Zhang Xun, 339 Zhang Zifang, 361 Zhao Cheng, 23–24 Zhao (Trieu) family, Zhao Tuo (Trieu Da), 12, 22, 30, 39, 67, 154 Zhao Zui, 341 Zhenla (Cambodia), 1, 87, 138, 261–65 Zhi (earl of Jin), 366n.33 Zhi Fangshi, 261 Zhong Er, 341n.13 Zhou, Duke of (Chu Cong, Zhou Gong), 51, 52, 59, 123, 301, 361 Zhou Bo, 362 Zhou Cheng, 25–26 Zhou Dunyi, 59 Zhou dynasty (China), 76, 206, 242, 246n.124, 250, 286; and capital, 32, 40; and Le dynasty, 139, 202; as model, 116; and names for Vietnam, 259n.2 Zhu Cheng, 172 Zhu Xi, 58–59, 111–12, 215–16, 295n.19, 328 Zhu Yuanzhang See Ming Taizu Zhuang (king of Zhou), 59 Zhuangzi, 175n.19 Zhuge Liang, 301 Zola, Émile, 393 Zuo Commentary (Zuozhuan), 215–16, 321, 322 Zuo’s Spring and Autumn Annals (Zhuoshi chunqiu), 17